APPENDIX

602 APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL REVIEW AND EXPRESSIONS

A
Mathematical Review
and Expressions

Geometry and Trigonometry Review

The angles u in Fig. A–1 are equal between the transverse and two
parallel lines.

180⬚ ⫺ u
u

Fig. A–1

For a line and its normal, the angles u in Fig. A–2 are equal.

u
u
u

Fig. A–2
 APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL REVIEW AND EXPRESSIONS 603

For the circle in Fig. A–3 s = ur, so that when u = 360⬚ = 2p rad then
the circumference is s = 2pr. Also, since 180⬚ = p rad, then
u (rad) = (p>180⬚)u⬚. The area of the circle is A = pr2.

r
u s
r

Fig. A–3

The sides of a similar triangle can be obtained by proportion as in

a b c
Fig. A–4, where = = .
A B C C
A
a c
For the right triangle in Fig. A–5, the Pythagorean theorem is
b B
h = 2(o)2 + (a)2
Fig. A–4
The trigonometric functions are

o
sin u =
h
a
cos u =
h
o
tan u =
a

This is easily remembered as “soh, cah, toa”, i.e., the sine is the opposite h (hypotenuse)
over the hypotenuse, etc. The other trigonometric functions follow
from this.
o (opposite)
1 h
csc u = = u
sin u o
a (adjacent)
1 h
sec u = = Fig. A–5
cos u a
1 a A
cot u = =
tan u o
 604 APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL REVIEW AND EXPRESSIONS

Trigonometric Identities Power-Series Expansions

sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 x3 x2
sin x = x - + g , cos x = 1 - + g
3! 2!

sin(u { f) = sin u cos f { cos u sin f

x3 x2
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u sinh x = x + + g , cosh x = 1 + + g
3! 2!

cos(u { f) = cos u cos f | sin u sin f

cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u Derivatives

d n du d du
1 + cos 2u 1 - cos 2u (u ) = nun - 1 (sin u) = cos u
cos u = { , sin u = { dx dx dx dx
A 2 A 2

sin u
tan u =
cos u d dv du d du
(uv) = u + v (cos u) = -sin u
dx dx dx dx dx
1 + tan2 u = sec2 u 1 + cot2 u = csc2 u

du dv
Quadratic Formula v - u
d u dx dx d du
a b = (tan u) = sec2 u
dx v v2 dx dx
-b { 2b2 - 4ac
If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then x =
2a

d du d du
(cot u) = -csc2 u (sinh u) = cosh u
Hyperbolic Functions dx dx dx dx

ex - e-x
sinh x = ,
2
d du d du
(sec u) = tan u sec u (cosh u) = sinh u
dx dx dx dx
ex + e-x
cosh x = ,
2

A sinh x d du
tanh x = (csc u) = -csc u cot u
cosh x dx dx
 APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL REVIEW AND EXPRESSIONS 605

Integrals 1
x2x2 { a2 dx = 2(x2 { a2)3 + C
L 3
xn + 1
xn dx = + C, n ⬆ -1
L n + 1 x
x2 2x2 { a2 dx = 2(x2 { a2)3
dx 1 L 4
= ln(a + bx) + C
L a + bx b
a2 a4
| x2x2 { a2 - ln 1 x + 2x2 { a2 2 + C
dx 1 a + x2-ab 8 8
= lnc d + C,
L a + bx
2
22-ab a - x2-ab
dx 22a + bx
= + C
ab 6 0 L 2a + bx b
x dx 1
= ln(bx2 + a) + C x dx
L a + bx2 2b = 2x2 { a2 + C
L 2x2 { a2
x2 dx x a x2ab
= - tan-1 + C, ab 7 0 dx 1
L a + bx2 b b2ab a = lnc 2a + bx + cx2 +
L 2a + bx + cx 2 1c
2
2a + bx dx = 2(a + bx)3 + C
L 3b b
x1c + d + C, c 7 0
21c
-2(2a - 3bx)2(a + bx)3
x2a + bx dx = + C
L 15b2 1 -2cx - b
= sin-1 a b + C, c 6 0
1-c 2b2 - 4ac
x2 2a + bx dx =
L
sin x dx = -cos x + C
2(8a2 - 12abx + 15b2x2)2(a + bx)3 L
+ C
105b3
cos x dx = sin x + C
1 x L
2a2 - x2 dx = c x2a2 - x2 + a2 sin-1 d + C,
L 2 a 1 x
x cos(ax) dx = cos(ax) + sin(ax) + C
a 7 0 L a2 a

2x a2x2 - 2
1 x2 cos(ax) dx = cos(ax) + sin(ax) + C
x2a2 - x2 dx = - 2(a2 - x2)3 + C L a2 a3
L 3

x 1 ax
x2 2a2 - x2 dx = - 2(a2 - x2)3 eax dx = e + C
L a
L 4

a2 x eax
+ a x2a2 - x2 + a2 sin-1 b + C, a 7 0 xeax dx = (ax - 1) + C
8 a L a2

2x { a dx =
2 2
sinh x dx = cosh x + C
L L
1
c x2x2 { a2 { a2 ln 1 x + 2x2 { a2 2 d + C cosh x dx = sinh x + C A
2 L
Fundamental Problems
Partial Solutions And Answers
Chapter 2 F2–9.
+
F2–1. S (FR)x = ⌺Fx;
FR = 2(2 kN)2 + (6 kN)2 - 2(2 kN)(6 kN) cos 105⬚ (FR)x = - (700 lb) cos 30⬚ + 0 + 1 35 2 (600 lb)
= 6.798 kN = 6.80 kN Ans. = - 246.22 lb
sin f sin 105⬚
= , f = 58.49⬚ + c (FR)y = ⌺Fy;
6 kN 6.798 kN
u = 45⬚ + f = 45⬚ + 58.49⬚ = 103⬚ Ans. (FR)y = -(700 lb) sin 30⬚ - 400 lb - 1 45 2 (600 lb)
= - 1230 lb
F2–2. FR = 22002 + 5002 - 2(200)(500) cos 140⬚
= 666 N Ans. FR = 2(246.22 lb)2 + (1230 lb)2 = 1254 lb Ans.

F2–3. FR = 26002 + 8002 - 2(600)(800) cos 60⬚ f = tan -1

1 1230 lb
246.22 lb 2 = 78.68⬚
= 721.11 N = 721 N Ans. u = 180⬚ + f = 180⬚ + 78.68⬚ = 259⬚ Ans.
sin a sin 60⬚ +
= ; a = 73.90⬚ F2–10. S (FR)x = ⌺Fx;
800 721.11
f = a - 30⬚ = 73.90⬚ - 30⬚ = 43.9⬚ Ans. 750 N = F cos u + 1 135 2 (325 N) + (600 N)cos45⬚

Fu 30 + c (FR)y = ⌺Fy;
F2–4. = ; Fu = 22.0 lb Ans.
sin 45⬚ sin 105⬚ 0 = F sin u + 1 12
13 2 (325 N) - (600 N)sin 45⬚
Fv 30 tan u = 0.6190 u = 31.76⬚ = 31.8⬚a Ans.
= ; Fv = 15.5 lb Ans.
sin 30⬚ sin 105⬚
F = 236 N Ans.
FAB 450 +
F2–5. = F2–11. S (FR)x = ⌺Fx;
sin 105⬚ sin 30⬚
FAB = 869 lb Ans. (80 lb) cos 45⬚ = F cos u + 50 lb - 1 35 2 90 lb
FAC 450 + c (FR)y = ⌺Fy;
=
sin 45⬚ sin 30⬚ - (80 lb) sin 45⬚ = F sin u - 1 45 2 (90 lb)
FAC = 636 lb Ans.
tan u = 0.2547 u = 14.29⬚ = 14.3⬚a Ans.
F 6 F = 62.5 lb Ans.
F2–6. = F = 3.11 kN Ans.
sin 30⬚ sin 105⬚
Fv 6 F2–12. (FR)x = 15 1 45 2 + 0 + 15 1 45 2 = 24 kN S
= Fv = 4.39 kN Ans.
sin 45⬚ sin 105⬚ (FR)y = 15 1 35 2 + 20 - 15 1 35 2 = 20 kN c
F2–7. (F1)x = 0 (F1)y = 300 N Ans. FR = 31.2 kN Ans.
(F2)x = -(450 N) cos 45⬚ = - 318 N Ans. u = 39.8⬚ Ans.
(F2)y = (450 N) sin 45⬚ = 318 N Ans.
F2–13. Fx = 75 cos 30⬚ sin 45⬚ = 45.93 lb
(F3)x = 1 35 2 600 N = 360 N Ans.
Fy = 75 cos 30⬚ cos 45⬚ = 45.93 lb
(F3)y = 1 45 2 600 N = 480 N Ans.
Fz = -75 sin 30⬚ = -37.5 lb
= 300 + 400 cos 30⬚ - 250 1 45 2 = 446.4 N a = cos-1 1 45.93
75 2 = 52.2⬚
F2–8. FRx Ans.
FRy = 400 sin 30⬚ + 250 1 35 2 = 350 N
FR = 2(446.4)2 + 3502 = 567 N Ans.
b = cos-1 45.93
75 1 2 = 52.2⬚ Ans.

u = -1 350
tan 446.4 = 38.1⬚a Ans. g = cos-1 - 75
37.5
1 2 = 120⬚ Ans.

606
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 607

F2–14. cos b = 21 - cos2 120⬚ - cos2 60⬚ = {0.7071 F2–22. F = FuAB = 900N 1 - 49i + 79j - 49k 2
Require b = 135⬚. = 5 -400i + 700j - 400k 6 N Ans.
F = FuF = (500 N)( - 0.5i - 0.7071j + 0.5k)
= 5 - 250i - 354j + 250k 6 N Ans. F2–23. FB = FBuB
= (840 N) 1 37i - 27j - 67k 2
F2–15. cos2a + cos2135⬚ + cos2 120⬚ = 1
a = 60⬚ = 5 360i - 240j - 720k 6 N
F = FuF = (500 N)(0.5i - 0.7071j - 0.5k) FC = FCuC
= 5 250i - 354j - 250k 6 N Ans.
= (420 N) 1 27i + 37j - 67k 2
F2–16. Fz = (50 lb) sin 45⬚ = 35.36 lb = 5 120i + 180j - 360k 6 N
F⬘ = (50 lb) cos 45⬚ = 35.36 lb
FR = 2(480 N)2 + ( -60 N)2 + ( -1080 N)2
Fx = 1 2 (35.36 lb)
3
5 = 21.21 lb
= 1.18 kN Ans.
Fy = 1 2 (35.36 lb)
4
5 = 28.28 lb
F = 5 - 21.2i + 28.3j + 35.4k 6 lb Ans.
F2–24. FB = FBuB
F2–17. Fz = (750 N) sin 45⬚ = 530.33 N = (600 lb) 1 - 13i + 23j - 23k 2
F⬘ = (750 N) cos 45⬚ = 530.33 N = 5 -200i + 400j - 400k 6 lb
Fx = (530.33 N) cos 60⬚ = 265.2 N
FC = FCuC
Fy = (530.33 N) sin 60⬚ = 459.3 N
F2 = 5 265i - 459j + 530k 6 N Ans. = (490 lb) 1 - 67i + 37j - 27k 2

= 5 -420i + 210j - 140k 6 lb

F2–18. F1 = 1 45 2 (500 lb) j + 1 35 2 (500 lb)k
= 5 400j + 300k 6 lb FR = FB + FC = 5 -620i + 610j - 540k 6 lb Ans.
F2 = [(800 lb) cos 45⬚] cos 30⬚ i
F2–25. uAO = - 13i + 23j - 23k
+ [(800 lb) cos 45⬚] sin 30⬚j
+ (800 lb) sin 45⬚ ( - k) uF = -0.5345i + 0.8018j + 0.2673k
= 5 489.90i + 282.84j - 565.69k 6 lb u = cos-1 (uAO # uF) = 57.7⬚ Ans.
FR = F1 + F2 = 5 490i + 683j - 266k 6 lb Ans.
F2–26. uAB = - 35j + 45k
F2–19. rAB = 5 - 6i + 6j + 3k 6 m Ans.
uF = 45i - 35j
rAB = 2( - 6 m) + (6 m) + (3 m) = 9 m
2 2 2
Ans.
a = 132⬚, b = 48.2⬚, g = 70.5⬚ Ans. u = cos-1 (uAB # uF) = 68.9⬚ Ans.

