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Theory 1

The document discusses inverting and non-inverting op-amps. It explains how op-amps can be used as amplifiers and the properties that make them ideal amplifiers. It provides the equations to calculate gain and output voltage for inverting and non-inverting op-amp configurations.

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Udaypratapsingh Rajput
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28 views7 pages

Theory 1

The document discusses inverting and non-inverting op-amps. It explains how op-amps can be used as amplifiers and the properties that make them ideal amplifiers. It provides the equations to calculate gain and output voltage for inverting and non-inverting op-amp configurations.

Uploaded by

Udaypratapsingh Rajput
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Theory

Objectives

At the end of the experiment, the student would be able to


1. Explain Inverting Opamp
2. Explain Non- Inverting Opamp
3. Explain Gain

Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear elcectronic device having three
terminals, two high impedence input and one output terminal. Op-Amp can perform multiple
function when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive, capacitive or both.
Generally it is used as voltage amplifier and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the diffrence
between the voltages at its two input terminals.

Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier, its open loop gain and input
impedance is infinite (i.e.,practically very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is
zero(i.e.,practically very low) and bandwidth is infinite(i.e.,practically limitted to frequency
where its gain become unity).

Inverting Op-Amp
The open loop gain(Ao) of the Om-Apm is very high which makes it very unstable, so to make it
stable with a controlable gain, a feed back is applied through some external resistor(Rf) from its
output to inverting input terminal(i.e.,also known as negative feedback) resulting in reduced
gain(cloosed loop gain, Av). So the voltage at inverting terminal is now the sum of the actual
input and feedback voltages, and to separate both a input resistor(Ri) is introduced in the circuit.
The non inverting terminal of the opamp is grounded, and the inverting terminal behaves like a
virtual ground as the junction of the input and feedback signal are at the same potential.

Current can be given $$I=\frac{(V_{in}-V_{out})}{(R_{in}+R_F)} $$


or, $$I=\frac{(V_{in}-V_2)}{R_{in}} $$
or, $$I=\frac{(V_2-V_{out})}{R_F} $$
$$ I=\frac{V_{in}}{R_{in}}-\frac{V_2}{R_{in}}=\frac{V_2}{R_F}-\frac{V_{out}}{R_F} $$
So, $$\frac{V_{in}}{R_{in}}= V2\times (\frac{1}{R_{in}}+\frac{1}{R})- \frac{V_{out}}
{R_F} $$
and as, \(V_2 =0\)
$$ I =\frac{(V_{in}-0)}{Rin}=\frac{(0-V_{out})}{R_F} $$
or, $$ \frac{R_F}{R_{in}} = - \frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} $$
The close loop gain (\(A_{cl}\)) is given by :-
$$A_{cl}= \frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} = - \frac{R_F}{R_{in}} $$
Output voltage (\(V_{out}\)) is given by :-
$$V_{out} = -\frac{R_F}{R_{in} } \times V_{in} $$
Non-Inverting Op-Amp
In this configuration of Op-amp the input signal is directly fed to the non inverting terminal
resulting in a positive gain and output voltage in phase with input as compared to inverting Op-
amp where the gain is negative and output voltage is out of phase with input , and to stabalize the
circuit a negative feedback is applied through a resistor(Rf) and the inverting terminal is
grounded witha input resistor(R2).This inverting Op-Amp like layout the at inverting terminal
creates a virtual ground at the summing point make the Rf and R2 a potential divider accross
inverting terminal, Hence determines the gain of the circuit.

Potential difference \(V1\) can be written as


$$ V_1 = \frac{R_2}{(R_2+R_F)}\times V_{out} $$
in ideal condition :\( V_1=V_{in}\)
SO, $$V_{in} = \frac{R_2}{(R_2+R_F)}\times V_{out} $$
and as we know Gain \(A_{cl}=\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}}\)
$$A_{cl}= \frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}} = \frac{(R_2+R_F)}{R_2} = 1+\frac{R_F}{R_2} $$
and Output Voltage (\(V_{out}\)) is given by:
$$V_{out} =[1+\frac{R_F}{R_2}]*V_{in} $$
Procedure
Experiment

 Let us go through the experiment of Inverting Amplifier.


1. Connect the components as mentioned below:
L1-L3, L4-L7, L4-L5, L6-L9, L8-L12.(For eg. click on 1 and then drag to 3 and so on.)
2. Click on 'Check Connection' button to check the connections.
3. If connected wrong click on 'Delete all connection' button to erase all the connections.
4. Set the Resistance (R1) Value (1 Kohm - 50 Kohm).
5. Set the Feedback Resistance (Rf) Value (2 Kohm - 100 Kohm).
6. Set input voltage (Vin) (-15 to 15 V).
7. Now note the output voltage and click on 'Add to table' button.
8. Increase the input voltage by a factor of 2
9. Click on 'Plot' button to plot the output voltage vs input voltage.
10. Repeat the experiment for another set of resistance value.
 Let us go through the experiment of Non Inverting Amplifier.
1. Connect the components as mentioned below:
L1-L8, L4-L7, L4-L5, L6-L9, L3-L12.(For eg. click on 1 and then drag to 3 and so on.)
2. Click on 'Check Connection' button to check the connections.
3. If connected wrong click on 'Delete all connection' button to erase all the connections.
4. Set the Resistance (R1) Value (1 Kohm - 50 Kohm).
5. Set the Feedback Resistance (Rf) Value (2 Kohm - 100 Kohm).
6. Set input voltage (Vin) (-15 to 15 V).
7. Now note the output voltage and click on 'Add to table' button.
8. Increase the input voltage by a factor of 2
9. Click on 'Plot' button to plot the output voltage vs input voltage.
10. Repeat the experiment for another set of resistance value.

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