Chapter 2 – Tutorial

2-48 Water flows through a pipe whose outer surface is wrapped with a thin electric heater that consumes 300 W
per m length of the pipe. The exposed surface of the heater is heavily insulated so that the entire heat generated
in the heater is transferred to the pipe. Heat is transferred from the inner surface of the pipe to the water by
convection. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and one-dimensional heat transfer, the mathematical
formulation (the differential equation and the boundary conditions) of the heat conduction in the pipe is to be
obtained for steady operation.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is given to be
constant. 3 There is no heat generation in the medium. 4 The outer surface at r = r2 is subjected to uniform heat
flux and the inner surface at r = r1 is subjected to convection.
Analysis The heat flux at the outer surface of the pipe is
Q Q s 300 W
q s = s = = = 734.6 W/m 2
As 2πr2 L 2π (0.065 cm)(1 m)
Noting that there is thermal symmetry about the center line and there is Q = 300 W
uniform heat flux at the outer surface, the differential equation and the
boundary conditions for this heat conduction problem can be expressed
r1 r2
as h
d  dT 
r =0 T∞
dr  dr 
dT (r1 )
k = h[T (ri ) − T∞ ] = 85[T (ri ) − 70]
dr
dT (r2 )
k = q s = 734.6 W/m 2
dr

2-59 The base plate of a household iron is subjected to specified heat flux on the left surface and to specified
temperature on the right surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the plate, and
the inner surface temperature are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the surface area of the base plate is large
relative to its thickness, and the thermal conditions on both sides of the plate are uniform. 2 Thermal conductivity
is constant. 3 There is no heat generation in the plate. 4 Heat loss through the upper part of the iron is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 20 W/m⋅°C.
Analysis (a) Noting that the upper part of the iron is well insulated and thus the entire heat generated in the
resistance wires is transferred to the base plate, the heat flux through the inner surface is determined to be
Q 800 W
q 0 = 0 = = 50,000 W/m 2
Abase 160 × 10 − 4 m 2
Taking the direction normal to the surface of the wall to be the x direction with x = 0 at the left surface, the
mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
d 2T
=0
dx 2

Q =800 W T2 = 85°C
k

A=160 cm2
 dT (0)
and −k = q 0 = 50,000 W/m 2
dx
T ( L) = T2 = 85°C
(b) Integrating the differential equation twice with respect to x yields
dT
= C1
dx
T ( x) = C1x + C2
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
q
x = 0: − kC1 = q 0 → C1 = − 0
k
q 0 L
x = L: T ( L) = C1 L + C 2 = T2 → C 2 = T2 − C1 L → C 2 = T2 +
k
Substituting C1 and C 2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
q 0 q L q ( L − x)
T ( x) = − x + T2 + 0 = 0 + T2
k k k
(50,000 W/m 2 )(0.006 − x)m
= + 85°C
20 W/m ⋅ °C
= 2500(0.006 − x) + 85
(c) The temperature at x = 0 (the inner surface of the plate) is
T (0) = 2500(0.006 − 0) + 85 = 100°C
Note that the inner surface temperature is higher than the exposed surface temperature, as expected.

2-77 A spherical container is subjected to uniform heat flux on the inner surface, while the outer surface maintains
a constant temperature. The variation of temperature in the container wall and the inner surface temperature are
to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.

Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional. 2 Temperatures on both surfaces are uniform. 3
Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 There is no heat generation in the wall. 5 The inner surface at r = r1 is subjected
to uniform heat flux while the outer surface at r = r2 is at constant temperature T2.
Properties Thermal conductivity is given to be k = 1.5 W/m∙K.
Analysis For one-dimensional heat transfer in the radial direction, the differential equation for heat conduction in
spherical coordinate can be expressed as
 d  2 dT 
r =0
dr  dr 
Integrating the differential equation twice with respect to r yields
dT dT C1
r2 = C1 or =
dr dr r 2
C1
T (r ) = − + C2
r
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary
conditions give
dT (r1 ) C r12
r = r1 : −k = q1 = −k 21 → C1 = −q1
dr r1 k

C1 C1 q r 2
r = r2 : T (r2 ) = T2 = − + C2 → C2 = T2 + = T2 − 1 1
r2 r2 k r2
Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
q1 r12 q r 2 r12  1 1 
T (r ) = + T2 − 1 1 → T ( r ) = q1  −  + T2
k r k r2 k  r r2 
The temperature at r = r1 = 1 m (the inner surface of the container) is

r12 1 
T (r1 ) = T1 = q1  − 1  + T2
k r r2 

(1 m)2  1 1 
T1 = (7000 W/m2 )  −  + 25°C = 247°C
(1.5 W/m ⋅ K)  1 m 1.05 m 
Discussion As expected the inner surface temperature is higher than the outer surface temperature.

2-87 Heat is generated uniformly in a large brass plate. One side of the plate is insulated while the other side is
subjected to convection. The location and values of the highest and the lowest temperatures in the plate are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-
dimensional since the plate is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the center plane
3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k =111 W/m⋅°C.
Analysis This insulated plate whose thickness is L is equivalent to
one-half of an uninsulated plate whose thickness is 2L since the
midplane of the uninsulated plate can be treated as insulated k
surface. The highest temperature will occur at the insulated surface
while the lowest temperature will occur at the surface which is e
Insulated T∞ =25°C
exposed to the environment. Note that L in the following relations
is the full thickness of the given plate since the insulated side h / 2
°
represents the center surface of a plate whose thickness is doubled.
The desired values are determined directly from
 e gen L (2 × 10 5 W/m 3 )(0.05 m)
T s = T∞ + = 25°C + = 252.3°C
h 44 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
e gen L2 (2 × 10 5 W/m 3 )(0.05 m) 2
To = T s + = 252.3°C + = 254.6°C
2k 2(111 W/m ⋅ °C)