F2–20. rAB = 5 - 4i + 2j + 4k 6 ft Ans. F2–27. uOA = 12

13 i + 5
13 j

rAB = 2( - 4 ft)2 + (2 ft)2 + (4 ft)2 = 6 ft Ans. uOA # j = uOA(1) cos u

a = cos-1 1 -64ftft 2 = 131.8⬚ cos u = 5
u = 67.4⬚ Ans.
13 ;
u = 180⬚ - 131.8⬚ = 48.2⬚ Ans.
F2–28. uOA = 12
13 i + 5
13 j
F2–21. rAB = 5 2i + 3j - 6k 6 m
F = FuF = [650j] N
FAB = FABuAB
= (630 N) 1 27i + 37j - 67k 2 FOA = F # uOA = 250 N

= 5 180i + 270j - 540k 6 N Ans. FOA = FOA uOA = 5 231i + 96.2j 6 N Ans.
608 PARTIAL SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

54 i + 1 j - 6 k 6 m F3–5. + c ⌺Fy = 0; (392.4 N)sin 30⬚ - mA(9.81) = 0

F2–29. F = (400 N)
2(4 m)2 + (1 m)2 + ( - 6 m)2 mA = 20 kg Ans.
= 5 219.78i + 54.94j - 329.67k 6 N F3–6. + c ⌺Fy = 0; TAB sin 15⬚ - 10(9.81) N = 0
5 -4 j - 6 k6 m TAB = 379.03 N = 379 N Ans.
uAO = +
2( - 4 m) + ( - 6 m)
2 2 S ⌺F x = 0; TBC - 379.03 N cos 15⬚ = 0
= - 0.5547j - 0.8321k TBC = 366.11 N = 366 N Ans.
= F # uAO = 244 N
+
(FAO)proj Ans. S ⌺Fx = 0; TCD cos u - 366.11 N = 0
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; TCD sin u - 15(9.81) N = 0
F2–30. F = [( - 600 lb) cos 60⬚] sin 30⬚ i TCD = 395 N Ans.
+ [(600 lb) cos 60⬚] cos 30⬚ j u = 21.9⬚ Ans.
+ [(600 lb) sin 60⬚] k
= 5 - 150i + 259.81j + 519.62k 6 lb F3–7. ⌺Fx = 0; 31 35 2 F3 41 35 2 + 600 N - F2 = 0 (1)
uA = - 23i + 23j + 13k ⌺Fy = 0; 1 45 2 F1 - 31 35 2 F3 41 45 2 = 0 (2)
(FA)par = F # uA = 446.41 lb = 446 lb Ans. ⌺Fz = 0; 1 45 2 F3 + 1 35 2 F1 - 900 N = 0 (3)
(FA)per = 2(600 lb) - (446.41 lb)
2 2 F3 = 776 N Ans.
= 401 lb Ans. F1 = 466 N Ans.
F2 = 879 N Ans.
F2–31. F = 56 N 1 37i - 67j + 27k2
= 5 24i - 48j + 16k 6 N F3–8. ⌺Fz = 0; FAD 1 45 2 - 900 = 0
1FAO2 } = F # uAO = 124i - 48j + 16k2 # 1 73 i - 67 j - 27k2 FAD = 1125 N = 1.125 kN Ans.
= 46.86 N = 46.9 N Ans. ⌺Fy = 0; FAC 1 45 2 - 1125 1 35 2 = 0
1FAO2 # = 2F2 - 1FAO2 } = 21562 2 - 146.862 2 FAC = 843.75 N = 844 N Ans.
= 30.7 N Ans. ⌺Fx = 0; FAB - 843.75 1 35 2 = 0
FAB = 506.25 N = 506 N Ans.
Chapter 3 rAD
+ F3–9. FAD = FAD a b = 13FADi - 23FAD j + 23FAD k
F3–1. S ⌺Fx = 0; 45FAC - FAB cos 30⬚ = 0 rAD
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; 35FAC + FAB sin 30⬚ - 550 = 0 ⌺Fz = 0; 3 FAD - 600 = 0
2

FAB = 478 lb Ans. FAD = 900 N Ans.

FAC = 518 lb Ans. ⌺Fy = 0; FAB cos 30⬚ - 2

3 (900) = 0
FAB = 692.82 N = 693 N Ans.
F3–2. + c ⌺Fy = 0; - 2(1500) sin u + 700 = 0 ⌺Fx = 0; 1
(900) + 692.82 sin 30⬚ - FAC = 0
3
u = 13.5⬚
FAC = 646.41 N = 646 N Ans.
LABC = 2 1 cos513.5⬚
ft
2 = 10.3 ft Ans.
F3–10. FAC = FAC 5 -cos 60⬚ sin 30⬚ i
+
F3–3. S ⌺Fx = 0; T cos u - T cos f = 0
+ cos 60⬚ cos 30⬚ j + sin 60⬚ k 6
f = u
= -0.25FAC i + 0.4330FAC j + 0.8660FAC k
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; 2T sin u - 49.05 N = 0
FAD = FAD 5 cos 120⬚ i + cos 120⬚ j + cos 45⬚ k 6
u = tan-1 1 0.15
0.2 m 2 = 36.87⬚
m
= -0.5FAD i - 0.5FAD j + 0.7071FAD k
T = 40.9 N Ans. ⌺Fy = 0; 0.4330FAC - 0.5FAD = 0
F3–4. + Q⌺Fx = 0; 45(Fsp) - 5(9.81) sin 45⬚ = 0 ⌺Fz = 0; 0.8660FAC + 0.7071FAD - 300 = 0
Fsp = 43.35 N FAD = 175.74 lb = 176 lb Ans.
Fsp = k(l - l0); 43.35 = 200(0.5 - l0) FAC = 202.92 lb = 203 lb Ans.
l0 = 0.283 m Ans. ⌺Fx = 0; FAB - 0.25(202.92) - 0.5(175.74) = 0
FAB = 138.60 lb = 139 lb Ans.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 609

rAB F4–8. a+(MR)O = ⌺Fd;

F3–11. FB = F B a b
rAB (MR)O = 31 35 2 500 N 4 (0.425 m)
5 - 6i + 3j + 2k 6 ft - 31 45 2 500 N 4 (0.25 m)
= FB J R
2( - 6 ft)2 + (3 ft)2 + (2 ft)2 - [(600 N) cos 60⬚](0.25 m)
= - 67FBi
+ FB j + FB k
3
7
2
7
- [(600 N) sin 60⬚](0.425 m)
rAC = -268 N # m = 268 N # m b Ans.
FC = F C a b
rAC
5 - 6i - 2j + 3k 6 ft F4–9. a + (MR)O = ⌺Fd;
= FC J R (MR)O = (300 cos 30⬚ lb)(6 ft + 6 sin 30⬚ ft)
2( - 6 ft)2 + ( - 2 ft)2 + (3ft)2
- (300 sin 30⬚ lb)(6 cos 30⬚ ft)
= - 67 FC i - 27 FC j + 73 FC k
+ (200 lb)(6 cos 30⬚ ft)
=
= 2.60 kip # ft
FD FDi
Ans.
W = 5 - 150k 6 lb
⌺Fx = 0; - 67 FB - 67 FC + FD = 0 (1) F4–10. F = FuAB = 500 N 1 45i - 35j 2 = 5 400i - 300j 6 N
⌺Fy = 0; 37 FB - 27 FC = 0 (2)
MO = rOA * F = 5 3j 6 m * 5 400i - 300j 6 N
= 5 -1200k 6 N # m
⌺Fz = 0; 27 FB + 37 FC - 150 = 0 (3)
Ans.
FB = 162 lb Ans.
or
FC = 1.5(162 lb) = 242 lb Ans.
MO = rOB * F = 5 4i 6 m * 5 400i - 300j 6 N
FD = 346.15 lb = 346 lb Ans.
= 5 -1200k 6 N # m Ans.

Chapter 4 F4–11. F = FuBC

F4–1. a + MO = - 1 45 2 (100 N)(2 m) - 1 35 2 (100 N)(5 m) 5 4 i - 4 j - 2 k 6 ft
= -460 N # m = 460 N # mb Ans. = 120 lb J R
2(4 ft)2 + ( -4 ft)2 + ( -2 ft)2
F4–2. a+MO = [(300 N) sin 30⬚][0.4 m + (0.3 m) cos 45⬚] = 5 80i - 80j - 40k 6 lb
- [(300 N) cos 30⬚][(0.3 m) sin 45⬚]
= 36.7 N # m
i j k
Ans.
MO = r C * F = 3 5 0 0 3
F4–3. a + MO = (600 lb)(4 ft + (3 ft)cos 45⬚ - 1 ft) 80 - 80 - 40
= 3.07 kip # ft Ans. = 5 200j - 400k 6 lb # ft Ans.
F4–4. c + MO = 50 sin 60⬚ (0.1 + 0.2 cos 45⬚ + 0.1) or
- 50 cos 60⬚(0.2 sin 45⬚) i j k
= 11.2 N # m Ans. MO = r B * F = 3 1 4 2 3
F4–5. a + MO = 600 sin 50⬚ (5) + 600 cos 50⬚ (0.5) 80 - 80 -40
= 2.49 kip # ft Ans. = 5 200j - 400k 6 lb # ft Ans.

