Practical Research 2

Notes and Lectures

Submitted By; Jericho B. Carabido

Gr. 12 STEM – H.D.F

Submitted To; Mr. Danny Calcaven

Subject Teacher in PR 2

Submitted this Day of; 09-16-22

 MODIFIED NOTES AND LECTURE: PR 2 By. JERICHO B. CARABIDO GRADE 12 SECTION H.D.F

Practical Research

Nature of Research
Research is a process of executing various accurate or exact meanings to objects or
subjects, rather than inflated meanings
mental acts for discovering and examining
resulting from the researcher’s bias or
facts and information to prove the accuracy or personal attachment to things related to the
truthfulness of your claims or conclusions Research.
about the topic of your research.

Characteristics of Research
Definition
Quantitative research is a type of 1. Accuracy It must give correct or accurate
data, which the footnotes, notes, and
empirical investigation where an analysis
bibliographical entries should honestly and
of a subject is by means of certain
appropriately documented or
statistical and mathematical techniques. It
acknowledged.
was developed many centuries ago to meet
2. Objectiveness It must deal with facts, not
the need for quantitative data and creating
with mere opinions arising from
new knowledge. Researchers usually use
assumptions, generalizations, predictions,
surveys or questionnaires to gather or conclusions.
statistical information from groups of 3. Timeless It must work on a topic that is
people, and then use this data to form fresh, new, and interesting to the present
generalizations with the help of society.
computational techniques to explain the 4. Relevance Its topic must be instrumental
chosen phenomenon. in improving society or in solving problems
affecting the lives of people in a community.
5. Clarity It must succeed in expressing its
Importance Of Quantitative
central point or discoveries by using simple,
Research direct, concise, and correct language.
The importance of quantitative research 6. Systematic It must take place in an
lies greatly in the production of results that
should reflect precise measurement and an in- organized or orderly manner.
depth analysis of data. It is also useful in
obtaining an objective understanding of
people, things, places, and events in this Purposes of Research
world; meaning, attaching
1. To learn how to work independently.
2. To learn how to work scientifically or
systemically.
 3. To have an in-depth knowledge of only concerned in indicating the existence
something. of a relationship, not the causes and ways of
4. To elevate your mental abilities by
letting you think in Higher-Order the development of such relationship.
Thinking Skills (HOTS) of Inferring, Explanatory Research - elaborates or
Evaluating, Synthesizing, Appreciating,
explains not just the reasons behind the
Applying and Creating.
5. To improve your reading and writing relationships of two factors, but also the
skills. ways by which such relationship exists.
6. To be familiar with the basic tools of
research and the various techniques of Exploratory Research - an exploratory
gathering data and of presenting research research’s purpose is to find out how
findings.
reasonable or possible it is to conduct a
7. To free yourself, to a certain extent,
from the domination of strong influence of research study on a certain topic. Here, you
a single textbook or of the professor’s lone will discover ideas on topics that could
viewpoint or spoon feeding.
trigger your interest in conducting research
studies.
Types of Research
Action Research - studies is an ongoing
1. Based on Application of Research Model practice of school, organization, community,
Is this research applied to theoretical or or institution for the purpose of obtaining
practical issues? If it deals with concepts, results that will bring improvements in the
principles, or abstract things, it is a Pure system.
Research. This type of research aims to
increase your knowledge about something. 3. Based on Types of Data
Needed
2. Based on Purpose of the Research Qualitative Research – requires non-
Depending on your objective or goal in numerical data, which means that the
conducting research, you do any of these research uses words rather than numbers
types of research; Descriptive, to express results, the inquiry or
Correlational, Explanatory, Exploratory, investigation about people’s thoughts,
or Action. beliefs, views, and lifestyles regarding the
object of the study.
Descriptive Research - this type of Quantitative Research – involves
research aims at defining or giving a verbal measurement of data. Thus, it presents
portrayal or picture of a person, thing, research findings referring to the number
event, group, situation, etc. This is liable to or frequency of something in numerical
repeated research because its topic relates forms. The data you deal with in research
itself only to a certain period or a limited are either primary or secondary data.
number of years. Primary data – obtained through direct
Correlational Research - shows observation or contact with people, objects,
relationships or connectedness of two artifacts, paintings, etc.
factors, circumstances, or agents, or agents
called variables that affect the research. It is
 Secondary Data – if such data have already
Purpose of RRL
been written about or reported on and are
1. To obtain background knowledge of
available for reading purposes, they exist as your research.
secondary data. 2. To relate your study to the current
condition of the world.
3. To expand, prove studios. disprove the
Research Problem findings of previous research
4. To show the capacity of your research
The word "problem" makes you worry
work to introduce new Knowledge.
and pushes you to exert considerable effort 5. To increase your understanding of the
in finding a solution for it. When you feel underlying theories principles Concepts of
your research.
perplexed about what to do about something 6. To explain technical forms involve in
you are doubtful of or gr about a question your research study.
you are incapable of answering, you then 7. To highlight the significance of your
work with the fund of evidence it gathered
come to think of conducting research, an to support the conclusion of your research.
investigation or inquiry. You considered 8. To avoid repeating previous research
studies.
research as the remedy for getting over any
9. To recommend the necessity of further
problem. You begin with a problem that will research on a certain topic.
lead you to specific topic to focus.
Style or Approaches of RRL
1. Traditional Review of Literature It
Research Question Summarizes the subject. Your aim present
To give your study a clear direction you forms of knowledge of a specific here is to
give an expanded or new understanding of
have to break this big overreaching general
an existing week. This kind of review
questions in several smaller for specific expects you to state your intentions in
questions, also called Sub-problems identify conducting the review and to name the
or directs you to the exact aspect of the sources of information.

