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Y10 Bio CH.4 Biomolecules

The document discusses the essential chemicals of life, focusing on water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA. Water is crucial for cell function, providing support and acting as a solvent, while carbohydrates serve as energy sources and fats provide insulation and energy storage. Proteins are vital for cell growth and repair, and DNA carries genetic information.

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8 views30 pages

Y10 Bio CH.4 Biomolecules

The document discusses the essential chemicals of life, focusing on water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and DNA. Water is crucial for cell function, providing support and acting as a solvent, while carbohydrates serve as energy sources and fats provide insulation and energy storage. Proteins are vital for cell growth and repair, and DNA carries genetic information.

Uploaded by

yordness.y
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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YR 10 BIOLOGY TERM 1 WEEK 7

The chemicals of life


The bodies of all living things are
made of may different kinds of
chemicals.
Most of our bodies are made up of
water
Other chemicals as :
The importance of water to the cell
• It acts as a solvent for may different
substances .These substances are
transported around the body
dissolved in water in blood plasma
• Water provide support for the cell
structure through maintaining the
turgor pressure
• Turgor pressure :The pressure on
the cell wall from the cell
membrane pushing upon it.
• It happens when the cell becomes
turgid as water moves inside the cell
via osmosis
• It provide a medium where
metabolic reactions occur
• It has a high specific heat
capacity acting as a
temperature buffer so it
maintain the optimum
temperature for enzyme
reactions
Carbohydrates

carbon
hydrogen

oxygen
starch
• Carbohydrates: carbohydrates
• It has two kinds:
starch and sugar
• It is used to provide
energy

sugar
Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules


Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides
• The simplest kind of carbohydrates are the
simple sugars or monosaccharides
• Example : Glucose C6 H12 O6
• These molecules are very small , soluble in
water and taste sweet
Disaccharides
• When two simple sugar molecules join
together a larger molecule is formed
called complex sugar or disaccharide
• Ex :
• Sucrose : used in hot drinks or breakfast
cereal
• Maltose : malt sugar
• Lactose : found in milk
• These molecules are very small , soluble
in water and taste sweet
Polysaccharides
• It is made of may simple sugars
join together forming a very large
molecule in a long chain
• Ex:
• Cellulose of the plant cell wall
• Starch that is stored in the plant
cells
• Glycogen that is stored in the
animal cells
• They are insoluble in water and do
not taste sweet
Functions of carbohydrates
• They are needed for energy
• One gram of carbohydrates
releases 17 KJ
• How does the energy release?
• BY respiration
• What kind of carbohydrates is
used in respiration?
• Glucose that is dissolved in the
blood plasma to be transported to
the cells where it is used to release
energy
• In plants glucose is used in
respiration but it is not
transported around the body
• They transport sucrose as the
cells change it into glucose when
they need it
Fats

• Fats are also know as lipids


• They contain caron , hydrogen and oxygen
• The fat molecule is made of four molecules joined together :
• One glycerol and long molecules called fatty acids
• Fats :
fats
• Provides energy
• It can be stored in the body
• Fats stores underneath the skin
provide insulation
• Fats is needed to make new cell
membrane
• Fats insoluble in water
• Fats are solid at room
temperature
• Fats that are liquid at room
temperature are called oils
Functions of fats
• As carbohydrates they are needed to
release energy
• A gram of fat gives 39 KJ of energy
• Fats can be stored underneath the
skin and can be used to release
energy when needed
• This layer is called adipose tissue that
also help to keep heat inside the body
( insulate the body )
1-Water is a very important molecule for all living organisms
State one property of water that makes it useful to animals and plants.

2-Phloem is used to transport sucrose and amino acids in plants. Sucrose is a carbohydrate.
• Describe the uses of carbohydrates in plants

• 3- The diagram shows a molecule of fat.

• (a) List the chemical elements present in fat


• ...........................................................................................................................................
• (b) State the smaller units that fats are made from.
Proteins

• Protein molecules contain carbon , hydrogen and oxygen


they also contain nitrogen and small amounts of sulphur
• Protein molecule is made of long chain of smaller
molecules joined together called amino acids
• Different arrangements of aminoacid make different
types of proteins and different shapes
• Proteins :
• 1-Used to make new
cells and help us to Proteins
grow
• 2-Used for making many
chemicals as enzymes
Functions of proteins

• Proteins are used for making new cells that are needed for growing
and repairing damaged cells
• Proteins needed to make antibodies that help to kill bacteria and
viruses inside the body
• Some proteins are soluble in water as haemoglobin
• And others are insoluble as keratin
DNA
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
• It is the chemical that makes up our genes ad
chromosomes
• DNA:
• DNA is composed of two strands coiled around each
other to form a double helix
• ​Each strand is made up of a sugar backbone with
Bases attached.
• ​These bases bind to bases on the other strand to
form cross-links
• ​when they are wound together.
• There are four types of base:
• ​G, C,A and T
• G always binds to C and A always binds to T.

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