F4–6. a +MO = 500 sin 45⬚ (3 + 3 cos 45⬚) F4–12. FR = F1 + F2

- 500 cos 45⬚ (3 sin 45⬚) = 5 (100 - 200)i + ( -120 + 250)j
= 1.06 kN # m Ans. + (75 + 100)k 6 lb
F4–7. a + (MR)O = ⌺Fd; = 5 -100i + 130j + 175k 6 lb
(MR)O = - (600 N)(1 m) i j k
+ (500 N)[3 m + (2.5 m) cos 45⬚] (MR)O = rA * FR = 3 4 5 3 3
- (300N)[(2.5 m) sin 45⬚] -100 130 175
= 1254 N # m = 1.25 kN # m Ans. = 5 485i - 1000j + 1020k 6 lb # ft Ans.
610 PARTIAL SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

1 0 0 Mx = -Fy 1z2 + Fz 1y2

F4–13. Mx = i # (rOB * F) = 3 0.3 0.4 -0.2 3 = - 320 132 + 300 122 = - 360 N # m Ans.
300 -200 150 My = -Fx 1z2 - Fz 1x2
= 20 N # m Ans. = - 240132 - 300 ( -2) = -120 N # m Ans.
rA 5 0.3i + 0.4j 6 m Mz = Fx 1y2 - Fy 1x2
F4–14. uOA =
rA
= = 0.6 i + 0.8 j = 240122 - 320 ( -2) = -160 N # m Ans.
2(0.3 m)2 + (0.4 m)2
Vector Analysis
0.6 0.8 0
MOA = uOA # (rAB * F) = 3 0 0 -0.2 3 F = 5 -240i + 320j + 300k 6 N
300 -200 150 rOA = 5 -2i + 2j + 3k 6 m
= - 72 N # m Ans. Mx = i # 1rOA * F2 = - 360 N # m
My = j # 1rOA * F2 = -120 N # m
` MOA ` = 72 N # m
Mz = k # 1rOA * F2 = -160 N # m
F4–15. Scalar Analysis
The magnitudes of the force components are
F4–19. c+ MCR = ⌺MA = 400(3) - 400(5) + 300(5)
+ 200(0.2) = 740 N # m
Fx = 兩 200 cos 120⬚ 兩 = 100 N
Ans.
Fy = 200 cos 60⬚ = 100 N
Also,
Fz = 200 cos 45⬚ = 141.42 N
c+ MCR = 300(5) - 400(2) + 200(0.2)
Mx = - Fy 1z2 + Fz 1y2 = 740 N # m Ans.
= - 1100 N2 10 .25 m2 + 1141 .42 N2 10.3 m2
= 17.4 N # m Ans. F4–20. a+MCR = 300(4) + 200(4) + 150(4)
Vector Analysis = 2600 lb # ft Ans.

1 0 0 F4–21. a+ (MB)R = ⌺MB

Mx = 3 0 0.3 0.25 3 = 17.4 N # m Ans. -1.5 kN # m = (2 kN)(0.3 m) - F(0.9 m)
-100 100 141.42
F = 2.33 kN Ans.
0 1 0
F4–16. # 3
My = j (rA * F) = -3 -4 2 3 F4–22. a+MC = 10 1 35 2 (2) - 10 1 45 2 (4) = - 20 kN # m
30 - 20 50 = 20 kN # mb Ans.
= 210 N # m Ans.
r1 { -2i + 2j + 3.5k} ft
F4–23. u1 = =
rAB 5 - 4i + 3j 6 ft r1 2( -2 ft)2 + (2 ft)2 + (3.5 ft)2
F4–17. uAB = = = - 0.8i + 0.6j
rAB 2( - 4 ft)2 + (3 ft)2 = - 4.5
2
i + 4.5
2
j + 3.5
4.5 k
MAB = uAB # (rAC * F) u2 = -k
1.5
u3 = 2.5 i - 2
2.5 j
- 0.8 0.6 0
2 3 = - 4 lb # ft
(Mc)1 = (Mc)1u1
= 3 0
= (450 lb # ft) 1- 4.5
0
50 - 40 20
2
i + 2
4.5 j + 3.5
4.5 k 2
= 5 -200i + 200j + 350k 6 lb # ft
MAB = MABuAB = 5 3.2i - 2.4j 6 lb # ft Ans. (Mc)2 = (Mc)2u2 = (250 lb # ft)( -k)
F4–18. Scalar Analysis = 5 -250k 6 lb # ft
The magnitudes of the force components are (Mc)3 = (Mc)3 u3 = (300 lb # ft) 1 1.5
2.5 i -
2
2.5 j 2
Fx = 1 35 2 3 45 15002 4 = 240 N = 5 180i - 240j 6 lb # ft
(Mc)R = ⌺Mc;
Fy = 3
5 5 15002
4 4
4 = 320 N
(Mc)R = { -20i - 40j + 100k} lb # ft Ans.
Fz = 35 15002 = 300 N
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 611

F4–24. FB = 1 45 2 (450 N)j - 1 35 2 (450 N)k F4–28. +

S (FR)x = ⌺Fx;
= 5 360j - 270k 6 N (FR)x = 150 1 35 2 + 50 - 100 1 45 2 = 60 lb S
i j k + c (FR)y = ⌺Fy;
Mc = rAB * FB = 3 0.4 0 0 3 (FR)y = -150 1 45 2 - 100 1 35 2
0 360 - 270 = -180 lb = 180 lb T
= {108j + 144k} N # m Ans. FR = 2602 + 1802 = 189.74 lb = 190 lb Ans.
Also, u = tan-1 1 180
60 2 = 71.6⬚ c Ans.
Mc = (rA * FA) + (rB * FB) a+(MR)A = ⌺MA;
i j k i j k (MR)A = 100 1 45 2 (1) - 100 1 35 2 (6) - 150 1 45 2 (3)
= 30 0 0.3 3 + 3 0.4 0 0.3 3 = - 640 = 640 lb # ft b Ans.
0 - 360 270 0 360 -270
FR = ⌺F;
= {108j + 144k} N # m
F4–29.
Ans.
F R = F1 + F2
F4–25. +
d FRx = ⌺Fx; FRx = 200 - 3
(100) = 140 lb = ( - 300i + 150j + 200k) + ( -450k)
5
+ TFRy = ⌺Fy; FRy = 150 - 4
(100) = 70 lb = 5 -300i + 150j - 250k 6 N Ans.
5
FR = 2140 + 70 = 157 lb
2 2
Ans. rOA = (2 - 0)j = 5 2j 6 m
u = tan -1
1 2
70
= 26.6⬚ d Ans. rOB = ( - 1.5 - 0)i + (2 - 0)j + (1 - 0)k
140
c+MAR = ⌺MA; = 5 -1.5i + 2j + 1k 6 m
MAR = 35(100)(4) - 4
(100)(6) + 150(3) (MR)O = ⌺M;
5
MRA = 210 lb # ft Ans. (MR)O = rOB * F1 + rOA * F2
i j k i j k
+
F4–26. S FRx = ⌺Fx; FRx = 4
5 (50) = 40 N = 3 - 1.5 2 1 3 + 30 2 0 3
+ TFRy = ⌺Fy; FRy = 40 + 30 + 3
5 (50) -300 150 200 0 0 - 450
= 5 -650i + 375k 6 N # m
= 100 N
Ans.
FR = 2(40)2 + (100)2 = 108 N Ans.
u = tan-1 1 100
40 2 = 68.2⬚ c Ans. F4–30. F1 = 5 -100j 6 N
c+MAR = ⌺MA; 5 -0.4i - 0.3k 6 m
F2 = (200 N) J R
MAR = 30(3) + 3
5 (50)(6) + 200 2( -0.4 m)2 + ( -0.3 m)2
= 470 N # m Ans. = 5 -160i - 120k 6 N
Mc = 5 -75i 6 N # m
+
F4–27. S (FR)x = ⌺Fx;
FR = { - 160i - 100j - 120k} N Ans.
(FR)x = 900 sin 30⬚ = 450 N S
(MR)O = (0.3k) * ( - 100j)
+ c (FR)y = ⌺Fy;
i j k
(FR)y = - 900 cos 30⬚ - 300
+ 3 0 0.5 0.3 3 + ( -75i)
= - 1079.42 N = 1079.42 N T
-160 0 -120
= { - 105i - 48j + 80k} N # m
FR = 24502 + 1079.422
Ans.
= 1169.47 N = 1.17 kN Ans.
u = tan-1 1 1079.42
450 2 = 67.4⬚ c Ans. F4–31. + TFR = ⌺Fy; FR = 500 + 250 + 500
a+(MR)A = ⌺MA; = 1250 lb Ans.
(MR)A = 300 - 900 cos30⬚ (0.75) - 300(2.25) c+ FRx = ⌺MO;
= -959.57 N # m 1250(x) = 500(3) + 250(6) + 500(9)
= 960 N # m b Ans. x = 6 ft Ans.
612 PARTIAL SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

+
F4–32. S (FR)x = ⌺Fx; F4–36. + TFR = ⌺Fz;
(FR)x = 100 1 35 2 + 50 sin 30⬚ = 85 lb S FR = 200 + 200 + 100 + 100
+ c (FR)y = ⌺Fy; = 600 N Ans.
(FR)y = 200 + 50 cos 30⬚ - 100 1 45 2 a+ MRx = ⌺Mx;
= 163.30 lb c -600y = 200(1) + 200(1) + 100(3) - 100(3)
FR = 285 + 163.30 = 184 lb
2 2 y = - 0.667 m Ans.
u = 1
tan-1 163.30
85 2 = 62.5⬚ a Ans. c+ MRy = ⌺My;
a+(MR)A = ⌺MA; 600x = 100(3) + 100(3) + 200(2) - 200(3)
163.30(d) = 200(3) - 100 1 4
2 (6) + 50 cos 30⬚(9) x = 0.667 m Ans.
5
d = 3.12 ft Ans.
F4–37. + c FR = ⌺Fy;
F4–33. + (F ) = ⌺F ;
S -FR = -6(1.5) - 9(3) - 3(1.5)
R x x

(FR)x = 15 1 45 2 = 12 kN S FR = 40.5 kN T Ans.

a+ (MR)A = ⌺MA;
+ c (FR)y = ⌺Fy;
-40.5(d) = 6(1.5)(0.75)
(FR)y = - 20 + 15 1 35 2 = - 11 kN = 11 kN T
- 9(3)(1.5) - 3(1.5)(3.75)
FR = 2122 + 112 = 16.3 kN Ans.
d = 1.25 m Ans.
u = tan-1 1 11
12 2 = 42.5⬚ c Ans.
a+(MR)A = ⌺MA; F4–38. FR = 1
2 (6)(150) + 8(150) = 1650 lb Ans.
- 11(d) = -20(2) - 15 1 4
5 2 (2) + 15 1 3
5 2 (6) c+MAR = ⌺MA;
d = 0.909 m Ans. 1650d = 3 12 (6)(150) 4 (4) + [8(150)](10)

+
d = 8.36 ft Ans.
F4–34. S (FR)x = ⌺Fx;
(FR)x = 1 35 2 5 kN - 8 kN F4–39. + c FR = ⌺Fy;
= - 5 kN = 5 kN d -FR = - 12 (6)(3) - 12 (6)(6)
+ c (FR)y = ⌺Fy; FR = 27 kN T Ans.
(FR)y = -6 kN - 1 2 5 kN
4
5
a+(MR)A = ⌺MA;
= - 10 kN = 10 kN T -27(d) = 12(6)(3)(1) - 12(6)(6)(2)
FR = 252 + 102 = 11.2 kN Ans. d = 1m Ans.
u = 1
tan-1 10 kN
2 = 63.4⬚ d Ans.
5 kN
F4–40. + TFR = ⌺Fy;
a+(MR)A = ⌺MA;
FR = 12(50)(6) + 150(6) + 500
5 kN(d) = 8 kN(3 m) - 6 kN(0.5 m)
= 1550 lb Ans.
- 31 45 2 5 kN 4 (2 m) c+MAR = ⌺MA;
- 31 35 2 5 kN 4 (4 m) 1550d = 3 12(50)(6)4 (4) + [150(6)](3) + 500(9)
d = 0.2 m Ans.
d = 5.03 ft Ans.

