Non-permanent joints

List of topics:
• Thread forms
• Screws and power screws
• Threaded fasteners
• Other non-permanent joints

1
 Thread forms: definitions and
standards

Juvinall and Marshek

2
 Thread forms
Metric threads:
• Classified by nominal major diameter, in mm
American threads:
• d < ¼ in, size designation 0-12
• d ≥ ¼ in, size designation in inches
Other threads (power screws):

Juvinall and Marshek

3
 Unified screw threads

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Ex: 5/8 in-11 UNC

4
[diameter – threads per inch UNC]
 Metric screw threads

Juvinall and Marshek

Ex: M12 x 1.75

[M diameter x pitch]

5
 Power screw threads

6
Juvinall and Marshek
 Power screw mechanics
Objectives:
• Change angular to linear motion
• Transmit power

Shigley, Fig. 8-4

 Power screw mechanics

Juvinall and Marshek

Q : horizontal force from torque T
W : load to be lifted Lifting load FBD
: lead angle
L
W
tan , L p if single thread fN
dm
tan n tan cos Q L
Static equilibrium:
Q N ( f cos cos sin ) 0
dm Ncos
n
n
W N ( f sin cos n cos ) 0
Rewriting:
Shigley, Fig. 7.8
f cos cos n sin
Q W
cos n cos f sin
f d m L cos n
Q W
d m cos n fL
Torque necessary to lift load:
8
d Wf c d c
T Q m
2 2
 Power screw mechanics
Q : horizontal force from torque T
W : load to be lowered
: lead angle
L
tan ,L p if single thread
dm
tan n tan cos
Static equilibrium:
Q N ( f cos cos n sin ) 0
Lowering load FBD
W N ( f sin cos n cos ) 0
Rewriting: W
f cos cos n sin
Q W
cos n cos f sin fN Q L
f d m L cos n
Q W
d m cos n fL
Torque necessary to lower load: dm Ncos n
dm Wf c d c
T Q
2 2
Self-locking condition:
L cos n
T must be positive, i.e. f
dm
Power screw efficiency:
Friction causes energy loss

e
T0
T
frictionless torque
actual torque
WL
2 T
* 9
 Stresses in (power) screws

Shigley, Fig. 8-8

• Shear stress in screw body (when torqued)

16T Td r d r4
, J
3 2J 32
dr
• Axial stress in screw body

4F F d r2
2 , A
dr A 4

• Bearing stress in thread

F p
2F B
A
, A nt ( d m
2
)
B
nt d m p nt : number of engaged threads
10
 Stresses in (power) screws

Shigley, Fig. 8-8

Mc bh3
• Bending stress at root of threads b , I
I 12
6F c
h p
, b d r nt
2 4
b
nt d r p M
Fp
, h
p
4 2
• Transverse shear at the centre of the thread root
due to F

3F 3V
nt d r p 2A

* 11
 Screw/bolt heads and nuts

Juvinall and Marshek

Shigley

12
 Threaded fasteners
LT : threaded length D : nominal diameter
Metric threads:
2D 6 L 125 D 48 mm
LT 2 D 12 125 L 200
2 D 25 L 200
American threads:
1
2D in L 6 in
4
LT
1
2D in L 6 in
2

13
 Bolt strength and initial tension

Juvinall and Marshek

S p : proof load (careful, it is a strength)

Sp stress at 0.1% permanent set
Sp 0.85S y if not available from table
Fp At S p : proof force
At : tensile stress area, Tables 10-1, 10-2
Fi K i At S p : initial tensile force for assembly
Ki 0.75 for non-permanent connections
or reused fasteners
Ki 0.9 for permanent connections
T : tightening torque necessary to achieve Fi
T 0.2 Fi d for standard screw threads
• If the full bolt strength is not used in developing pre-tension, the tension
joint is weaker, and money is wasted.
14
• The bolt will either fracture during tightening, or will not at all.
• Use bolt elongation to measure pre-tension; wrench torque is not reliable.
 Tension joints

Analysis of bolt stiffness:

F
k : stiffness in general
y
Fe
kb : bolt stiffness
yt yd
Fe
yt : elongation of threaded length
At E
Lt
At : tensile stress area
Juvinall and Marshek
Fe
yd : elongation of non-threaded length
Ad E
Ld
Ad : major diameter area
Finally:
Ad At E
kb
Ad Lt At Ld

15
 Tension joints
Shigley, Fig. 8-15

Analysis of member stiffness:

Ed tan
km
(l tan d w d )(d w d )
2 ln
(l tan d w d )(d w d )
E : elastic modulus of member(s)
d : bolt diameter
d w : washer face diameter ( 1.5d )
: half apex angle (average of 30o )
l 2t : grip length

km kgasket if a soft gasket is present

16
 Tension joints
External load carried by bolt and member
• Fi : preload (clamping force)
• Fe : external load
• Pb : portion of Fe taken by bolt
• Pm : portion of Fe taken by member
• Fb = Pb +Fi : resultant bolt load
• Fm = Pm Fi : resultant load on member
Based on same elongation of bolt and member,
Pb Pm
kb k m
Therefore,
km
Pm Pb
kb
kb km
Since Fe Pb Pm , Fe Pb ( )
kb
kb
Fb Pb Fi Fe Fi CFe Fi
kb km
Fm (1 C ) Fe Fi Note: Fm 0 for clamping
• C : fraction of load taken by bolt, or stiffness constant
of joint.
• 1 C : fraction of load taken by member: can be on the
order of 80% or more, meaning that members take over
80% of external load, due to sharing of stress between 17
bolt and members. Very good for fatigue loading.
 Shear joints

Shigley, Fig. 8-27a)

• Applicable to non permanent (bolts) and permanent

joints (rivets)
• Joints loaded in shear; no additional axial stress other
than due to tightening
• Shear load is carried by friction between members, as
fasteners clamp them together
• If clamping force not sufficient, shear develops in
fasteners (not good…)
• If shear load is very high, use dowel pins in reamed
holes to carry the load 18
 Shear joints
Assumption: the rotational pivot lies at the centroid of
the cross-sectional area pattern of n pins, rivets or bolts.
Centroid of joint:
Ai xi Ai yi
n n
x y
Ai Ai
n n

External loads V and M applied to joint.

Primary shear load F , assuming equal sharing:
V
F
n
Secondary shear load Fj due to moment:

M Fi ri
n

ri : radial distance from centre of bolt i to centroid

Fi : force perpendicular to radial vector ri
Assuming equal bolt diameters, the force taken by
each bolt is proportional to distance from centroid,
Fi
i.e. constant for all i
ri
Finally, for specific bolt j:
Mrj
Fj
ri 2
Take the vector sum of primary and secondary shear loads 19
at each pin, rivet or bolt to find critical locations.
Shear joints

Shigley, Figs. 8-27b,c

B, D are the
critical locations
for shear

20
 Setscrews
• Setscrews depend on compression to develop clamping
force

• Used to prevent relative motion between parts (ex: hub

and shaft in light power transmission)

• Safety factor, n
1.5-2.0 for static loads
4-8 for dynamic loads

• Setscrew length of about half the shaft diameter;

dictates radial thickness of gear hub or collar

• Use keys to transmit torque, setscrews to position gears

along shaft
Shigley, Fig 7-15

21
Pins

• Preserve
alignment
• Under force fit
conditions,
retains parts
fixed relative to
each other
• Used with
transverse shear
stress
• If hole permits
clearance,
bending occurs
(bad!)
• Accuracy is
important

22
 Retaining rings
• Ring and recess dimensions should be considered to
provide sufficient strength of the ring against
permanent set during insertion or under loading
conditions
• Only a portion of the ring thickness will prevent
motion: make sure it is strong enough

Juvinall and Marshek

23
 Keys
• Used to transmit torque (gears, pulleys)
• For sizing, see Problem 2 in Tutorial 5

Juvinall and Marshek

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From Lingaiah, K. McGraw-Hill machining and metalworking handbook, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1994
Collins, Table 8.3