LAB WORK- 5

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Introduction:
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Equipment’s:
Procedure:
Part 1(a).
Figure 5:
Part 1(b).
Figure 6:
Results:
Part(i).
Part(ii).
Part(iii).
Figure 7:
Part(iv).
Figure 8:
Table 1:
Procedure:
Part 2 (a).
Figure 9:
Part 2(b).
Figure 10:
Results:
Part(i).

2
Figure 11:
Part(ii).
Figure 12:
Table 2:
Procedure:
Part 3(a).
Figure 13:
Part 3(b).
Figure 14:
Results:
Part(i).
Part(ii).
Figure 15:
Figure 16:
Part(iii).
Figure 17:
Figure 18:
Figure 19:
Table 3:
Discussion:

Conclusion:

3
INTRODUCTION:
Operational amplifiers are generally used in to provide the voltage gain in the electrical
system such as filter circuits or oscillators and so many circuits. It has the property of high
input impedance due to which it can provide the various range of voltage gain as per the
requirements of the circuit.

4
For physical appearance, operational amplifiers are integrated circuits made of transistors. It
has two input pins one is a noninverting pin and the other is inverting pin and an output pin
which gives the amplified signal output of the input signal.

Figure 1: symbol of an operational amplifier

here in the above figure the there are two input pin and one output pin with the two-power
supply pin which indicates the +ve and -ve terminal of the power supply to be connected with
the amplifier.
In this lab experiment, we are going to talk about the summing, inverting and noninverting
property of the amplifier.

Non-Inverting amplifier:
In this case the negative input terminal of the amplifier is nonbiased where the positive
terminal is biased with some voltage such as the output of the amplifier is an amplified
version of the input signal and having same phase as the input signal.

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of the non-inverting amplifier

5
In a non-inverting amplifier circuit, the voltage gain is calculated by applying KCL at
inverting input. By virtual short, the inverting node voltage become the same as the voltage
across the non-inverting terminal voltage Vi therefore using KCL we get,
Vi−0 Vi−V ˳
+ =0
R1 Rf

Solving the above equation then we get

1 1 V˳
Vi*( + ¿=
Rf R 1 Rf
R 1+ Rf V˳
Vi ( )=
R 1∗Rf Rf
V˳ R 1+ Rf
=
Vi R1
V˳ Rf
= 1+
Vi R1

Hence the gain of the non-inverting amplifier circuit is given as

V˳ Rf
Gain = = 1+
Vi R1

Inverting Amplifier:
In case of inverting amplifier, the non-inverting terminal of the opam is biased with ground
and the inverting terminal of the input is biased with input voltage such as the output of the
amplifier is amplified version of the input signal with a phase difference of 180°.

Figure3: Circuit diagram of the inverting amplifier

6
In the above circuit the gain will calculated as by applying KCL at inverting node such as
Vinv−Vi Vinv−V ˳
+ =0
R1 Rf
Put Vinv = 0 then we get
−Vi −V ˳
+ =0
R1 Rf
V ˳ −Rf
= = gain
Vi R1

Summing Amplifier circuit:

For the summing amplifier we use multiple input voltage supply at inverting terminal of the
operational amplifier such as the output is calculated by using the superposition theorem.

Figure 4: Circuit diagram of the summing amplifier

Here from the above circuit, we get the over all result of the output voltage is by applying the
superposition theorem. Now we calculate the output voltage due to V1, V2 and V3 by parts.
Output voltage due to V1 is
−Rf ∗V 1
Vout1 =
R1
Output voltage due to V2 is
−Rf ∗V 2
Vout2 =
R2
Similarly, at last the output voltage due to voltage V3 is given by
−Rf ∗V 3
Vout3 =
R3
Now using superposition theorem, we get total output voltage is given by
Vout = Vout1 + Vout2 +Vout3
−Rf ∗V 1 −Rf ∗V 2 −Rf ∗V 3
Vout = + +
R1 R2 R3

7
Equipment’s:
1) 741 op amp
2) IET Labs RS-200W Resistance decade box
3) 4.7kΩ, 15kΩ, 12kΩ, 1kΩ, 5kΩ, 27kΩ, 270kΩ and 68kΩ resistors
4) Tektronix 1012B dual-trace oscilloscope
5) GwInstek GPS-3303 DC power supply
6) GwInstek GFG-8219 A function generator
7) BNC-to-dual-alligator cable
8) Two x1 oscilloscope probes
9) Breadboard