F4–35. + TFR = ⌺Fz; FR = 400 + 500 - 100 F4–41. + c FR = ⌺Fy;

= 800 N Ans. - FR = - 12(3)(4.5) - 3(6)
MRx = ⌺Mx; - 800y = -400(4) - 500(4) FR = 24.75 kN T Ans.
y = 4.50 m Ans. a+(MR)A = ⌺MA;
MRy = ⌺My; 800x = 500(4) - 100(3) -24.75(d) = - 12(3)(4.5)(1.5) - 3(6)(3)
x = 2.125 m Ans. d = 2.59 m Ans.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 613

4
F5–5. a+ ⌺MA = 0;
F4–42. FR = w(x) dx = 2.5x3 dx = 160 N
L L0 NC(0.7 m) - [25(9.81) N] (0.5 m) cos 30⬚ = 0
c+MAR = ⌺MA; NC = 151.71 N = 152 N Ans.
4
+
xw(x) dx 2.5x4 dx S ⌺Fx = 0;
L L0 TAB cos 15⬚ - (151.71 N) cos 60⬚ = 0
x = = = 3.20 m Ans.
160 TAB = 78.53 N = 78.5 N
w(x) dx Ans.
L
+ c ⌺Fy = 0;
FA + (78.53 N) sin 15⬚
Chapter 5
+ (151.71 N) sin 60⬚ - 25(9.81) N = 0
F5–1. +
S ⌺Fx = 0;- Ax + 500 1 35 2 = 0
FA = 93.5 N Ans.
Ax = 300 lb Ans.
a+ ⌺MA = 0; By(10) - 500 1 5 2 (5) - 600 = 0
4
+
F5–6. S ⌺Fx = 0;
By = 260 lb Ans.
NC sin 30⬚ - (250 N) sin 60⬚ = 0
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; Ay + 260 - 500 1 45 2 = 0
NC = 433.0 N = 433 N Ans.
Ay = 140 lb Ans.
a+ ⌺MB = 0;
F5–2. a+ ⌺MA = 0; -NA sin 30⬚(0.15 m) - 433.0 N(0.2 m)
FCD sin 45⬚(1.5 m) - 4 kN(3 m) = 0
+ [(250 N) cos 30⬚](0.6 m) = 0
FCD = 11.31 kN = 11.3 kN Ans.
+
NA = 577.4 N = 577 N Ans.
S ⌺Fx = 0; Ax + (11.31 kN) cos 45⬚ = 0
+ c ⌺Fy = 0;
Ax = - 8 kN = 8 kN d Ans.
NB - 577.4 N + (433.0 N)cos 30⬚
+ c ⌺Fy = 0;
Ay + (11.31 kN) sin 45⬚ - 4 kN = 0 - (250 N) cos 60⬚ = 0
Ay = - 4 kN = 4 kN T Ans. NB = 327 N Ans.

F5–3. a+ ⌺MA = 0; F5–7. ⌺Fz = 0;

NB[6 m + (6 m) cos 45⬚] TA + TB + TC - 200 - 500 = 0
- 10 kN[2 m + (6 m) cos 45⬚] ⌺Mx = 0;
- 5 kN(4 m) = 0
TA(3) + TC(3) - 500(1.5) - 200(3) = 0
NB = 8.047 kN = 8.05 kN Ans.
+ ⌺My = 0;
S ⌺Fx = 0;
- TB(4) - TC(4) + 500(2) + 200(2) = 0
(5 kN) cos 45⬚ - Ax = 0
Ax = 3.54 kN Ans. TA = 350 lb, TB = 250 lb, TC = 100 lb Ans.
+ c ⌺Fy = 0;
F5–8. ⌺My = 0;
Ay + 8.047 kN - (5 kN) sin 45⬚ - 10 kN = 0
Ay = 5.49 kN Ans. 600 N(0.2 m) + 900 N(0.6 m) - FA(1 m) = 0
FA = 660 N Ans.
+
F5–4. S ⌺Fx = 0; - Ax + 400 cos 30⬚ = 0
⌺Mx = 0;
Ax = 346 N Ans.
Dz(0.8 m) - 600 N(0.5 m) - 900 N(0.1 m) = 0
+ c ⌺Fy = 0;
Dz = 487.5 N Ans.
Ay - 200 - 200 - 200 - 400 sin 30⬚ = 0
⌺Fx = 0; Dx = 0 Ans.
Ay = 800 N Ans.
a+ ⌺MA = 0; ⌺Fy = 0; Dy = 0 Ans.
MA - 200(2.5) - 200(3.5) - 200(4.5) ⌺Fz = 0;
- 400 sin 30⬚(4.5) - 400 cos 30⬚(3 sin 60⬚) = 0 TBC + 660 N + 487.5 N - 900 N - 600 N = 0
MA = 3.90 kN # m Ans. TBC = 352.5 N Ans.
614 PARTIAL SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

F5–9. ⌺Fy = 0; 400 N + Cy = 0; F5–12. ⌺Fx = 0; Ax = 0 Ans.

Cy = - 400 N Ans. ⌺Fy = 0; Ay = 0 Ans.
⌺My = 0; -Cx (0.4 m) - 600 N (0.6 m) = 0 ⌺Fz = 0; Az + FBC - 80 = 0
Cx = - 900 N Ans.
⌺Mx = 0; (MA)x + 6FBC - 80(6) = 0
⌺Mx = 0; Bz (0.6 m) + 600 N (1.2 m)
⌺My = 0; 3FBC - 80(1.5) = 0 FBC = 40 lb Ans.
+ ( - 400 N)(0.4 m) = 0
⌺Mz = 0; (MA)z = 0 Ans.
Bz = - 933.3 N Ans.
⌺Mz = 0; Az = 40 lb (MA)x = 240 lb # ft Ans.
-Bx (0.6 m) - ( - 900 N)(1.2 m)
+ ( - 400 N)(0.6 m) = 0 Chapter 6
Bx = 1400 N Ans. F6–1. Joint A.
⌺Fx = 0; 1400 N + ( - 900 N) + Ax = 0 + c ⌺Fy = 0; 225 lb - FAD sin 45⬚ = 0
Ax = - 500 N Ans. FAD = 318.20 lb = 318 lb (C) Ans.
⌺Fz = 0; Az - 933.3 N + 600 N = 0 +
S ⌺Fx = 0; FAB - (318.20 lb) cos 45⬚ = 0
Az = 333.3 N Ans.
FAB = 225 lb (T) Ans.
F5–10. ⌺Fx = 0; Bx = 0 Ans. Joint B.
⌺Mz = 0; +
S ⌺Fx = 0; FBC - 225 lb = 0
Cy(0.4 m + 0.6 m) = 0 Cy = 0 Ans. FBC = 225 lb (T) Ans.
⌺Fy = 0; Ay + 0 = 0 Ay = 0 Ans.
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; FBD = 0 Ans.
⌺Mx = 0; Cz(0.6 m + 0.6 m) + Bz(0.6 m)
Joint D.
- 450 N(0.6 m + 0.6 m) = 0
+
1.2Cz + 0.6Bz - 540 = 0 S ⌺Fx = 0;
⌺My = 0; -Cz(0.6 m + 0.4 m) FCD cos 45⬚ + (318.20 lb) cos 45⬚ - 450 lb = 0
- Bz(0.6 m) + 450 N(0.6 m) = 0 FCD = 318.20 lb = 318 lb (T) Ans.
-Cz - 0.6Bz + 270 = 0
Cz = 1350 N Bz = - 1800 N Ans. F6–2. Joint D:
⌺Fz = 0; + c ⌺Fy = 0; 3
5 FCD - 300 = 0;
Az + 1350 N + ( - 1800 N) - 450 N = 0 FCD = 500 lb (T) Ans.
Az = 900 N Ans. +
S ⌺Fx = 0; - FAD + 4
(500) = 0
5

FAD = 400 lb (C) Ans.

F5–11. ⌺Fy = 0; Ay = 0 Ans.
⌺Mx = 0; -9(3) + FCE(3) = 0 FBC = 500 lb (T), FAC = FAB = 0 Ans.
FCE = 9 kN Ans.
F6–3. Ax = 0, Ay = Cy = 400 lb
⌺Mz = 0; FCF(3) - 6(3) = 0
FCF = 6 kN Ans. Joint A:

⌺My = 0; 9(4) - Az (4) - 6(1.5) = 0 + c ⌺Fy = 0; - 35 FAE + 400 = 0

Az = 6.75 kN Ans. FAE = 667 lb (C) Ans.
⌺Fx = 0; Ax + 6 - 6 = 0 Ax = 0 Ans. Joint C:
⌺Fz = 0; FDB + 9 - 9 + 6.75 = 0 + c ⌺Fy = 0; - FDC + 400 = 0;
FDB = -6.75 kN Ans. FDC = 400 lb (C) Ans.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 615

F6–4. Joint C. F6–8. a+ ⌺MA = 0; Gy(12 m) - 20 kN(2 m)

+ c ⌺Fy = 0; 2F cos 30⬚ - P = 0 - 30 kN(4 m) - 40 kN(6 m) = 0
FAC = FBC = F = P
2 cos 30⬚ = 0.5774P (C) Gy = 33.33 kN
Joint B. + c ⌺Fy = 0; FKC + 33.33 kN - 40 kN = 0
+ FKC = 6.67 kN (C)
S ⌺Fx = 0; 0.5774P cos 60⬚ - FAB = 0 Ans.
FAB = 0.2887P (T) a+ ⌺MK = 0;
FAB = 0.2887P = 2 kN 33.33 kN(8 m) - 40 kN(2 m) - FCD(3 m) = 0
P = 6.928 kN FCD = 62.22 kN = 62.2 kN (T) Ans.
+
FAC = FBC = 0.5774P = 1.5 kN S ⌺Fx = 0; FLK - 62.22 kN = 0
P = 2.598 kN FLK = 62.2 kN (C) Ans.
The smaller value of P is chosen,
F6–9. From the geometry of the truss,
P = 2.598 kN = 2.60 kN Ans.
f = tan-1(3 m>2 m) = 56.31⬚.
a + ⌺MK = 0;
F6–5. FCB = 0 Ans.
33.33 kN(8 m) - 40 kN(2 m) - FCD(3 m) = 0
FCD = 0 Ans.
FCD = 62.2 kN (T) Ans.
FAE = 0 Ans.
a+ ⌺MD = 0; 33.33 kN(6 m) - FKJ(3 m) = 0
FDE = 0 Ans.
FKJ = 66.7 kN (C) Ans.
F6–6. Joint C. + c ⌺Fy = 0;
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; 259.81 lb - FCD sin 30⬚ = 0 33.33 kN - 40 kN + FKD sin 56.31⬚ = 0

FCD = 519.62 lb = 520 lb (C) Ans. FKD = 8.01 kN (T) Ans.

