REMOTE CONTROL PLANT WATERING SYSTEM USING 8051 2022-2023

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
What is embedded system?

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps

additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An embedded system
is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control system, autonomous, or
human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments
and sold into a competitive and cost-conscious market.

An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a
software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High-end
embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit
Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc .Lower end
embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with an minimal operating systems and
hardware layout designed for the specific purpose.

SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS:

Fig.1.1: Embedded system design calls

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Characteristics of Embedded System

• An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a
computer.
• They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system software in
addition to those we encounter when we write applications
– Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of time.
– Response–Our system may need to react to events quickly
– Testability–Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult
– Debugability–Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is
doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem
– Reliability – embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without human
intervention
– Memory space – Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make the
software and the data fit into whatever memory exists
– Program installation – you will need special tools to get your software into
embedded systems
– Power consumption – Portable systems must run on battery power, and the software
in these systems must conserve power
– Processor hogs – computing that requires large amounts of CPU time can
complicate the response problem
– Cost – Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system
projects; software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate for the job.
• Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some have a
serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have keyboards, screens or disk
drives.

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APPLICATIONS

1) Military and aerospace embedded software applications

2) Mastering the complexity of applications.
3) Reduction of product design time.
4) Real time processing of ever-increasing amounts of data.
5) Intelligent, autonomous sensors.
6) Communication Applications
7) Industrial automation and process control software

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1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

Venkata Naga Rohit Gunturi [1]:The main aim of this paper is to provide automatic
irrigation to the plants which helps in saving money and water. The entire system is controlled
using 8051 micro controller which is programmed as giving the interrupt signal to the
sprinkler. Temperature sensor and humidity sensor are connected to internal ports of micro
controller via comparator, When ever there is a change in temperature and humidity of the
surroundings these sensors senses the change in temperature and humidity and gives an
interrupt signal to the micro-controller and thus the sprinkler is activated.

Bishnu Deo Kumar, Prachi Srivastava, Reetika Agrawal, Vanya Tiwari [2]:In this paper,
soil moisture sensor is placed in the root zone of plant/field. The sensor sends information
and transmits the data to the microcontroller. An algorithm was developed to measure
threshold value soil moisture sensor that was programmed into a microcontroller to monitor
the humidity content of the soil. This paper designs a model of automatic irrigation system
which is based on microcontroller ATMEGA328. Temperature and soil moisture sensors are
placed in the field. Sensors sense the moisture content of the soil and give the information to
farmer through GSM Module. Farmer gets to know the status of the pump installed in the
field via GSM Module without going into the field. When the moisture content reaches above
the desired threshold value the pump automatically turns off and the message is conveyed to
the farmer.

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John (2006) [3] stated that there are a state that plant are able to survive without water, which is
known as dormancy, however every plant have its own limitation for them to recover when they
are insufficient of water during this period of time. The inability for the plant to recover from the
moisture loss is known as permanent wilting point (John, 2006). Therefore, water is important for
the plant to survive.

According to Wiecko (2006) [4], there are many factors that affect the transpiration and
evaporation process of the plant including humidity, temperature and wind. Low humidity cause
the both process of evaporation and transpiration high, however for the temperature, it has a
different effect on the process. The high temperature will cause the evaporation rate to be high but
for transpiration process, it works differently. Wiecko (2006) further stated that usually the leave
transpire more as the temperature rise, however if the temperature is too high, the stomata closure
can be triggered to save water. Therefore, unless the temperature is extremely high, the rate of
transpiration increases as the temperature increase.

