A Project File

On

“CHEMISTRY PROJECT ON DETERMINATION OF

COLD DRINKS”
A.I.S.S.C.E

2022-23

Submitted to Submitted by

Miss. Pallavi Anuradha PURNENDU SHUKLA

CLASS XII Science B
Roll number……………
 AIM OF THE STUDY

The comparative study and qualitative analysis of different brands of

cold drinks available in local market

 CERTIFICATE

This is to hereby certify that, the original and genuine investigation

work has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and
the related data collection and investigation has been completed solely,
sincerely and satisfactorily by PURNENDU SHUKLA of CLASS
XII, regarding his project titled “Determination of the Content of
Cold Drinks”.

Miss. Pallavi Anuradha

Chemistry Faculty
Department of Science
St. Andrews Public School
Karmyogi, Agra-282005
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to my

Chemistry Teacher Miss. Pallavi Anuradha in providing a helping

hand in this project titled “Determination of the Contents of Cold

Drinks”, are responsible for attaining its present form.

PURNENDU SHUKLA
CLASS XII Science B
 PURPOSE

In recent days, soft drink brands were put into various question

regarding their purity. news flashed that they contain harmful pesticide,

which arouse many interest in knowing its contents because I have been

drinking them for years. I wanted to confirm that whether the change I

posed on thee brands are true or not.

Another fact which inspired me to do this project is that I am in touch

with qualitative analysis whose knowledge with other factors helped

me to do so.
 CONTENT

I. Introduction

II. Theory

III. Apparatus

IV. Chemicals Required

V. Detection of ph

VI. Test for Carbon Dioxide

VII. Test for Glucose

VIII. Test for Phosphate

IX. Test for Alcohol

X. Test for Sucrose

XI. Result

XII. Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

The era of cold drinks begun in 1952 but the industrialization in India

marked its beginning with launching of Limca and Gold spot by Parley

group of companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was highly

profitable and attracting, any multinational companies launched their

brands in India like Pepsi and Coke.

Now days, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed

Sprite, Miranda, and Limca to give up feeling of lightness, while Pepsi

and Thumbs Up to activate pulse and brain

 THEORY

Cold Drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol,

carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks

give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste which is liked

by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of forth

on shaking the bottle.

The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved is water to form carbonic acid

which Is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the

naturally occurring organic compounds and are major sources of

energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is Cx(H2O)y.

Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharide. Glucose is a

Monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6. It occurs in free state in the

ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in

human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most

useful Disaccharides used in our daily life. It is widely distributed in

nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main

source of sucrose of sugar is sugarcane juice which contain 15-20%

sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17% of sucrose. The

molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture

of glucose and fructose. It is not reducing in nature whereas glucose is

reducing. Cold drinks are bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be

measured by finding their pH value. The pH value also depends upon

the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.

 APPARATUS REQUIRED

❖ Test Tubes

❖ Test Tube

❖ Holder Test

❖ Tube Stand

❖ Stop Watch

❖ Beaker

❖ Bunsen Burner

❖ pH Paper

❖ Tripod Stand

❖ China Dish

❖ Wire Gauge

❖ Water Bath
 CHEMICALS REQUIRED

❖ Iodine Solution

❖ Potassium Iodide

❖ Sodium Hydroxide

❖ Lime Water

❖ Fehling’s A & B Solution

❖ Concentrated Nitric Acid

❖ Benedict Solution

❖ Ammonium Molybdate
 DETECTION OF pH

Experiment Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken

in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in colour of pH paper

was noticed and was compared with standard pH scale.

Observation

Sr. No. Name of the Drink Colour Change pH Value

1 Coca Cola Pinkish 2.5-3.0

2 Sprite Dark Orange 3.0

3 Limca Light Orange 4.0

4 Fanta Orange 3.0-4.0

Interpretation

Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid

and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drinks of different brand are

different due to the variation in amount of acidic content

 TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

Experiment

As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the samples were passed

through lime water. The lime water turned milky.