+
S ⌺Fx = 0; (519.62 lb) cos 30⬚ - FBC = 0 F6–10. From the geometry of the truss,
FBC = 450 lb (T) Ans. tan f =
(9 ft) tan 30⬚
3 ft = 1.732 f = 60⬚
Joint D. a+ ⌺MC = 0;
+ Q⌺Fy⬘ = 0; FBD cos 30⬚ = 0 FBD = 0 Ans. FEF sin 30⬚(6 ft) + 300 lb(6 ft) = 0
+ R⌺Fx⬘ = 0; FDE - 519.62 lb = 0 FEF = -600 lb = 600 lb (C) Ans.
FDE = 519.62 lb = 520 lb (C) Ans. a+ ⌺MD = 0;
Joint B. 300 lb(6 ft) - FCF sin 60⬚ (6 ft) = 0
c ⌺Fy = 0; FBE sin f = 0 FBE = 0 Ans. FCF = 346.41 lb = 346 lb (T) Ans.
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; 450 lb - FAB = 0 a+ ⌺MF = 0;
FAB = 450 lb (T) Ans. 300 lb(9 ft) - 300 lb(3 ft) - FBC(9 ft)tan 30⬚ = 0
Joint A. FBC = 346.41 lb = 346 lb (T) Ans.
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; 340.19 lb - FAE = 0
F6–11. From the geometry of the truss,
FAE = 340 lb (C) Ans. u = tan-1 (1 m>2 m) = 26.57⬚
f = tan-1 (3 m>2 m) = 56.31⬚.
F6–7. + c ⌺Fy = 0; FCF sin 45⬚ - 600 - 800 = 0
The location of O can be found using similar
FCF = 1980 lb (T) Ans. triangles.
a+ ⌺MC = 0; FFE(4) - 800(4) = 0 1m 2m
=
FFE = 800 lb (T) Ans. 2m 2m + x
a+ ⌺MF = 0; FBC(4) - 600(4) - 800(8) = 0 4m = 2m + x
FBC = 2200 lb (C) Ans. x = 2m
616 PARTIAL SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

a+ ⌺MG = 0; F6–16. a+ ⌺MC = 0;

26.25 kN(4 m) - 15 kN(2 m) - FCD(3 m) = 0 FAB cos 45⬚(1) - FAB sin 45⬚(3)
FCD = 25 kN (T) Ans. + 800 + 400(2) = 0
FAB = 1131.37 N
a+ ⌺MD = 0; +
S ⌺Fx = 0; -Cx + 1131.37 cos 45⬚ = 0
26.25 kN(2 m) - FGF cos 26.57⬚(2 m) = 0
Cx = 800 N Ans.
FGF = 29.3 kN (C) Ans. + c ⌺Fy = 0; - Cy + 1131.37 sin 45⬚ - 400 = 0
a+ ⌺MO = 0; 15 kN(4 m) - 26.25 kN(2 m) Cy = 400 N Ans.
- FGD sin 56.31⬚(4 m) = 0
F6–17. Plate A:
FGD = 2.253 kN = 2.25 kN (T) Ans. + c ⌺Fy = 0; 2T + NAB - 100 = 0
Plate B:
F6–12. a+ ⌺MH = 0; + c ⌺Fy = 0; 2T - NAB - 30 = 0
FDC(12 ft) + 1200 lb(9 ft) - 1600 lb(21 ft) = 0 T = 32.5 lb, NAB = 35 lb Ans.
FDC = 1900 lb (C) Ans.
F6–18. Pulley C:
a+ ⌺MD = 0; + c ⌺Fy = 0; T - 2P = 0; T = 2P
1200 lb(21 ft) - 1600 lb(9 ft) - FHI (12 ft) = 0 Beam:
FHI = 900 lb (C) Ans. + c ⌺Fy = 0; 2P + P - 6 = 0
a+ ⌺MC = 0; FJI cos 45⬚(12 ft) + 1200 lb(21 ft) P = 2 kN Ans.
- 900 lb(12 ft) - 1600 lb(9 ft) = 0 a+ ⌺MA = 0; 2(1) - 6(x) = 0
x = 0.333 m Ans.
FJI = 0 Ans.
F6–19. Member CD
F6–13. + c ⌺Fy = 0; 3P - 60 = 0 a+ ⌺MD = 0; 600 11.52 - NC 132 = 0
P = 20 lb Ans. N C = 300 N
Member ABC
F6–14. a+ ⌺MC = 0; a+ ⌺MA = 0; -800 + By 122 - 1300 sin 45⬚2 4 = 0
- 1 45 2 (FAB)(9) + 400(6) + 500(3) = 0 By = 824.26 = 824 N Ans.
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; Ax - 300 cos 45⬚ = 0;
FAB = 541.67 lb
Ax = 212 N Ans.
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; - Cx + (541.67) = 0
3
5 + c ⌺Fy = 0; -Ay + 824.26 - 300 sin 45⬚ = 0;
Cx = 325 lb Ans. Ay = 612 N Ans.
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; Cy + 4
5 (541.67) - 400 - 500 = 0 F6–20. AB is a two-force member.
Cy = 467 lb Ans. Member BC
a+ ⌺Mc = 0; 15 132 + 10 162 - FBC 1 45 2 192 = 0
F6–15. a+ ⌺MA = 0; 100 N(250 mm) - NB(50 mm) = 0 FBC = 14.58 kN
NB = 500 N Ans.
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; 114.582 1 35 2 - Cx = 0;
+ Cx = 8.75 kN
S ⌺Fx = 0; (500 N) sin 45⬚ - Ax = 0
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; 114.582 1 45 2 - 10 - 15 + Cy = 0;
Ax = 353.55 N
Cy = 13.3 kN
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; Ay - 100 N - (500 N) cos 45⬚ = 0
Member CD
Ay = 453.55 N +
S ⌺Fx = 0; 8.75 - Dx = 0; Dx = 8.75 kN Ans.
FA = 2(353.55 N)2 + (453.55 N)2 + c ⌺Fy = 0; -13.3 + Dy = 0; Dy = 13.3 kN Ans.
= 575 N Ans. a+ ⌺MD = 0; - 8.75 142 + MD = 0; MD = 35 kN # m Ans.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 617

F6–21. Entire frame F6–24. AC and DC are two-force members.

a+ ⌺MA = 0; -600 132 - 3 400 1324 11.52 + Cy 132 = 0 Member BC
Cy = 1200 N Ans. a+ ⌺M C = 0; 3 21 (3)(8) 4 112 - B y 132 = 0
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; Ay - 400 132 + 1200 = 0 By = 4 kN
Ay = 0 Ans. Member BA
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; 600 - Ax - Cx = 0 a+ ⌺MB = 0; 6 122 - Ax 142 = 0
Member AB Ax = 3 kN Ans.
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; -4 kN + Ay = 0; Ay = 4 kN Ans.
a+ ⌺MB = 0; 400 11.52 10.752 - Ax 132 = 0
Entire Frame
Ax = 150 N Ans.
a+ ⌺MA = 0; -6 122 - 3 12 132 182 4 122 + Dy 132 = 0
Cx = 450 N Ans.
Dy = 12 kN Ans.
These same results can be obtained by considering
Since DC is a two-force member 1⌺MC = 02 then
members AB and BC.
Dx = 0 Ans.

F6–22. Entire frame

Chapter 7
a+ ⌺ME = 0; 250 162 - Ay 162 = 0 F7–1. a+ ⌺MA = 0; By(6) - 10(1.5) - 15(4.5) = 0
By = 13.75 kN
Ay = 250 N
+
+ S ⌺F = 0; N = 0 Ans.
S ⌺Fx = 0; Ex = 0 x C
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; VC + 13.75 - 15 = 0
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; 250 - 250 + Ey = 0; Ey = 0
VC = 1.25 kN Ans.
Member BD
a+ ⌺MC = 0; 13.75(3) - 15(1.5) - MC = 0
a+ ⌺MD = 0; 250 14.52 - By 132 = 0; MC = 18.75 kN # m Ans.
By = 375 N F7–2. a+ ⌺MB = 0; 30 - 10(1.5) - Ay(3) = 0
Member ABC Ay = 5 kN
a+ ⌺MC = 0; - 250 132 + 375 11.52 + Bx 122 = 0 +
S ⌺F x = 0; N C = 0 Ans.
Bx = 93.75 N + c ⌺Fy = 0; 5 - VC = 0
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; Cx - Bx = 0; Cx = 93.75 N Ans. VC = 5 kN Ans.
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; 250 - 375 + Cy = 0; Cy = 125 N Ans. a+ ⌺MC = 0; MC + 30 - 5(1.5) = 0
MC = -22.5 kN # m Ans.
+
F6–23. AD, CB are two-force members. F7–3. S ⌺Fx = 0; Bx = 0
Member AB a+ ⌺MA = 0; 3(6)(3) - By(9) = 0
a+ ⌺MA = 0; - 3 12 132 142 4 11.52 + By 132 = 0 By = 6 kip
+
By = 3 kN S ⌺Fx = 0; NC = 0 Ans.
Since BC is a two-force member Cy = By = 3 kN a+ c ⌺Fy = 0; VC - 6 = 0
and Cx = 0 1⌺MB = 02. VC = 6 kip Ans.
Member EDC a+ ⌺MC = 0; -MC - 6(4.5) = 0
a+ ⌺ME = 0; FDA 1 45 2 11.52 - 5 132 - 3 132 = 0 MC = -27 kip # ft Ans.
FDA = 20 kN F7–4. a+ ⌺MA = 0; By(6) - 12(1.5) - 9(3)(4.5) = 0
+ By = 23.25 kN
S ⌺Fx = 0; Ex - 20 1 35 2 = 0; Ex = 12 kN Ans.
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; NC = 0 Ans.
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; -Ey + 20 1 45 2 - 5 - 3 = 0;
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; VC + 23.25 - 9(1.5) = 0
Ey = 8 kN Ans.
VC = -9.75 kN Ans.
a+ ⌺MC = 0;
23.25(1.5) - 9(1.5)(0.75) - MC = 0
MC = 24.75 kN # m Ans.
618 PARTIAL SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

F7–5. a+ ⌺MA = 0; By(6) - 12 (9)(6)(3) = 0 F7–9. + c ⌺Fy = 0; - V - 21(2x)(x) = 0

By = 13.5 kN V = -(x 2) kN
+
⌺F = a+ ⌺M O = 0; M + 21(2x)(x)(x3) = 0
0; N C = 0 Ans.
M = - (13 x 3) kN # m
S x
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; VC + 13.5 - 2 (9)(3) = 0
1
V (kN) M (kN⭈m)
VC = 0 Ans.
a+ ⌺MC = 0; 13.5(3) - 2 (9)(3)(1) - MC = 0
1

MC = 27 kN # m Ans. 3 3
x (m) x (m)

F7–6. a+ ⌺MA = 0;
⫺9 ⫺9
By(6) - 12 (6)(3)(2) - 6(3)(4.5) = 0
By = 16.5 kN Fig. F7–9
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; NC = 0 Ans.
F7–10. + c ⌺Fy = 0; - V - 2x = 0
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; VC + 16.5 - 6(3) = 0 V = - 2 kN
VC = 1.50 kN Ans. a+ ⌺M O = 0; M + 2x = 0
a+ ⌺MC = 0; 16.5(3) - 6(3)(1.5) - MC = 0 M = ( -2x) kN # m
MC = 22.5 kN # m Ans. V (kN) M (kN⭈m)

F7–7. + c ⌺Fy = 0; 6 - V = 0 V = 6 kN
a+ ⌺M O = 0; M + 18 - 6x = 0 6 6
M = (6x - 18) kN # m
x (m) x (m)
⫺2
V (kN) M (kN⭈m)
⫺12
6
3
Fig. F7–10
x (m) x (m) F7–11. Region 3 m … x 6 3 m
⫺3
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; - V - 5 = 0 V = -5 kN
⫺18
a+ ⌺M O = 0; M + 5x = 0
M = ( -5x) kN # m
Fig. F7–7
Region 0 6 x … 6 m
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; V + 5 = 0 V = -5 kN
F7–8. + c ⌺Fy = 0; - V - 2x = 0
a+ ⌺M O = 0; 5 ( 6 - x ) - M = 0
V = ( - 2x) kN
M = 1 5(6 - x) 2 kN # m
a+ ⌺M O = 0; M + 2x 1 x2 2 - 15 = 0
M = (15 - x 2) kN # m
V (kN) M (kN⭈m)

V (kN) M (kN⭈m) 15
15 6 3 6
x (m) x (m)
6
3
x (m) x (m) ⫺5
3 ⫺15

⫺6 Fig. F7–11
Fig. F7–8
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 619

F7–12. Region 0 … x 6 3 m F7–16.