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1.1 OBJECTIVES

▪ Automation: The primary objective of this system is to automate the process of watering
plants. By integrating the 8051 microcontroller with a remote control and water pump, the
system eliminates the need for manual watering and provides a convenient way to water
plants remotely.
▪ Remote Control Operation: The system aims to enable users to control the watering
process from a distance using a remote control. The remote control interface allows users
to send commands to the microcontroller wirelessly, triggering the water pump and
initiating the watering process.
▪ Watering Control: The system should have the ability to control the duration and
frequency of watering. It can be programmed to water plants at specific intervals, ensuring
that the plants receive the right amount of water for healthy growth. This objective requires
the microcontroller to have a timer or scheduling mechanism.
▪ Water Conservation: An important objective is to promote water conservation by
efficiently using water resources. The system should incorporate sensors or other
mechanisms to monitor the moisture level in the soil. By intelligently adjusting the
watering process based on the soil moisture, the system can avoid overwatering and prevent
water wastage.

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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure.2.1: Block Diagram of Remote control plant watering system using 8051

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2.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

2.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT

2.4 RELAY CIRCUIT

2.5 8051 MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT

Fig.2.2: Schematic Diagram of Remote control plant watering system using 8051

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➢ The remote-control plant watering system using the 8051 microcontroller is a smart and
efficient solution to automate the watering process for plants. This system is designed to
provide a convenient way to water plants without the need for manual intervention. By
using a remote control, users can easily control the watering of their plants from a
distance.
➢ The heart of this system is the 8051 microcontrollers, a widely used microcontroller in
embedded systems. The microcontroller is responsible for receiving commands from the
remote control and controlling the watering mechanism accordingly.
➢ The remote control is equipped with buttons or switches that send signals to the
microcontroller wirelessly. These signals are transmitted using a wireless communication
module such as RF (Radio Frequency) or IR (Infrared). The microcontroller receives the
signals, interprets them, and triggers the watering mechanism.
➢ In this mini project IR receiver is used as wireless communication module. Generally, IR
receiver is used in consumer electronics such as TV remote controls, have an effective
range of around 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 feet).

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CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
3.1 CODING

VAR1 equ r7 ;Temporary Variable

TEMP equ 10H ;Temp variable

COUNT equ 11H ;Count

ADDR equ 12H ;Device address

CMD equ 13H ;Command

FLIP bit 00H ;Flip bit

TOG bit 01H ;Temp bit for flip

IR equ P3.2 ;IR Receiver connected to this pin

M1 equ P2.0 ;motor 1 connected here

M2 equ P2.1 ;motor 2 connected here

M3 equ P2.2 ;motor 3 connected here

M4 equ P2.3 ;motor 4 connected here

Motor_port equ P2 ;Port at which switches are connected

org 00H ;Start of prog

//mov SWport,#00H ;switch all relays off!

mov sp,#50H ;Stack pointer initialization

clr TOG ;Clear temp bit

;MOV P2, #00000000b ;

main:

jb IR,$ ;Wait for first bit

mov VAR1,#255 ;3.024mS delay

djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#255

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djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#255

djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#255

djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#255

djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#100

djnz VAR1,$

mov c,IR ;Read Flip bit

mov FLIP,c

clr A

mov COUNT,#5 ;Count for address

fadd:

mov VAR1,#255 ;1.728mS delay for each bit

djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#255

djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#255

djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#4

djnz VAR1,$

mov c,IR

rlc a

djnz COUNT,fadd

mov ADDR,A ;Save the address

clr a

mov COUNT,#6 ;Count for Command

fcmd:

mov VAR1,#255 ;1.728mS Delay for each bit

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djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#255

djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#255

djnz VAR1,$

mov VAR1,#4

djnz VAR1,$

mov c,IR

rlc a

djnz COUNT,fcmd

mov TEMP,CMD ;Save the old command

mov CMD,a ;Save the new command

mov a,ADDR ;Cheack for valid address

cjne a,#00,nvalid

mov a,TEMP

cjne a,CMD,valid ;Check for valid command

nvalid:

ljmp main

valid: ;Key press check

clr a

mov c,FLIP

rlc a

mov TEMP,a

clr a

mov c,TOG

rlc a

cjne a,TEMP,valid1

sjmp nvalid

valid1:

mov c,FLIP

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mov TOG,c

mov a,CMD

clr c

cjne a,#2,skip1 ;Check if 2 is pressed

MOV P2,#11111111b ;on

ljmp main

skip1:

cjne a,#8,skip2 ;Check if 8 is pressed

MOV P2, #00000000b ;stop

ljmp main

skip2:

cjne a,#4,skip3 ;Check if 4 is pressed

ljmp main

skip3:

cjne a,#6,skip4 ;Check if 6 is pressed

ljmp main

skip4:

MOV P2, #00000000b ;stop

ljmp main

END ;End of program

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3.2 PROGRAM EXECUTION

1. Click on the Keil Vision Icon on Desktop

2. The following fig will appear

3. Click on the Project menu from the title bar

4. Then Click on New Project

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5. Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited
in either C:\ or D:\

6. Then Click on Save button above.

7. Select the component for u r project. i.e. tmel……
8. Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel

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9. Select AT89C51 as shown below

10. hen lick on “ K”

11. The Following fig will appear

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12. hen lick either S or ………mostly “ ”.

13. Now your project is ready to USE.
14. ow double click on the arget , you would get another option “Source group ” as
shown in next page.

15. lick on the file option from menu bar and select “new”.

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16. The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on
its blue boarder.

17. ow start writing program in either in “ ” or “ S ”.

18. For a program written in ssembly, then save it with extension “. asm” and for
“ ” based program save it with extension “ . ”

19. ow right click on Source group and click on “Add files to Group Source”.

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20. ow you will get another window, on which by default “ ” files

will appear.

21. Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file
22. lick only one time on option “ADD”.
23. Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

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24. If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.

25. The new window is as follows

26. hen lick “ K”.

27. Now click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as
shown in fig below.

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28. Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

29. ow keep ressing function key “F ” slowly and observe.

30. You are running your program successfully.

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3.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

1. VOLTAGE REGULATOR

2. MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)

3. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

4. RELAY

5. PUSH BUTTONS

6. LED

7. 1N4007

8. RESISTORS

9. CAPACITORS

10. BATTERY

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3.4 DESCRIPTION

VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

Features

• utput urrent up to

• utput oltages of , 6, , 9, , 2, , , 24

• hermal verload rotection

• Short ircuit rotection

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Description

The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-
220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide range of
applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over
1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

Internal Block Diagram

Fig.3.4.1: Internal Block Diagram

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Absolute Maximum Ratings

TABLE.3.1: RATINGS OF THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Typical Performance Characteristics

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FIG 3.4.2: PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF REGULATOR

MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of

in-system programmable Flash memory. he device is manufactured using tmel’s high-density
non volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction
set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or
by a conventional non volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-
system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a
six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the
CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

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Features:

• K ytes of n-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

– Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4. to . Operating Range
• Fully Static peration: Hz to 33 Hz
• hree-level Program Memory Lock
• 2 6 x -bit Internal RAM
• 32 rogrammable / ines
• hree 6-bit Timer/Counters
• ight nterrupt Sources
• Full uplex Serial hannel
• ow-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• nterrupt ecovery from ower-down Mode
• atchdog imer
• ual ata ointer
• ower-off Flag
• Fast rogramming ime
• Flexible S rogramming ( yte and age ode)
• reen ( b/Halide-free) Packaging Option

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Block Diagram of AT89S52:

FIG.3.4.3: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

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Pin Configurations of AT89S52

FIG 3.4.4: PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

Pin Description:

VCC:

Supply voltage (5V)

GND:

Ground

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Port 0:

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance
inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also
receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program
verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1:

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured
to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input
(P1.1/T2EX).

Port 2:

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte
during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that
use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @
RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.

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Port 3:

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.

RST:

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets
the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The
DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state
of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG:

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming.

In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and
may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external data memory.

PSEN:

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each

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machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.