Part 1: Non – Inverting Amplifier

(a.) EXPERIMANTAL PROCEDURE:
In this experiment I’m going to design an operational amplifier circuit using feedback loop to
achieve desired gain by using a variable resistor in circuit which control the output voltage.
First, I build the circuit which is given in above figure on breadboard by connecting the
resistors with opam. After doing this I use DC power supply to connect the power input pins
by +5 DC volt and another terminal with -5 DC voltage so that it will become active and give
response according to input across its terminal. For input signal, I connect the signal
generator to give input signal to my opam circuit, as per given instruction I used to set the
value of voltage at 200 mVpk and the frequency of signal is at 1 kHz. Using a oscilloscope
we connect the one channel CH1 of oscilloscope with input voltage signal terminal and
Channel CH2 of oscilloscope with the output terminal of the opam. Now I need to turn ON
all supply and signal generator so that circuit will start to work and by turning ON the
oscilloscope i start taking reading of the input and output voltage waveform simultaneously.
To get the frequency and peak-peak value of voltage with the input and output signal
waveform I need to use the measure button on oscilloscope which helps to measure the
frequency and peak-peak voltage value of each channel.

8
 Figure 5: Noninverting amplifier where R4 is a variable resistance
decade box
(b.) PROCEDURE FOR MULTISIM SIMULATION:
In Multisim first I create a blank project simulation dashboard after which I selected the
circuit component as resistance, variable resistance, voltage source, ground and 741 opam
from the element library. After placing all component on blank project dashboard, I connect
then by using the virtual wire as per given in figure 11. To take the output and input
waveform I use Tektronix virtual oscilloscope which give same visual effect as real
oscilloscope gives in experiment, I connected one channel of oscilloscope with input voltage
and other another channel input with the output terminal in simulation circuit. After making
all connection properly the circuit look likes as given below in figure.

9
 Figure 6: Circuit diagram for a non-inverting amplifier in Multisim

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS:

(i). Derivation of Gain A
We need to calculate the gain A of the circuit, which is given above such as, by using the
virtual short concept in feedback amplifier circuit which is given above the voltage across the
inverting node and noninverting node ia same and equal so that we are going to apply KCL at
inverting node terminal (pin 2) so that
Vinv−0 Vinv−Vout
+ =0
R1 R2
Where voltage at inverting node is given by
Vinv = ¿)*Vin

Solving the KCL equation further

Vinv Vinv Vout

+ =
R1 R2 R2

Vinv∗R 2+Vinv∗R 1 Vout

=
R 1∗R 2 R2

Vout R1+ R 2
=
Vinv R1

R2
Vout = Vinv*(1+ )
R1

10
 Put the value of Vinv then we get

R2
Vout = ¿)*Vin*(1+ )
R1

Vout R2
= ¿)*(1+ )
Vin R1

So, Gain equation of the system is given by

Vout R2
A= = ¿)*(1+ )
Vin R1

(ii). Calculation of R4 for a Gain of A =8

For Gain value A = 8 the value of R4 is calculated as
Put the values of R1, R2, R3 and A in above equation of then we have,
R2
A = ¿)*(1+ )
R1

68∗10(3)
8 = ¿)*(1+ (3 ) )
4.7∗10
727
8 = ¿)*( ¿
47
727
R4 +15∗10(3) = ¿)*( ¿ = 1.93351*R4
47
0.93351*R4 = 15*10^(3)
R4 = 16.068*10^(3) ohm
R4 = 16.068 kilo ohm

(iii). EXPERIMENTAL OUTPUT OSCILLOSCOPE SCREENSHOT:

By building the above circuit on breadboard we just connect all the resistors with the opam
and the voltage source. After making all connection properly we are going to set the variable
resistance value to the calculated valued in part 2 which is equal to 16.068 kΩ.

11
 Figure 7: Screenshot of the oscilloscope having input and output
voltage waveform

From the above screenshot we get the output voltage across channel 1 and input voltage
across channel 2 such that
Vout = voltage across channel 1
Vout = 2.76 Vp-p
And Vin = voltage across channel 2
Vin = 360 mVp-p
Then Gain of the amplifier is calculated as
Gain = A = Vout/Vin
A = 2.76/0.360
A = 7.67

(iv). MULTISIM SIMULATION RESULTS:

12
After running the simulation i obtain some output graph on oscilloscope which is not initially
properly aligned so first, I stop the oscilloscope output and then I use the position and
sensitivity knob to make the waveform properly aligned and visible on same horizontal axis.
After doing all this the output waveform on oscilloscope will look like as in figure below.

Figure 8: Waveform of input and output voltages of non-inverting

amplifier

From above simulation we get

Vout = voltage at channel 2
Vout = 3.15 Vp-p
And,
Vin = 399 mVp-p
So the gain of the simulation circuit is given as
Vout 3.15
A= = = 7.895
Vin 0.399
For comparison of the theoretical, experimental and simulated results the data is given in
table below.

TABLE 1:

13
 Theoretical Experimental Simulated
Gain 8 7.67 7.895

By observing the output waveform with input signal then I found out that the output signal
has amplified amplitude and same phase as input signal there is no change in phase of signal,
this characteristic of the output voltage proves that this is a non-inverting amplifier.