problem that your study has to focus on. The Different Types of Traditional
Review
1.Conceptual Review - analysis of
Review of Related Literature concepts or ideas to give meaning to
national of world issues.
Literature is an oral or written record of 2.Critical Review- focuses on theories or
Man's significant. experiences that are hypothesis and examines meanings and
artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner result their application to situations.
Embodied any literary work life essay 3.State-of-the-art-Review- makes the
novel journal story, biography in Man’s researcher deal with the latest research
etc. are beat thoughts and feelings about studies of the subject
the world. •Direct-books, periodicals, 4.Export view- encourages & well-known
and online reading materials •Indirect- expect to do the RRL because of the
reflections that are not written or influence of a certain ideology, paradigm,
spoken at all. or beliefs on him/her.
5.Scoping review prepares a situation for
a future research work in the form of
project of making about community
 development policies. health services 3.To prove your broad and extensive
among others. reading of authentic and relevant materials
about your topic.
6.Systematic Review of literature 4. To help readers find contact the sources
Systematic means methodical in style of of ideas easily.
RRL that involves sequential acts of RRL 5. To permit renders to check the accuracy
It is bise-free style that every researcher of your work.
wanting to be a research expect should 6. To save yourself from plagiarism.
experience.
1. Integral Citation focuses more Lon
details about publishing
Stage 3: Writing the Review 2. Non integral citation focuses more the
The mere description transfer or listing of author, date, and other the actual
writer's ideas that is devoid or not content of the literature.
reflective of your thinking is called dump
or string method. Good literature review Patterns of Citation
writing shows presenting ideas in serial
abstract which means every paragraph
merely consist of one article . 1. Summary shortened version of the
original text that is expressed in your own
Juxtaposing or dealing with studies with language.
respect to each your way of proving the
export of the validity of the finding of 2. Paraphrase instead of shortening, you
previous studies vis-a-via the recent ones. explain what the sext means to you. using
• Opening article with a bibliographical list your own words.
that begins with the author's name is not 3. Short Direct Quotation only a part of
good. transitional devices & active verbs. the author is sentence, the whole sentence,
or several sentences not exceeding 40
TERMS words.
(Sharp 2020) 4. Long direct Quotation makes you
1.Acknowledgement the beginning copy the author's exact words numbering
portion of the work that identifies from 40-100 words.
individuals who have contributed 5. Tenses of verbs.
something for the production of the paper.
2.References of Bibliography a complete Justify the act of Quoting
bat of all reading materials including (Ransome 2013)
books, journals, periodicals, etc. from 1. The idea is quite essential
where. the borrowed idea came from 2. The idea is refutable or arguable.
3.Citation or In-text Citation-references 3. The sentence is ambigious or has
within the main body of the text, multiple meanings.
specifically in Purpose of Citation 1. To 4. There's strong possibility that questions
give importance and respect to other may be diced about citation.
people for what they know about the field. 5. It is an excellent idea to nope if a port of
your make paper will being prestige and
credibility to your entire work.
Purpose of Citation
1. To give importance and respect to the
other people foe what they know about the Basic methods of referencing
field. 1. American Psychological Association
2.To give authority, validity and credibility 2. Modern Language Association
to other people claims conclusions and
argument.
 Classification Of Quantitative Research Design
Research Experimental Research Design