Observation

Sr. No. Name of the Drink Time Taken (sec) Conclusion

1 Coca Cola 26.5 CO2 IS PRESENT

2 Sprite 21.0 CO2 IS PRESENT

3 Limca 35.0 CO2 IS PRESENT

4 Fanta 36.0 CO2 IS PRESENT

Interpretation

All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The

carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which

is responsible for its tangy taste.

Chemical Reaction

Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)

 TEST FOR GLUCOSE

Experiment

Glucose is a reducing sugar. Its presence is detected by the following

test-

1.Benedict’s Reagent Test

A small sample of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test

tube and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube
was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the
presence of glucose in cold drinks.

Observation

Sr. Name of the

Observation Conclusion
No. Drink
1 Coca Cola Reddish Colour precipitate Glucose is Present
2 Sprite Reddish Colour Precipitate Glucose is Present
3 Limca Reddish Colour Precipitate Glucose is Present
4 Fanta Reddish Colour Precipitate Glucose is Present

Interpretation

All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict’s reagent.

Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

2. Fehling’s Solution Test

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test

tube and a few drops of Fehling’s A solution and Fehling’s B solution

was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for

10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence

of glucose in cold drinks.

Observation

Sr. Name of the

Observation Conclusion
No. Drink
1 Coca Cola Reddish Brown precipitate Glucose is Present
2 Sprite Reddish Brown precipitate Glucose is Present
3 Limca Reddish Brown precipitate Glucose is Present
4 Fanta Reddish Brown precipitate Glucose is Present

Interpretation

All samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling’s (A & B)

solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.

 TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

Experiment

Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate

test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric

Acid (HNO3) was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of

canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in

cold drinks.

Sr. Name of
Observation Conclusion
No. the Drink
1 Coca Cola Canary Yellow Precipitate Phosphate is Present
2 Sprite Canary Yellow Precipitate Phosphate is Present
3 Limca Canary Yellow Precipitate Phosphate is Present
4 Fanta Canary Yellow Precipitate Phosphate is Present

Interpretation

All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence

all the cold drinks contain phosphate.

 TEST FOR ALCOHOL

Experiment

Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test
tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were
heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow coloured
precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks.
Observation

Sr. Name of
Observation Conclusion
No. the Drink
1 Coca Cola Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is Present
2 Sprite Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is Present
3 Limca Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is Present
4 Fanta Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is Present

Interpretation

All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the

cold drinks contain alcohol.

Chemical Reaction

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH → CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

 TEST FOR SUCROSE

Experiment

5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china

dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black

coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.

Observation

Sr.
Name of the Drink Observation Conclusion
No.
1 Coca Cola Black Residue Sucrose is Present
2 Sprite Black Residue Sucrose is Present
3 Limca Black Residue Sucrose is Present
4 Fanta Black Residue Sucrose is Present

Interpretation

All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose

varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.

 RESULT

After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different

brands of cold drinks namely:

1. Coca Cola

2. Sprite

3. Limca

4. Fanta

All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide.

All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of

different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic

of all the four brands taken.

Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum

amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum

amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.

 PRECAUTIONS

Some of the precautions which need to be taken care of are –

❖ Concentrated solutions should be handled with immense care.

❖ Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing each

experiment.

❖ If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent from any

possible damage.

❖ If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes, flush

immediately with copious amounts of water.

❖ Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off whenever you

leave your workstation.

❖ Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are heating at

yourself or your neighbour.

 CONCLUSION

Dis-advantages of cold drinks

1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they

contain sugar in large amount which cause problems in diabetes

patients.

2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body’s

natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.

3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also

harmful for our bones.

4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8, so it

can dissolve a nail in about four days.

5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must

use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive

material.

6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very

harmful to our body.

Some other uses of cold drinks

1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.

2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers.

3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.

4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to remove grease

from clothes.

5. They can lose a rusted bolt.

Bibliography

Following books and websites were a source for present project.

Comprehensive Chemistry Lab Manual - Dr. N. K. Verma

www. google.com

www.wikipedia.com

www. Icbse.com

www. unoregon.edu