Part 2: Inverting Amplifier

(a). EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Using the previous circuit of the non-inverting amplifier I changed the input voltage source to
the inverting terminal of the opam with R1 and remove the R3 and the variable resistor from
the circuit as given below in figure. Now as per given circuit diagram for this experiment I
changed the DC power supply from +5 and -5 to +15 and -15 for the opam also changed the
reference resistance and R1 resistance value to Rf = 12kΩ and R1 = 1kΩ according to given
circuit value. Then connect the same oscilloscope for taking the output reading and
waveform.

Figure 9: Circuit diagram for inverting amplifier

(b). MULTISIM SIMULATION:

14
Using the previous circuit dashboard, I built a new circuit diagram by selecting the proper
resistors, voltage source with the given value in circuit diagram and the opam. Here I
changed the input voltage and make it 250mVp-p similarly the R1 = 1kΩ and Rf = 12 kΩ
Circuit diagram:

Figure 10: Multisim simulation circuit for inverting Amplifier

RESULT AND CALCULATION:

(i). Derivation of Gain A
In the given above circuit for the calculation of the Gain value we need to apply the virtual
short to get the voltage at inverting terminal node and then KCL at same node. By applying
the KCL at inverting node we get
Vinv−Vi Vinv−V ˳
+ =0
R1 R2
Using virtual short put Vinv = 0 V then we get
−Vi −V ˳
+ =0
R1 R2
V ˳ −R 2
= = Gain =A
Vi R1
−R 2
A=
R1
Experimental results:
From the oscilloscope we get the waveform of input and output voltage in below screenshot.

15
Figure 11: Screenshot of the oscilloscope having input and output voltage
signal waveform
From the above experimental results, we get the peak value of input voltage and output
voltage from above screenshot.
Where Vout = voltage across channel 2
Vout = 5.84 V
And Vin = voltage across channel 1
Vin = 512 mV
Therefore, the voltage gain is calculated as
Gain = A = Vout/Vin
A = 5.84/0.512
A = 11.406

(ii). Multisim results:

16
Figure 12: Waveform of input and output voltage of inverting amplifier
From above screenshot we get that the peak voltage across the channel 1 which gives the
input voltage value and peak voltage of output across the channel 2.
So that by observing the Multisim oscilloscope screen we have
Vout = output voltage across channel 2
Vout = 4.78 Vp-p
And Vin = input voltage across terminal 1
Vin = 398 mV
Now the Gain of Multisim simulation is calculated as
Vout
Gain = A =
Vin
4.78
A=
0.398
A = 12.01
For comparison of the theoretical, experimental, and simulated results the data is given
in table below.

TABLE 2:
Theoretical Experimental Simulated
Gain 12 11.406 12.01

By observing the output voltage waveform with its input signal waveform, I found out that
the output voltage signal is amplified as well as the phase of output voltage is just opposite of

17
input signal or we can say the output voltage is 180° out of phase with input signal, this
characteristic of the output voltage signal proves that this is an inverting amplifier.

Part 3: Summing Amplifier

(a). EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Using the circuit diagram given I made summing amplifier circuit on breadboard and in
previous part i use single input signal but in this case I use two signal input across the opam
by passing through a resistance across each R1 and R3 respectively.
By connecting all input and source we switch on all signal generators together such as I can
take the reading across the output with the help of oscilloscope using probe. One probe wire
is connected across the one input signal other is across other input signal and the third probe I
connect across the output of opamp so I can output signal in oscilloscope.
Circuit diagram:

Figure 13: circuit diagram of summing amplifier

(b). MULTISIM SIMULATION:

In Multisim I just take two ac voltage source from the predefined library after which I make
the summing amplifier circuit by taking all required resistance and the opamp. Now setting
the input value of ac voltage signal 50 mVp-p and another voltage at 125 mVp-p both at 1
kHz frequency then run the simulation and get the output waveform by using the texktron
oscilloscope.
Circuit diagram screenshot:

18
 Figure 14: Circuit diagram of summing amplifier in Multisim
simulation
RESULT AND CALCULATIONS:
(i). Derivation of Gain A
Using superposition theorem and by applying the KCL at inverting node then we are able to
derive the Gain A , with the help of superposition first we put voltage source V2 = 0 then
applying KCL at inverting node then we get,
Vinv−V 1 Vinv−Vout 1
+ =0
R1 R2
By applying virtual short put Vinv = 0 V then put this Vinv in above equation so that,
−V 1 −Vout 1
+ =0
R1 R2
Vout 1 −R 2
= = Gain due to V1 = A1
V1 R1
−R 2
Vout1 = ∗V 1
R1
Similarly make V1 off and V2 ON then applying same KCL at inverting node then we get
Vinv−V 2 Vinv−Vout 2
+ =0
R3 R2
Put Vinv =0 V ,
−V 2 −Vout 2
+ =0
R3 R2