Two Kinds of Quantitative Research •True Experimental Design

Experimental research is the type of •Quasi-experimental Design
research that uses a scientific approach ➢Matched comparison group design
towards manipulating one or more control ➢Time-series quasi-experimental design
variables of the research subject(s) and ➢Counter-balanced quasi-experimental
measuring the effect of this manipulation ➢Single-subject quasi-experimental design
on the subject.
Non-experimental research is the type of Non-Experimental Research Design
research that does not involve the
•Descriptive
manipulation of control or independent depicts an image or a picture of an individual
variable. In non-experimental research, or a group
researchers measure variables as they •Comparative
naturally occur without any further states the differences or similarities between
manipulation. or among people, things, objects, etc.
•Correlative
shows the extent and direction of variable
Experimental Research relationships, that is, whether a negative or
Pre-experimental research- is the positive relationship exists between or among
simplest form of research, and is carried them
out by observing a group or groups of •Survey
dependent variables after the treatment of describes the attitudes, preferences, views,
an independent variable which is presumed feelings, views, and other behavioral patterns
to cause change on the group(s). of a big number of people for arriving at a
Quasi-Experimental - The Quasi type of certain conclusion about societal concerns
experimental research is similar to true and issues.
experimental research, but uses carefully •Ex Post Facto
selected rather than randomized subjects. translates itself into these English words,
True experimental research- is the most “that which is done afterwards” and has the
accurate type, and may simply be called purpose of deriving data from things that are
experimental research. It manipulates a by nature taking place, so as to obtain
control group towards a group of randomly explanations about past
selected subjects and records the effect of events.
this manipulation.

Data Collection Techniques

Non-Experimental Research
Observation
Cross-sectional research- involves the Using your sense organs, you gather facts or
comparison of two or more pre-existing information about people, things, places,
groups of people under the same criteria. This events, and so on, by watching and listening
approach is classified as non-experimental to them; then, record the results of the
because the groups are not randomly selected functioning of your eyes and ears.
and the independent variable is not Survey
manipulated. Survey is a data-gathering technique that
Correlational Research - this type of makes you obtain facts or information about
research compares the statistical relationship the subject or object of your research through
between two variables. the data-gathering instruments of interview
Correlational research is classified and questionnaire.
as non-experimental because it does
not manipulate the independent
variables.
Questionnaire
a paper containing series of questions
formulated for an individual and independent
answering by several respondents for
obtaining statistical information.
Interview
Similar to a questionnaire, interview makes Types of Statistical Data
you ask a set of questions, only that, this time,
you do it orally.
Analysis
➢Univariate Analysis–Analysis of one
Advance Quantitative variable.
➢Bivariate Analysis–Analysis of two
Analytical Methods variable (independent and dependent)
•Correlation ➢Multivariate Analysis–multiple relation
uses statistical analysis to yield results that between multiple variables.
describe the relationship of two variables.
The results, however, are incapable of
establishing causal relationships.
•Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
the results of this statistical analysis are sued
to determine if the difference in the means or
averages of two categories of data are
statistically significant.
•Regression
has some similarities with
correlation, in that, it also shows the nature of
relationship of variables, but gives more
extensive result than that of correlation.

Statistical Method
Descriptive Statistics
➢Organizing and summarizing data using
graphs and numbers.
➢Data Summary: Bar Graphs, Histograms,
Skewness and etc. ❖Measure of Correlation
➢Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, •Correlation Coefficient
Median and Mode ➢Spearman’s rho
➢Measures of Variability: Range, variance ➢Pearson product-moment correlation
and Standard Deviation ➢Chi-square
Inferential Statistics ➢T-test
➢Inferential statistics is a branch of
statistics that focuses on conclusions, Sampling Techniques
generalizations, predictions,
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
interpretations, hypotheses, and the like.
There are a lot of hypotheses testing in this ➢Simple Random Sampling -choosing of
method of statistics that require you to respondents based on pure chance
perform complex and advanced mathematical ➢Systematic Sampling -picking out from
operations. the list every 5th or every 8th member listed
➢Using sample data to make an in the sampling frame until the completion of
inference or draw a conclusion of the desired total number of respondents
the population ➢Stratified Sampling -choosing a sample
➢Uses probability to determine that will
how confident we can be that the
conclusions we make are correct.
later on be subdivided into strata, sub-groups,
or sub-samples during the stage of the data
analysis
➢Cluster Sampling -selecting respondents
in clusters, rather than in separate individuals.