+ c ⌺Fy = 0; V = 0 V (kN) M (kN⭈m)
a+ ⌺M O = 0; M - 12 = 0
M = 12 kN # m
9
1.5 1.5 4.5 6
Region 3 m 6 x … 6 m x (m) x (m)
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; V + 4 = 0 V = - 4 kN 4.5 6
⫺6.75
a+ ⌺M O = 0; 4 ( 6 - x ) - M = 0 ⫺9
M = 1 4(6 - x) 2 kN # m
V (kN) M (kN⭈m) Fig. F7–16

12 F7–17.
3 6 V (kN) M (kN⭈m)
x (m) x (m)
3 6 9
⫺4 9
3 6
x (m) x (m)
3 6
Fig. F7–12
⫺9
F7–13.
V (kN) M (kN⭈m)
Fig. F7–17
F7–18.
1 2 3 1 2 3 V (kN) M (kN⭈m)
x (m) x (m)
⫺4
⫺10 ⫺4 27
13.5
⫺18 ⫺14 3 6
x (m) x (m)
⫺32 3 6
⫺13.5
Fig. F7–13
F7–14.
Fig. F7–18
V (kN) M (kN⭈m)

18 Chapter 8
6
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; N - 50(9.81) - 200 1 35 2 = 0
1.5 3
x (m) x (m) F8–1.
1.5 3
N = 610.5 N
⫺9
⫺27
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; F - 200 1 45 2 = 0
F = 160 N
Fig. F7–14
F 6 Fmax = ms N = 0.3(610.5) = 183.15 N,
F7–15. therefore F = 160 N Ans.
V (kN) M (kN⭈m)
20 F8–2. a+ ⌺MB = 0;
8 16
NA(3) + 0.2NA(4) - 30(9.81)(2) = 0
2 6
x (m) x (m) NA = 154.89 N
2 4 2 4 6 +
S ⌺Fx = 0; P - 154.89 = 0
⫺10
P = 154.89 N = 155 N Ans.

Fig. F7–15
620 PARTIAL SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

F8–3. Crate A F8–8. A is about to move down the plane and B moves
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; NA - 50(9.81) = 0 upward.
NA = 490.5 N Block A
+ + a⌺Fy = 0; N = W cos u
S ⌺Fx = 0; T - 0.25(490.5) = 0
T = 122.62 N + Q⌺Fx = 0; T + ms 1W cos u2 - W sin u = 0

Crate B T = W sin u - ms W cos u (1)

Block B
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; NB + P sin 30⬚ - 50(9.81) = 0
+ a⌺Fy = 0; N⬘ = 2W cos u
NB = 490.5 - 0.5P
+ + Q⌺Fx = 0; 2T - msW cos u - ms 12W cos u2
S ⌺Fx = 0;
- W sin u = 0
P cos 30⬚ - 0.25(490.5 - 0.5 P) - 122.62 = 0 Using Eq.(1);
P = 247 N Ans. u = tan -1 5ms Ans.
+
F8–4. S ⌺Fx = 0; NA - 0.3NB = 0 F8–9. Assume B is about to slip on A, FB = 0.3 NB.
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; +
S ⌺Fx = 0; P - 0.3 1102 19.812 = 0
NB + 0.3NA + P - 100(9.81) = 0 P = 29.4 N
a+ ⌺MO = 0; Assume B is about to slip on A, x = 0.
P(0.6) - 0.3N B(0.9) - 0.3 N A (0.9) = 0 a + ⌺MO = 0; 10 19.812 10.152 - P 10.42 = 0
NA = 175.70 N NB = 585.67 N P = 36.8 N
P = 343 N Ans. Assume A is about to slip, FA = 0.1 NA.
+
S ⌺Fx = 0 P - 0.1 3 719.812 + 1019.8124 = 0
F8–5. If slipping occurs:
P = 16.7 N
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; Nc - 250 lb = 0; Nc = 250 lb
Choose the smallest result. P = 16.7 N Ans.
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; P - 0.4(250) = 0; P = 100 lb
If tipping occurs:
a+ ⌺MA = 0; -P(4.5) + 250(1.5) = 0 Chapter 9
1m
P = 83.3 lb Ans. 苲 1
x dA y2/3 dy
LA 2 L0
F9–1. x = = 1m
= 0.4 m Ans.
F8–6.
dA 1/3
y dy
a+ ⌺MA = 0; 490.5 10.62 - T cos 60⬚ 10.3 cos 60⬚ + 0.62 LA L0
- T sin 60⬚ 10.3 sin 60⬚2 = 0 1m
苲
y dA y4/3 dy
T = 490.5 N
LA L0
+ y = = = 0.571 m Ans.
S ⌺Fx = 0; 490.5 sin 60⬚ - NA = 0; NA = 424.8 N 1m
dA y1/3dy
+ c ⌺Fy = 0; ms 1424.82 + 490.5 cos 60⬚ - 490.5 = 0 LA L0
ms = 0.577 Ans. 1m
苲
x dA x(x3 dx)
F8–7. A will not move. Assume B is about to slip on C LA L0
F9–2. x = = 1m
and A, and C is stationary. 3
dA x dx
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; P - 0.3 1502 - 0.4 1752; P = 45 N LA L0
Assume C is about to slip and B does not slip on
= 0.8 m Ans.
C, but is about to slip at A.
+
S ⌺Fx = 0; P - 0.3 1502 - 0.35 1902 = 0
P = 46.5 N 7 45 N
P = 45 N Ans.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 621

1m
1 3 3 ⌺苲yA 100[2(200)(50)] + 225[50(400)]
苲
y dA x 1 x dx 2 F9–9. y = =
LA L0 2 ⌺A 2(200)(50) + 50(400)
y = = 1m = 162.5 mm Ans.
dA 3
x dx
LA L0
= 0.286 m Ans. ⌺苲xA 0.25[4(0.5)] + 1.75[0.5(2.5)]
F9–10. x = =
⌺A 4(0.5) + 0.5(2.5)
2m
苲 y1/2 = 0.827 in. Ans.
y dA y a2 a b bdy
F9–3. y =
LA
=
L0 22 ⌺苲yA 2[4(0.5)] + 0.25[(0.5)(2.5)]
2m
y1/2 y = =
dA 2a bdy ⌺A 4(0.5) + (0.5)(2.5)
LA L0 22 = 1.33 in. Ans.
= 1.2 m Ans.
L
x2 ⌺苲xV 1[2(7)(6)] + 4[4(2)(3)]
苲 x J m0 ¢1 + 2 ≤dx R F9–11. x = =
x dm ⌺V 2(7)(6) + 4(2)(3)
Lm L0 L
F9–4. x = = L = 1.67 ft Ans.
x2
Lm
dm m0 ¢1 + ≤dx ⌺苲yV 3.5[2(7)(6)] + 1[4(2)(3)]
L0 L2 y = =
9 ⌺V 2(7)(6) + 4(2)(3)
= L Ans. = 2.94 ft Ans.
16
1m
p ⌺苲zV 3[2(7)(6)] + 1.5[4(2)(3)]
苲
y dV y¢ ydy ≤ z = =
LV L0 4 ⌺V 2(7)(6) + 4(2)(3)
F9–5. y = = 1m = 2.67 ft Ans.
dV p
y dy
LV L0 4
= 0.667 m Ans. ⌺苲xV
F9–12. x =
⌺V
2 ft
苲 9p 1 1
z dV zc (4 - z)2 dz d 0.25[0.5(2.5)(1.8)] + 0.25 J (1.5)(1.8)(0.5) R + (1.0) J (1.5)(1.8)(0.5) R
LV L0 64 2 2
F9–6. z = = 2 ft
=
9p 1 1
dV 0.5(2.5)(1.8) + (1.5)(1.8)(0.5) + (1.5)(1.8)(0.5)
(4 - z)2 dz 2 2
LV L0 64
= 0.786 ft Ans. = 0.391 m Ans.
⌺苲yV 5.00625
⌺苲
xL 150(300) + 300(600) + 300(400) y =
⌺V
=
3.6
= 1.39 m Ans.
F9–7. x = =
⌺L 300 + 600 + 400
⌺苲zV 2.835
= 265 mm Ans. z = = = 0.7875 m Ans.
⌺V 3.6
⌺苲yL 0(300) + 300(600) + 600(400)
y = =
⌺L 300 + 600 + 400 F9–13. A = 2p⌺ 苲
rL
= 323 mm Ans. = 2p 3 0.75(1.5) + 1.5(2) + 0.75 2(1.5)2 + (2)2 4
⌺苲zL 0(300) + 0(600) + ( -200)(400)
= 37.7 m2
z = = Ans.
⌺L 300 + 600 + 400
V = 2p⌺ 苲
rA
= -61.5 mm Ans.
= 2p 3 0.75(1.5)(2) + 0.5 1 12 2 (1.5)(2) 4
⌺苲yA 150[300(50)] + 325[50(300)] = 18.8 m3 Ans.
F9–8. y = =
⌺A 300(50) + 50(300)
F9–14. A = 2p⌺ 苲
rL
= 237.5 mm Ans.
= 2p 3 1.95 2(0.9)2 + (1.2)2 + 2.4(1.5) + 1.95(0.9) + 1.5(2.7) 4
= 77.5 m2 Ans.
622 PARTIAL SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS

V = 2p⌺ 苲
rA Chapter 10
= 2p 3 1.8 1 12 2 (0.9)(1.2) + 1.95(0.9)(1.5) 4 F10–1.
= 22.6 m3 Ans. 1m
Ix = y2 dA = y2 3 1 1 - y3/2 2 dy 4 = 0.111 m4 Ans.
F9–15. A = 2p⌺ 苲
rL LA L0

= 2p 3 7.5(15) + 15(18) + 22.5 2152 + 202 + 15(30) 4 F10–2.