19
Vout 2 −R 2
= = Gain due to V2 = A2
V2 R3
−R 2
Vout2 = ∗V 2
R3
From above the total output voltage is given by adding the Vout1 and Vout2 together such as
Vout = Vout1 +Vout2
−R 2 R2
Vout = ∗V 1− ∗V 2
R1 R3
Vout = -A1*V1-A2*V2
(ii). Experimental result screenshot:

Figure 15: input waveform of signal V1 and V2 of summing amplifier in

oscilloscope

20
Figure 16: Output voltage waveform of the summing amplifier circuit in
oscilloscope
From above circuit the gain for both input is calculated as
R 2 270
A1 = = = 54
R1 5
R 2 270
And A2 = = = 10
R3 27
Therefore, the Vout from experiment is measured as Vout = 5.2 volt and the gain of summing
amplifier due to V1 is Gain = A1 = 5.2/0.1
A1 = 52
(iii). Multisim simulation result:

21
Figure 17: Waveform of input voltages V1 and V2 of summing amplifier
circuit using Multisim

Figure 18: output waveform due to V1 for summing amplifier

22
Figure 1: output voltage waveform of summing amplifier

From above the Vout due to V1 is found out which is equal to

Vout = 5.39
Hence gain due to V1 = 5.39/0.1 = 53.9
For comparison of the theoretical, experimental, and simulated results the data is given in
table below.

TABLE 3:
Theoretical Experimental Simulated
Gain 54 52 53.9

Discussion:
In results section I have derived the Gain value for each non-inverting, inverting and
summing amplifier circuit respectively, after derivation I presented the both simulated as well
as the experimental data and measurements which I got while performing the experiment.in
this experiment first part represent the data of Non-inverting amplifier circuit in which we
observed the behaviour of output signal with the help of oscilloscope, when we applied a
voltage signal across the input terminal of opam it gives an amplified version of output signal
same as input. In the output voltage there is a change only in amplitude due to gain and the
frequency of the output wave is remains same also we observe that the phase of the output
voltage is same as input voltage so we can say for a non-inverting amplifier that it would
change the amplitude of the input signal without causing any phase disturbance. So, by using

23
this property it can be used in our daily life applications where we need amplified signal same
as input as per our requirement.
After this I derived the gain value for the inverting amplifier and presented the data and
measurement of the experiment and simulation work. In this experiment I used the inverting
pin terminal of opam for deriving the gain in output voltage via the feedback path. In this by
observing the output waveform which I got from the oscilloscope we get to know that the
amplitude of output voltage is amplified as well as there is a phase difference of 180° in
output voltage waveform with respect to input voltage waveform. Due to this phase
difference when the input is at +ve peak then output become -ve peak at same instant of time.
So, we use this property to amplify the signals which need both amplification as well as
phase difference.
In last part I derived the gain value for a summing amplifier and also presented the data and
all measurements by performing the experiment and simulation work. This experiment is
same as inverting amplifier but in this case, we use two input signal at same time and they
gives different -different gain according to their circuit parameter values. By observing the
output waveform, I observe that the output is amplified version of input signal with a phase
difference of 180° as same in inverting amplifier but in this case due to two input signal the
overall gain would change. In the oscilloscope screenshot we observe output waveform and
input wave form which are just out of phase and output wave amplitude is greater than the
input voltage amplitude.
While performing the above experiment, for me the oscilloscope was best way to measure the
data for the experiment because oscilloscope measuring the real time data while in simulation
all are virtual. Due to this reason for me the real time measurement gives me more accurate
result due to real existence of the circuit parameters and it include all practical error with it so
it gives best and accurate results with happening in physical environment and In simulation
all the parameters are virtual and very near to their ideal value they cant change the result
with environment or physical effects in real life so they can be very precise but not accurate
for experiment.
I built all circuit on breadboard as schematics in lab manual and getting result as expected
and given in manual so due to this my result will make sense. My oscilloscope screenshot
gives the waveform of output as we expected, and we clearly see the change in amplitude and
in some case the phase also which indicates the amplification property of opam, and this
gives me confidence about my result which are correct.

Conclusion:
By performing this experiment, I learned that how an opam can be used in different-different
mode to amplify the voltage signals. From my experimental result I got to know about the 3
types of amplifiers working which are non-inverting, inverting and summing amplifier. I
observed how the input voltage signal will changed after applying the opam amplifier with
help of some feedback circuit. My lab experiment was a success for me because after doing
this I came to know about the amplification in voltage by using opam and got to know about
the behaviour of output voltages for each particular circuit.

24