EA/VPP:

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,
however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be
strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming
enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1:

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2:

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

Oscillator Characteristics:

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be
configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic
resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left
unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2. There are no requirements on the
duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through
a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications
must be observed.

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Fig.3.4.5(a): Oscillator Connections

Fig.3.4.5(b): External Clock Drive Configuration

Idle Mode

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The
mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions
registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled
interrupt or by a hardware reset.

Power down Mode

In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power
down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain
their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a
hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should

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not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long
enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

This is a low cost, small size Submersible Pump Motor which can be operated from a 2.5 ~ 6V
power supply. It can take up to 120 liters per hour with very low current consumption of 220mA.
Just connect tube pipe to the motor outlet, submerge it in water and power it.

Fig.3.4.6: Submersible pump

Specifications:

• Operating Voltage: 2.5 ~ 6V

• Operating Current : 130 ~ 220mA
• Flow Rate: 80 ~ 120 L/H
• Maximum Lift: 40 ~ 110 mm
• Continuous Working Life: 500 hours
• Driving Mode: DC, Magnetic Driving
• Material: Engineering Plastic
• Outlet Outside Diameter: 7.5 mm
• Outlet Inside Diameter: 5 mm

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PUSH BUTTONS

Fig.3.4.7 Push buttons

A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for
controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material,
usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or
hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, though even
many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to their un-pushed
state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as press, depress,
mash, and punch.

LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. When a light-emitting diode is
forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons.

Electronic Symbol:

Fig.3.4.8: symbol of LED

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1N4007

Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier.
Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.

1.Maximum forward current capacity

2.Maximum reverse voltage capacity
3.Maximum forward voltage capacity

Fig.3.4.9 1N4007 diodes

The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market are
as follows:
• Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have
maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 Amp.
• Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more
capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used in
place of diode of high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used
but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place of IN4007.The diode BY125made by company
BEL is equivalent of diode from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN4004 to
4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.

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Fig:3.4.10 PN Junction diode

PN JUNCTION OPERATION

Now that you are familiar with P- and N-type materials, how these materials are joined together
to form a diode, and the function of the diode, let us continue our discussion with the operation
of the PN junction. But before we can understand how the PN junction works, we must first
consider current flow in the materials that make up the junction

RESISTORS

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by

producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance
with Ohm's law:

V = IR

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Fig.3.4.11 Resistors

A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a
current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. The reciprocal of the
constant of proportionality is known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger
value of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given by Ohm's law:

CAPACITORS

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors

separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated
conductors.

Fig.3.4.12: Capacitors

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A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The
forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a
non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils
separated by a layer of insulating film.

BATTERY

An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. The battery has become a common power source for many
household and industrial applications.

Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications.
Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries
provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

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CHAPTER 4

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 8051 MODEL

fig.4.1: Microcontroller Model

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4.2 WORKING MODEL

Fig.4.2: Working Model

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CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE TESTING

5.1 CONTINUITY TEST

In electronics, a continuity test is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current flows
(that it is in fact a complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small voltage
(wired in series with an LED or noise-producing component such as a piezoelectric speaker) across
the chosen path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors, damaged components, or
excessive resistance, the circuit is "open".

Devices that can be used to perform continuity tests include multi meters which measure
current and specialized continuity testers which are cheaper, more basic devices, generally with a
simple light bulb that lights up when current flows.
An important application is the continuity test of a bundle of wires so as to find the two ends
belonging to a particular one of these wires; there will be a negligible resistance between the "right"
ends, and only between the "right" ends.

This test is the performed just after the hardware soldering and configuration has been
completed. This test aims at finding any electrical open paths in the circuit after the soldering.
Many a times, the electrical continuity in the circuit is lost due to improper soldering, wrong and
rough handling of the PCB, improper usage of the soldering iron, component failures and presence
of bugs in the circuit diagram. We use a multi meter to perform this test. We keep the multi meter
in buzzer mode and connect the ground terminal of the multi meter to the ground. We connect both
the terminals across the path that needs to be checked. If there is continuation then you will hear
the beep sound.