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
➢Quota sampling- choosing specific
samples that you know correspond to the
population in terms of one, two, or more
characteristics
➢Voluntary sampling-selecting people who
are very much willing to participate as
respondents in the research project
➢Purposive sampling-choosing respondents
whom you have judged as people with good
background knowledge or with great
enthusiasm about the research.
➢Availability sampling-picking out people
who are easy to find or locate and willing to
establish contact with you
➢Snowball sampling–research participants
recruit other participants for a test or study.
 An Outline for Quantitative Research Papers

Rui Pedro Paiva

CISUC – Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, Portugal
ruipedro@dei.uc.pt
August 2013

ABSTRACT
➢ Problem to address: 1 sentence - (Scope and Motivation: 1/2 sentences)
• Why it is important to address this problem? (only if space available)
➢ Methodology: 2/3 sentences
• How is the problem addressed? (brief overview)
➢ Results and Discussion: 2/3 sentences
• Summary of quantitative results
• Summary of key findings
• Impact of the results Keywords: scientific research papers, quantitative research, scientific writing, general paper
outline.

KEYWORDS: scientific research papers, quantitative research, scientific writing, general paper outline.

1. INTRODUCTION Introduce the topic under study and the roadmap of the paper. You should provide answers to what,
why, how (and maybe who, when, where), state the contributions of the paper to extend the state of the art and its impact.

➢ Problem to address: 1 sentence (what?)

• Similar to the abstract
➢ Scope and Motivation: (why?)
• Context (social, scientific, historical, economic, cultural, …)
• Motivation: Why is it important to address this problem?
✓ Scientific, social, economic, cultural impact of addressing the problem
✓ Critical analysis of the state of art and identification of current limitations (this could be in a specific section – see
below)
➢ Objectives (what? - more detailed)
• General objective: main research question
• Specific objectives (if there are any)
➢ Methodology overview: (how?)
• Hypotheses of solutions to the problem
• Justification of the hypotheses
• Brief description of proposed solution: similar to the abstract (to be detailed in the methods section)
➢ Summary of results: a bit more detailed than the abstract
• Summary of quantitative results
• Summary of key findings
• Impact of the results
➢ Contributions of the paper (may be itemized)
• Original contributions: methods, datasets, comparative analysis, etc.
➢Outline of the paper
2. LITERATURE REVIEW Depending on the nature of paper, e.g., conference paper, it may be placed in the introduction
(see above). This section may also be called “Related Work”, “State of the Art Review”, etc.
➢ Critical analysis of the state of art
• Organized according historical sequence, types of methods, etc.
• Sometimes it is useful to organize the state of the art in a column according to relevant criteria
➢ Identification of current limitations in the state of the art
➢ How will this paper extend the state of the art on the theme under analysis?

3. METHODS 3.1., 3.2., … Description of the proposed methods

➢ Use diagrams, algorithms, equations to convey information
➢ Replicability should be a goal, so be detailed but concise and objective at the same time

4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
This section might be included in the Results and Discussions section if the experimental setup is too simple. When the
experimental setup can be regarded as a methodological contribution in itself, it can go to the methods section.
➢ Data acquisition protocol
➢ Data pre-processing
➢ Data annotation

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

➢ Outcome of the proposed methodologies, simulations, calculations, …
• Use tables, figures, etc.
➢ Thorough data analysis and interpretation of results
• Compare your results to the state of the art
• Prove the validity of results using statistics (e.g., significance tests)
• Perform critical analysis of your findings
• Give reasons for observed facts
• Give evidence of generality
• Address the strengths and limitations of your work
• Discuss the theoretical implications of your work

6 CONCLUSIONS
➢ Summary of contributions of the paper (similar to the introduction)
• Original contributions: methods, datasets, comparative analysis, etc.
• Summary of quantitative results
• Summary of key findings
• Impact of the results
➢ Possibilities of future work
• Suggestions to overtake the current limitations of your work
• Suggestions to explore other topics

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledge people and institutions that contributed to or financed your work, whose contribution was not so extensive as
to have them as co-authors
 REFERENCES

Citetotal (2020)
Everything you Need to Know about Quantitative Research
https://citetotal.com/writing-guides/quantitative-research
HUMSS Lessons (2020)
Practical Research 1
https://www.facebook.com/101574741726186/posts/108737037676623/?app=fbl
Paiva R. P. (2013).
“How to Write Good Scientific Papers: A Comprehensive Guide”, Scientific Tutorial, University of Coimbra
(Portugal) and National Polytechnic School.
file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/1377120658_outlinePaper2013%20(1).pdf
THE BOOK LOUNGE PH (2022)
Grade 12 STEM Notes and Lecture Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research
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