= 8765 in. 2
Ans. 1m

V = 2p⌺ 苲
rA Ix = y2 dA = y2 1 y3/2 dy 2 = 0.222 m4 Ans.
LA L0
= 2p 3 7.5(15)(38) + 20 1 12 2 (15)(20) 4 F10–3.
= 45 710 in.3 Ans. 1m
Iy = x2 dA = x2 1 x2/3 2 dx = 0.273 m4 Ans.
F9–16. A = 2p⌺ 苲
rL LA L0
2(1.5) p(1.5)
= 2p 3 p 1 2 2 + 1.5(2) + 0.75(1.5) 4 F10–4.
= 40.1 m 2
Ans. 1m
Iy = x2 dA = x2 3 (1 - x2/3) dx 4 = 0.0606 m4 Ans.
V = 2p⌺ 苲rA LA L0
4(1.5) p 1 1.5 2
2
= 2p 3 3p 1 4 2 + 0.75(1.5)(2) 4 F10–5. Ix = 3 121 (50) 1 4503 2 + 0 4 + 3 121 (300) 1 503 2 + 0 4
= 21.2 m 3
Ans. = 383 1 106 2 mm4 Ans.

F9–17. wb = rwghb = 1000(9.81)(6)(1)

Iy = 3 1
12 (450) 1 50 3
2 + 04

= 58.86 kN>m + 23 1
12 (50) 1 1503 2 + (150)(50)(100)2 4
FR = 1
2 (58.76)(6) = 176.58 kN = 177 kN Ans. = 183 1 106 2 mm4 Ans.

F9–18. wb = gw hb = 62.4 (4)(4) = 998.4 lb>ft F10–6. Ix = 1

12 (360) 1 2003 2 - 1
12 (300) 1 1403 2

FR = 998.4(3) = 3.00 kip Ans. = 171 1 106 2 mm4 Ans.

Iy = 1
12 (200) 1 3603 2 - 1
12 (140) 1 3003 2
F9–19. wb = rwghBb = 1000(9.81)(2)(1.5) = 463 1 106 2 mm4 Ans.
= 29.43 kN>m
F10–7. Iy = 2 3 12
1
(50) 1 2003 2 + 0 4
FR = 1
(29.43) 1 2(1.5)2 + (2)2 2
2
+ 3 121 (300) 1 503 2 + 04
= 36.8 kN Ans.
= 69.8 (10 ) mm 6 4
Ans.
F9–20. wA = rwghAb = 1000(9.81)(3)(2) F10–8.
= 58.86 kN>m
⌺苲yA 15(150)(30) + 105(30)(150)
wB = rwghBb = 1000(9.81)(5)(2) y = = = 60 mm
⌺A 150(30) + 30(150)
= 98.1 kN>m
Ix⬘ = ⌺(I + Ad2)
FR = 1
(58.86 + 98.1)(2) = 157 kN Ans.
3 121 (150)(30)3 + (150)(30)(60 - 15)2 4
2
=
F9–21. wA = gwhA b = 62.4(6)(2) = 748.8 lb>ft + 3 12 1
(30)(150)3 + 30(150)(105 - 60)2 4
wB = gwhB b = 62.4(10)(2) = 1248 lb>ft = 27.0 (106) mm4 Ans.
FR = 1
2 (748.8 + 1248) 1 2(3) + (4) 2 2
2
= 4.99 kip Ans.
 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS 623

Chapter 11 6 1 103 2 ( -0.9 sin u du)

- 36 1 103 2 (cos u - 0.5)(- 1.8 sin u du) = 0
F11–1. yG = 0.75 sin u dyG = 0.75 cos u du
sin u (64 800 cos u - 37 800)du = 0
xC = 2(1.5) cos u dxC = - 3 sin u du
sin u = 0 u = 0⬚ Ans.
dU = 0; 2WdyG + PdxC = 0
64 800 cos u - 37 800 = 0
(294.3 cos u - 3P sin u)du = 0
u = 54.31⬚ = 54.3⬚ Ans.
P = 98.1 cot u 兩 u = 60⬚ = 56.6 N Ans.
F11–5. yG = 2.5 sin u dyG = 2.5 cos u du
F11–2. xA = 5 cos u dxA = - 5 sin u du
xA = 5 cos u dxC = -5 sin u du
yG = 2.5 sin u dyG = 2.5 cos u du
dU = 0; 1 -FspdxA 2 -WdyG = 0
dU = 0; - PdxA + ( - WdyG) = 0
(15 000 sin u cos u - 7500 sin u
(5P sin u - 1226.25 cos u)du = 0
- 1226.25 cos u)du = 0
P = 245.25 cot u 兩 u = 60⬚ = 142 N Ans.
u = 56.33⬚ = 56.3⬚ Ans.
F11–3. xB = 0.6 sin u dxB = 0.6 cos u du or u = 9.545⬚ = 9.55⬚ Ans.
yC = 0.6 cos u dyC = - 0.6 sin u du
F11–6. Fsp = 15 000(0.6 - 0.6 cos u)
dU = 0; - FspdxB + ( - PdyC) = 0
xC = 3[0.3 sin u] dxC = 0.9 cos u du
-9 1 103 2 sin u (0.6 cos u du)
yB = 2[0.3 cos u] dyB = -0.6 sin u du
- 2000( - 0.6 sin u du) = 0
dU = 0; PdxC + FspdyB = 0
sin u = 0 u = 0⬚ Ans.
(135 cos u - 5400 sin u + 5400 sin u cos u)du = 0
- 5400 cos u + 1200 = 0
u = 20.9⬚ Ans.
u = 77.16⬚ = 77.2⬚ Ans.

F11–4. xB = 0.9 cos u dxB = - 0.9 sin u du

xC = 2(0.9 cos u) dxC = - 1.8 sin u du
dU = 0; PdxB + 1 - Fsp dxC 2 = 0
Answers to Selected Problems
Chapter 1 2–3. F = 960 N
1–1. a. 58.3 km u = 45 .2⬚
b. 68.5 s 2–5. F1u = 205 N
c. 2.55 kN F1v = 160 N
d. 7.56 Mg 2–6. F2u = 376 N
1–2. 2.42 Mg>m3 F2v = 482 N
1–3. a. GN>s 2–7. FAB = 448 N
b. Gg>N FAC = 366 N
c. GN>(kg # s) 2–9. F1v = 129 N
1–5. a. 0.431 g F1u = 183 N
b. 35.3 kN 2–10. F2v = 77.6 N
c. 5.32 m F2u = 150 N
1–6. 88.5 km>h 2–11. Fa = 30.6 lb
24 .6 m>s Fb = 26.9 lb
1–7. 1 Pa = 20.9(10 - 3) lb>ft2 2–13. F = 917 lb
1 ATM = 101 kPa u = 31 .8⬚
1–9. a. 3.65 Gg 2–14. FBC = 434 lb
b. 35.8 MN f = 56 .5⬚
c. 5.89 MN 2–15. FR = 10.8 kN
d. 3.65 Gg f = 3.16⬚
1–10. a. 8.53 km>kg2 2–17. u = 53.5⬚
b. 135 m2 # kg3 FAB = 621 lb
1–11. a. 0.447 kg # m>N 2–18. f = 38.3⬚
b. 0.911 kg # s 2–19. FR = 19.2 N
c. 18.8 GN>m u = 2.37⬚ c
1–13. a. 27.1 N # m 2–21. u = 75 .5⬚
b. 70.7 kN>m3 2–22. f = 2u
c. 1.27 mm>s FR = 2F cos ( 2u )
1–14. a. 0.185 Mg2 2–23. u = 36 .9⬚
b. 4 mg2 FR = 920 N
c. 0.0122 km3 2–25. a. Fn = -14.1 lb
1–15. a. 2.04 g Ft = 14.1 lb
b. 15.3 Mg b. Fx = 19.3 lb
c. 6.12 Gg Fy = 5.18 lb
1–17. 584 kg 2–26. FA = 439 N
1–18. 7.41 mN FB = 311 N
1–19. 1.00 Mg>m3 2–27. u = 60⬚
1–21. a. 4.81 slug FA = 520 N
b. 70.2 kg FB = 300 N
c. 689 N 2–29. FR = 4 .01 kN
d. 25.5 lb f = 16 .2⬚
e. 70.2 kg 2–30. u = 90⬚
FB = 1 kN
Chapter 2 FR = 1 .73 kN
2–1. FR = 393 lb 2–31. FR1 = 264.6 lb, u = 10.9⬚
f = 353⬚ Fmin = 235 lb
2–2. FR = 497 N 2–33. FR = 546 N
f = 155⬚ u = 253⬚
624
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 625

2–34. F1 = 5 200i + 346j 6 N F2 = 5 -130k 6 lb

F2 = 5 177i - 177j 6 N a2 = 90⬚
2–35. FR = 413 N b2 = 90⬚
u = 24 .2⬚ g2 = 180⬚
2–37. FR = 1 .96 kN 2–63. Fx = 40 N
u = 4 .12⬚ Fy = 40 N
2–38. F1 = 5 90i,- 120j 6 lb Fz = 56.6 N
2–65. F = 5 217i + 85.5j - 91.2k 6 lb
F2 = 5 - 275j 6 lb
2–66. F1 = [480i + 360k] lb
F3 = 5 - 37.5i, - 65.0j 6 lb
F2 = [200i + 283j - 200k] lb
FR = 463 lb 2–67. FR = 754 lb
2–39. F1 = 5 400i + 693j 6 N a = 25.5⬚
F2 = 5 - 424i + 424j 6 N b = 68.0⬚
F3 = 5 600i - 250j 6 N g = 77.7⬚
2–41. FR = 111 lb 2–69. FR = 733 N
u = 202⬚ a = 53.5⬚
2–42. u = 68.6⬚ b = 65.3⬚
FB = 960 N g = 133⬚
2–43. FR = 839 N 2–70. F1 = 5 176j - 605k 6 lb
u = 14.8⬚ F2 = 5 125i - 177j + 125k 6 lb
2–45. F1 = 143 N FR = 496 lb
FR = 91 .9 N a = 75.4⬚
2–46. f = 29 .2⬚ F1 = 528 N b = 90.0⬚
2–47. FR = 2F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 cos f g = 165⬚
2–71. a = 121⬚
F1 sin f g = 53.1⬚
tan u = FR = 754 N
F2 + F1 cos f
b = 52.5⬚
2–49. f = 42.4⬚ F1 = 731 N 2–73. F1 = {14.0j - 48.0k} lb
2–50. u = 29.1⬚ F1 = 275 N F2 = {90i - 127j + 90k} lb
2–51. FR = 1 .03 kN 2–74. FR = 5 90i - 113j + 42k 6 lb
u = 87 .9⬚ 2–75. a = 46 .1⬚
2–53. F = 2.03 kN b = 114⬚
FR = 7.87 kN g = 53 .1⬚
2–54. u = 37.0⬚ 2–77. F1 = 5 225j + 268k 6 N
F1 = 889 N F2 = 5 70 .7i + 50 .0j - 50 .0k 6 N
2–55. FR = 717 N F3 = 5 125i - 177j + 125k 6 N
f = 37.1⬚ FR = 407 N
2–57. FR = 161 lb ax = 61 .3⬚
u = 38.3⬚ by = 76 .0⬚
2–58. f = 10.9⬚ F1 = 474 N gz = 32 .5⬚
2–59. FR = 2(0,5F1 + 300)2 + (0.866F1 - 240)2 2–78. F3 = 166 N
FR = 380 N, F1 = 57.8 a = 97.5⬚
2–61. FR = 114 lb b = 63.7⬚
a = 62.1⬚ g = 27.5⬚
b = 113⬚ 2–79. aF1 = 36 .9⬚
g = 142⬚ bF1 = 90 .0⬚
2–62. F1 = 5 53.1i - 44.5j + 40k 6 lb gF1 = 53 .1⬚
a1 = 48.4⬚ aR = 69 .3⬚
b1 = 124⬚ bR = 52 .2⬚
g1 = 60⬚ gR = 45 .0⬚
626 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