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5.2 POWER ON TEST:

This test is performed to check whether the voltage at different terminals is according to
the requirement or not. We take a multi meter and put it in voltage mode. First of all check the
voltage across the battery terminal whether it is fully charged or not, the battery used in this project
is 2 , so touch the ‘red terminal’ of battery with ‘red probe’ of multi meter and touch ‘black
terminal’ of battery with ‘black probe’ of multi meter, if 2V is being displayed on multi meter
screen then we can proceed for next steps.

Now that the power supply is available, no IC should be inserted in the base, first apply power and
check whether proper voltage is reaching at ‘vcc’ and ‘gnd’ pins of each base or not. If proper
voltages appear at the supply pins of IC bases then insert IC and check the required output.

Now we have to check whether the LEDs are in working condition or not, Red LED or IR LED or
hoto diode has got one ‘longer leg’ and one ‘shorter leg’. onger leg is positive terminal of
and shorter leg is negative terminal.

ow keep the multi meter in ‘buzzer mode or continuity mode’ and touch ‘red probe’ of multi
meter to the ‘longer leg’ of and ‘black probe’ of multi meter to the ‘shorter leg’ of , if
glows in such case that means it’s working.

ow solder ed into , remember ‘longer leg’ of should be inserted into positive

marking on and ‘shorter leg’ should be inserted into other hole of marking on PCB.
Now after soldering LED with a series resistor apply battery voltage to the board and see whether
the LED is glowing or not.

The black LED is photodiode and white LED is IR diode even these components have got longer
leg and shorter leg, insert longer leg into +ve marking hole on PCB and insert shorter leg into other
hole of LED marking on PCB .

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CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS

6.1 APPLICATIONS

➢ Home Gardening: The system can be used in home gardens or indoor plants to automate
the watering process. With the remote-control feature, users can conveniently water their
plants from a distance, making it suitable for individuals who are away from home for
extended periods or for people with limited mobility.
➢ Agricultural Applications: The system can be utilized in agricultural fields to automate
the irrigation process. Farmers can remotely control the watering of their crops based on
specific needs, such as soil moisture levels or weather conditions. This can result in
improved crop yield and water conservation.
➢ Research and Development: Scientists and researchers studying plant growth and
development can employ the system to automate watering protocols in controlled
environments. They can remotely monitor and adjust watering schedules, allowing for
precise experiments and data collection.
➢ Commercial Nurseries: Plant nurseries and horticultural businesses can use the remote
control system to streamline their watering operations. With the ability to control multiple
watering units remotely, they can ensure consistent watering across a large number of
plants, leading to healthier and more vibrant foliage.
➢ Public Gardens and Parks: Municipalities or organizations responsible for maintaining
public gardens and parks can benefit from a remote control watering system. They can
monitor and manage watering schedules for various locations, optimizing water usage and
reducing manual labor.

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6.2 ADVANTAGES

✓ Convenience: With a remote control system, you can water your plants without physically
being present near them. This is especially beneficial if you have a large garden or if the
plants are in hard-to-reach areas.
✓ Time-saving: The remote control system allows you to automate the watering process,
saving you time and effort. You can set specific watering schedules and durations based
on the plant's requirements.
✓ Customization: Using the 8051 microcontroller, you can program the watering system to
meet the specific needs of different plants. This level of customization ensures that each
plant receives the right amount of water at the right time.
✓ Water conservation: The ability to remotely control the watering system allows you to
optimize water usage. You can easily turn off or adjust the watering schedule if it's raining
or the soil moisture levels are already sufficient. This helps to conserve water and prevent
overwatering.
✓ Monitoring and feedback: Some remote control systems provide feedback on soil
moisture levels, temperature, and other environmental parameters. This enables you to
monitor the plant's health remotely and make necessary adjustments to the watering
schedule or other conditions as required.

