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L18 Multivariable

The document introduces multivariable control systems and discusses two main approaches: multiloop control which uses multiple independent single-loop controllers, and coordinated control which uses a single control algorithm to calculate all manipulated variables simultaneously. It also discusses interaction in multivariable systems and how interaction can be determined through fundamental modeling or empirical modeling using process reaction curves. Examples of interaction and multivariable control are provided using a distillation column process.

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10 views22 pages

L18 Multivariable

The document introduces multivariable control systems and discusses two main approaches: multiloop control which uses multiple independent single-loop controllers, and coordinated control which uses a single control algorithm to calculate all manipulated variables simultaneously. It also discusses interaction in multivariable systems and how interaction can be determined through fundamental modeling or empirical modeling using process reaction curves. Examples of interaction and multivariable control are provided using a distillation column process.

Uploaded by

taufiqurrahman mohd yunus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEB5213 Plant Process Control

Systems

Introduction to
Multivariable Systems
Objectives

z At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:


– Identify and describe interaction in multivariable systems.
– Describe the two different approaches of multivariable
control and their advantages.
Multivariable Control

z Maintaining several controlled variables at independent set points


by adjusting several different manipulated variables.
z Essentially, all methods and results learned for single-variable
system are applicable to multivariable system.
z However, new characteristics are to be explored due to
interaction.
z Interaction (n.) – A multivariable process is said to have
interaction when process input (manipulated) variables affect more
than one process output (controlled) variable.
Let’s Consider An
Example
z What are the controlled variables of interest?
z Is there any manipulated variable that influences more than one
controlled variable?
Multivariable Control

The integrated
system must be
considered
simultaneously!

It is not possible to
analyze each
manipulated -
controlled variable
individually.
Multivariable Control Techniques

z Two control approaches are possible.


1) Multiloop Approach
z Extension of the single feedback control strategy - uses multiple
single-loop controllers.
z The single loop controllers are completely independent algorithms
that do not communicate directly among themselves.

2
1

3
1) Multiloop Approach
z However, manipulation by one controller can influence other
controlled variables.
z A way to determine suitable loop variables is using the Relative
Gain Array (RGA).

2
1

3
1) Multiloop Approach

z Advantages :
– Use of simple single-loop algorithms
– Ease of understanding by plant personnel
– Standard control design has been developed for common
operating units

2
1

3
2) Coordinated / Centralized Control
z A single control algorithm uses all measurements to calculate
all manipulated variables simultaneously.
z Exploits interaction for better performance.
Multiloop Control

z Let’s look at 2 key questions to help us design a multiloop


control system.
1. Is interaction present?
– If there is no interaction >> All single-loop problems
2. Is control possible?
– Can we control the CVs with the available MVs?
Interaction in Multivariable Systems

What is different when we have multiple MVs and CVs?


INTERACTION!!
z Interaction (n.) – A multivariable process is said to have interaction
when process input (manipulated) variables affect more than one
process output (controlled) variable.
Interaction in
Multivariable Systems
z How can we determine how much interaction exists ?
– 1) Fundamental modelling

Note : FM = flow rate of mixed liquid,


XA = mass fraction of component A in pure A,
XS = mass fraction of component A in solvent,
XAM = mass fraction of component A in mixed liquid
Interaction in
Multivariable Systems
z How can we determine how much interaction exists?
– 2) Empirical modeling (Process reaction curve)
Interaction in
Multivariable Systems
z We can determine that interaction exists by looking at the
process model.
Interaction in Multivariable
Systems

z We can represent the multivariable model using simultaneous


equations relating inputs and outputs in matrix form.

 CV1 ( s)  G11 ( s ) G12 ( s)   MV1 ( s )   Gd 1 ( s) 


CV ( s ) = G ( s ) G ( s )  MV ( s ) + G ( s ) D( s )
 2   21 22  2   d 2 

disturbance
transfer function
Interaction in
Multivariable Systems
z Amount of interaction can be analyzed using the gain matrix, K, of
the model.
z If the matrix can be arranged so that it has a “diagonal” form, no
interaction exists.
z If any off-diagonal are non-zero, interaction exists.
Interaction in Multivariable
Systems

z We can use a block diagram to represent the dynamics of a


multivariable process.
Multivariable Example - Distillation
Column
z Most commonly used separation
technique in industry.
z However, it consumes a lot of
energy and accounts for more
than 50% of a refinery’s operating
cost.
z To reduce cost, the distillation
column has to be operated
efficiently using plant optimization
and control techniques.
Example - Distillation
Column
z Major components :
– A vertical shell (1) where the separation of liquid reactants
takes place
– Internal parts in the column eg. trays/plates or packings (2)
to make the separation more efficient.
– A reboiler (3) used to
vaporize the “bottoms” to be
returned to the distillation (1)
column.

(2)

(3)
Example - Distillation
Column
z Major components :
– A condenser (4) to cool and condense the liquid leaving from
the top of the column.
– A reflux (5) vessel to hold condensed overhead liquid
product, some of which will be returned to the upper part of
the column.
– The downflowing reflux
liquid provides cooling (4)
(5)
and condensation (6)
of the upflowing vapour
thereby increasing the (6)
efficiency of the column.
What Next ?

z Interested to know more about distillation column ? A good


place to start :
http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/distil/distileqp.htm
z Next Lecture : Controllability (Marlin, Chapter 20)

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