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Exercise 4 From Section 18, Page 111: I I I I

This document contains solutions to exercises from a math textbook. The first solution shows that a map f between two spaces X and Y is an embedding by showing it is bijective and continuous. The second solution shows a map between intervals is a homeomorphism. The third solution analyzes the continuity of a piecewise function.

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Seungbin Hwang
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22 views2 pages

Exercise 4 From Section 18, Page 111: I I I I

This document contains solutions to exercises from a math textbook. The first solution shows that a map f between two spaces X and Y is an embedding by showing it is bijective and continuous. The second solution shows a map between intervals is a homeomorphism. The third solution analyzes the continuity of a piecewise function.

Uploaded by

Seungbin Hwang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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M 453

S  A 5
O 8, 2004

Exercise 4 from Section 18, page 111


We check that f is an imbedding; the argument for g is similar. f is clearly a bijection
between X and f (X) = X × y0 , so we need only show that it and its inverse are continuous.
It follows from the definition of the subspace topology that the open sets of X × y0 are of
the form U × y0 where U is open in X. Since f (U) = U × y0 , it is immediate that both f
and f −1 are continuous. 

Exercise 5 from Section 18, page 111


The map f : [0, 1] → [a, b] given by f (x) = a + (b − a)x is clearly a homeomorphism that
restricts to a homeomorphism from (0, 1) to (a, b). 

Exercise 6 from Section 18, page 111


Define f : R → R by f (x) = 0 if x is rational and f (x) = x otherwise. We will show that f
is continuous only at 0 by using the sequence criterion for continuity. If {ai } is any sequence
that converges to 0, then { f (ai )} is obtained from {ai } by replacing the rational ai ’s by 0, so
it also converges to 0. Hence f is continuous at 0. Now suppose x , 0. Pick a sequence
of rational numbers {ai } and a sequence of irrational numbers {bi } that both converge to x.
Then f (ai ) = 0 for each i, so { f (ai )} converges to 0, while f (bi ) = bi , so { f (bi )} converges
to x. Hence f cannot be continuous at x, whether x is rational or not. 

Exercise 12 from Section 18, page 112


(a) F is symmetric in x and y, so it suffices to check that it is continuous in x with y fixed.
If y0 , 0, F(x × y0 ) = xy0 /(x2 + y20 ) is clearly continuous. F(x × 0) is identically zero
and so is continuous too.

(b) g(x) = 1/2 if x , 0 and g(0) = 0 so g is not continuous at 0.

(c) Define a function ∆ : R → R × R by ∆(x) = x × x. ∆ is continuous since each com-


ponent is. If F were continuous, then g = F ◦ ∆ would be continuous, contradicting
part (b).

Exercise 6 from Section 19, page 118


Suppose that x1 , x2 , . . . converges to x in the product topology. For a fixed α, let Uα be a
neighborhood of πα (x). We need to check that Uα contains πα (xi ) for i larger than some N.
This follows from the fact that U = β Vβ , where Vβ = Xβ for β , α and Vβ = Uα is a
Q
neighborhood of x and so contains xi for i larger than some N.

1
Conversely suppose that {πα (xi )} converges to πα (x) for each α. Let U be a basic neigh-
borhood of x, so that U = α Uα and Uα = Xα except when α = αk , k = 1, 2, . . . , K. Now
Q
for each αk , {παk (xi )} converges to παk (x), so there is an Nk such that παk (xi ) ∈ Uαk whenever
i > Nk . Set N = max{Nk | k = 1, 2, . . . , K}. Then for all i > N, we have xi ∈ U and so {xi }
converges to x.
This is not true in the box topology. Take the space to be Rω and let xi be the sequence
consisting of all zeros except a 1 at the ith position. Then each {πα (xi )} converges to 0 but
the neighborhood n (−1/n, 1/n) of (0, 0, . . . ) contains none of the xi ’s.
Q


Exercise 8 from Section 19, page 118


h is a homeomorphism in both topologies. It is clear that h is a bijection with inverse of the
same form. Hence it suffices to check that h is continuous. We can choose bases for both
the box and product topologies to be

B = {Πn∈Z+ Un | Un = R or U = (a, b)} .

There is an extra condition that Un = R for all but finitely many n for the product topology,
but that is not important here. To show that h is continuous, it suffices to check that h−1 (B)
is open for B ∈ B. If f is any of the component functions of h, then f −1 takes intervals (or
R) to intervals (or R), so h−1 (B) is actually in B. Hence h is continuous. 

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