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6.3 LIMITATIONS

✓ Initial setup complexity: Building a remote control system using the 8051 microcontroller
requires some technical knowledge and expertise. It involves electronic circuit design,
programming, and integration, which may be challenging for beginners.
✓ Limited range: The range of the remote control system is dependent on the wireless
communication technology used. If the range is limited, you may need to be in relatively
close proximity to the watering system to control it effectively.
✓ Power supply requirements: The remote control system, along with the 8051
microcontroller and other components, needs a stable power supply. If the power source is
unreliable or experiences interruptions, the system may not function properly.
✓ Cost: Building a remote control plant watering system using the 8051 microcontroller and
associated components can be relatively expensive compared to traditional manual
watering methods. The cost of the microcontroller, sensors, wireless modules, and other
electronic components can add up.

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CONCLUSION

After completing this mini project, it can be concluded that it fulfills the objectives stated in
beginning, which makes user to allow to turn on and off the water pump and set the system to
automate mode via a control unit. However, to implement it in real environment, several
modifications has to be made especially on the networking and the power supply.

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THE FUTURE SCOPE OF REMOTE CONTROL PLANT WATERING

SYSTEM USING 8051

✓ Smart Irrigation System: You can enhance the capabilities of the remote-control plant
watering system by incorporating various sensors like soil moisture, temperature,
humidity, and light sensors. This would enable the system to monitor the environmental
conditions and adjust the watering schedule accordingly. Additionally, you could integrate
weather forecast data to optimize the watering patterns based on predicted rainfall.
✓ IoT Integration: By connecting the system to the Internet of Things (IoT), you can
remotely monitor and control the plant watering system from anywhere in the world. This
would allow you to receive real-time data on plant conditions and adjust watering
parameters as needed. IoT integration can also enable features such as automatic
notifications and alerts when certain conditions are met or when maintenance is required.
✓ Data Analytics and Machine Learning: Collecting data from the remote control plant
watering system over time can provide valuable insights into plant behavior, water
consumption patterns, and optimal watering schedules. By applying data analytics and
machine learning techniques to this data, you can develop predictive models that can
automatically adjust the watering parameters based on the specific needs of different plant
species or environmental conditions.
✓ Mobile Application Interface: Develop a mobile application that connects to the remote
control plant watering system, allowing users to monitor and control their plants through
their smartphones. The mobile app can provide a user-friendly interface with features like
scheduling watering cycles, adjusting parameters, viewing sensor data, and receiving
notifications.
✓ Integration with Smart Home Systems: Integrate the plant watering system with popular
smart home platforms like Amazon Alexa, Google Home, or Apple HomeKit. This
integration would enable voice commands and seamless control of the watering system as
part

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REFERENCES

1.Micro controller based automatic plant irrigation system

VNR Gunturi - … Journal of dvancements in Research & Technology, 2013 - academia.edu

2. icro controller based automatic plant irrigation system. Kumar, Srivastava, grawal… - …
esearch Journal of …, 2 7 - academia.edu

3.Automatic Plant Watering System

A Gupta, S Kumawat, S Garg - Imperial Journal of nterdisciplinary …, 2 6 - academia.edu

4.Sensor based automated irrigation system with IOT: A technical review

K Kansara, Zaveri, S Shah… - nternational Journal of …, 2 - researchgate.net

5.Automatic Plant Watering System

A Gupta, S Kumawat, S Garg - mperial Journal of nterdisciplinary …, 2 6 - academia.edu

6.Arduino based automatic irrigation system: Monitoring and SMS controlling

H asin, S Zeebaree… - 2 9 4th Scientific …, 2 9 - ieeexplore.ieee.org

7.Sensor based automated irrigation system with IOT: A technical review

K Kansara, Zaveri, S Shah… - nternational Journal of …, 2 - researchgate.net

8.Design of remote monitoring and control system with automatic irrigation system using GSM-bluetooth

SRN Reddy - International Journal of Computer Applications, 2012 – Citeseer

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