2–81. FR = 1 .60 kN 2–101. FA = {169i + 33 .8j - 101k} lb

a = 82 .6⬚ FB = {97.6i + 97.6j - 58.6k} lb
b = 29 .4⬚ FR = 338 lb
g = 61 .7⬚ a = 37 .8⬚
2–82. a3 = 139⬚ b = 67 .1⬚
b3 = 128⬚ g3 = 102⬚ FR1 = 387 N g = 118⬚
b3 = 60.7⬚ g3 = 64 .4⬚ FR2 = 1.41 kN 2–102. FEA = 5 12i - 8j - 24k 6 kN
2–83. F1 = 5 86.5i + 186j - 143k 6 N FEB = 5 12i + 8j - 24k 6 kN
F2 = 5 - 200i + 283j + 200k 6 N FEC = 5 -12i + 8j - 24k 6 kN
FR = 5 - 113i + 468j + 56.6k 6 N FED = 5 -12i - 8j - 24k 6 kN
FR = 485.30 N = 485 N FR = 5 -96k 6 kN
a = 104⬚ 2–103. FR = 240 lb
b = 15.1⬚ a = 90⬚
g = 83.3⬚ b = 90⬚
2–85. F = 2.02 kN g = 180⬚
Fy = 0.523 kN 2–105. F = { -6.61i - 3.73j + 9.29k} lb
2–86. r = 5 - 2.35i + 3.93j + 3.71k 6 ft 2–106. FA = {28.8i - 16.6j - 49.9k} lb
r = 5.89 ft FB = { - 28.8i - 16.6j - 49.9k} lb
a = 113⬚ FC = {33.3j - 49.9k} lb
b = 48.2⬚ FR = 150 lb
g = 51.0⬚ a = 90⬚
2–87. rAD = 1.50 m b = 90⬚
rBD = 1.50 m g = 180⬚
rCD = 1.73 m 2–107. F = 52.1 P
2–89. x = 5 .06 m 2–109. FC = 442 N; FB = 318 N; FD = 866 N
y = 3 .61 m 2–110. F = {143i + 248j - 201k} lb
z = 6 .51 m 2–111. rAB = 10 .0 ft
2–90. FB = { - 400i - 200j + 400k} N F = { - 19 .1i - 14 .9j + 43 .7k} lb
FC = { - 200i + 200j + 350k} N a = 112⬚
2–91. FR = 960 N b = 107⬚
a = 129⬚ g = 29 .0⬚
b = 90⬚ 2–113. u = 82.0⬚
g = 38 .7⬚ 2–114. u = 74.2⬚
2–93. FR = 1 .17 kN 2–115. rBC = 5.39 m
a = 68.0⬚ 2–117. 1FAC 2 z = 569 lb
b = 96 .8⬚ 2–118. Proj F = 0 .667 kN
g = 157⬚ 2–119. u = 70.5⬚
2–94. FR = 1 .50 kN 2–121. Fu = 246 N
a = 77 .6⬚ 2–122. u = 46 .7⬚
b = 90 .6⬚ 2–123. f = 44 .1⬚
g = 168⬚ 2–125. 1FAC 2 AO = 5 -40.8j - 13 .6k 6 lb
2–95. d = 6.71 km 2–126. |(F1)F2| = 5.44 lb
2–97. FR = 110 lb 2–127. u = 100⬚
a = 35.4⬚ 2–129. FAC = -25 .87 lb
b = 68.8⬚ FAC = 5 -18.0i - 15.4j + 10.3k 6 lb
g = 117⬚ 2–130. u = 132⬚
2–98. F = {13.4i + 23.2j + 53.7k} lb 2–131. u = 74.4⬚
2–99. FR = 316 N f = 55.4⬚
a = 60 .1⬚ 2–133. u = 97.3⬚
b = 74 .6⬚ 2–134. 3 1F2 AB 4 兩兩 = 63 .2 lb
g = 146⬚ 3 1F2 AB 4 # = 64 .1 lb
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 627

2–135. F1 = 19.4 lb 3–19. m = 8.56 kg

F2 = 53.4 lb 3–21. d = 1 .56 m
2–137. F兩 兩 = 82 .4 N 3–22. Fs = 2k( 25 - 4 cos u - 1),
F # = 594 N u = 35.0⬚
2–138. F = -300 sin 30⬚ sin 30⬚ i + 3–23. l⬘ = 212 ft; ⬔BCA = 30⬚,
300 cos 30⬚ j + 300 sin 30⬚ cos 30⬚ k l = 2.66 ft
Fx = 75 N 3–25. F = 39.3 lb
Fy = 260 N 3–26. d = 7.13 in.
2–139. F = -300 sin 30⬚ sin 30⬚ i + 3–27. k = 6.80 lb>in.
300 cos 30⬚ j + 300 sin 30⬚ cos 30⬚ k 3–29. m = 20.4 kg
FOA = 242 N 3–30. tan u = dy>dx = 5.0(0.4)
2–141. F1x = 141 N m B = 3.58 kg
F1y = 141 N N = 19.7 N
F2x = - 130 N 3–31. FED = 30 .2 lb
F2y = 75 N FEB = 43 .6 lb
2–142. FR = 217 N FBC = 69 .8 lb
u = 87.0⬚ FBA = 86 .6 lb
2–143. F1x = - 200 lb, F1y = 0 3–33. FED = 28 .9 lb
F2x = 320 lb, F2y = - 240 lb FCE = 28.9 lb
F3x = 180 lb, F3y = 240 lb FCA = 35 .4 lb
F4x = - 300 lb, F4y = 0 FCD = 10 .6 lb
2–145. FR = 25 .1 kN FDB = 35 .4 lb
u = 185⬚ 3–34. W = 56 .6 lb
2–146. F = 5 98.1i + 269j - 201k 6 lb 3–35. (3.5 - x)>cos f + x>cos f = 5
2–147. FR = 178 N x = 1 .38 m
u = 85.2⬚ T = 687 N
2–149. rAB = 17.0 ft 3–37. The attachment of the cable to point C and
F = 5 - 160i - 180j + 240k 6 lb D will produce the least amount of tension in
the cable.
Chapter 3 T = 106 lb
3–1. F2 = 9 .60 kN 3–38. T = {50 sec u} lb
F1 = 1 .83 kN 3–39. W B = 18.3 lb
3–2. u = 4.69⬚, F1 = 4.31 kN 3–43. P = 1 .61 kN
3–3. FAC = FAB = 5 2.45 csc u 6 kN a = 136⬚
l = 1.72 m b = 128⬚
3–5. T = 13.3 kN, F = 10.2 kN g = 72 .0⬚
3–6. T = 14.3 kN, u = 36.3⬚ 3–45. F1 = 800 N
3–7. FBC = 2.99 kN, FAB = 3.78 kN F2 = 147 N
3–9. W = 76.6 lb F3 = 564 N
3–10. FCA = 80.0 N, FCB = 90.4 N 3–46. FDA = 10 .0 lb
3–11. u = 64.3⬚ FDB = 1 .11 lb
FCB = 85.2 N FDC = 15 .6 lb
FCA = 42.6 N 3–47. sOB = 327 mm
3–13. s = 5.33 ft sOA = 218 mm
3–14. W = 6 lb 3–49. F = 843 N
3–15. FBD = 171 N 3–50. FAO = 319 N
FBC = 145 N FAB = 110 N
3–17. m = 2.37 kg FAC = 85.8 N
3–18. x AD = 0.4905 m 3–51. W = 138 N
x AC = 0.793 m
xAB = 0.467 m
628 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

3–53. FAB = 520 N 4–7. a+(MF1)A = 433 N # m (Clockwise)

FAC = 260 N a+ (MF2)A = 1.30 kN # m (Clockwise)
FAD = 260 N a+(MF3)A = 800 N # m (Clockwise)
d = 3.61 m 4–9. a +M B = 90.6 lb # ftd
3–54. FAB = 274 lb, FAC = 295 lb a +MC = 141 lb # ft d
FAD = 547 lb 4–10. a + M A = 195 lb # ftd
3–55. FAD = 557 lb 4–11. 1MR 2 A = 2 .08 kN # m 1Counterclockwise2
W = 407 lb 4–13. (MFA)C = 162 lb # ftb
3–57. FAB = 1.47 kip (MFB)C = 260 lb # ft d
FAC = 0.914 kip The gate will rotate
FAD = 1.42 kip counterclockwise.
3–58. FAB = 79.2 lb 4–14. FA = 28.9 lb
FAC = 119 lb 4–15. (MR)A = 2.09 N # m (Clockwise)
FAD = 283 lb 4–17. a +MA = 0.418 N # m (Counterclockwise)
3–59. WC = 265 lb a +MB = 4.92 N # m (Clockwise)
3–61. FAB = 808 lb 4–18. (MR)A = 76 .0 kN # m (Counterclockwise)
FAC = 538 lb 4–19. MC = 4 .97 Mg
FAE = 2.35 kip 4–21. F = 27.6 lb
3–62. FAE = 2.91 kip 4–22. M A = 13.0 N # m
F = 1.61 kip F = 35.2 N
3–63. FAB = FAC = FAD = 426 N 4–23. a+ 1MO 2 max = 80 kN # m b
3–65. FAB = 35.9 lb x = 24 .0 m
FAC = 25.4 lb 4–25. ( MAB ) A = 3 .88 kip # ft (Clockwise)
FAD = 25.4 lb ( MBCD ) A = 2 .05 kip # ft (Clockwise)
3–66. W = 267 lb ( Mman)A = 2 .10 kip # ft (Clockwise)
h = 1 .64 ft 4–26. (MR)A = 8 .04 kip # ft (Clockwise)
MA = 100 N # m 1Clockwise2
3–67.
3–69. F = 40.8 lb 4–27.
y = 2 .46 ft 4–29. F = 239 N
MA = 5 -16.0i - 32.1k 6 N # m
3–70.
4–30.
MO = 5 -720i + 120j - 660k 6 N # m
3–71. Yes, Romeo can climb up
4–31.
MO = [1080i + 720j ] N # m
the rope.
4–33.
MO = 5 -720i + 720j 6 N # m
Yes, Romeo and Juliet can
climb down. 4–34.
3–73. u = 90⬚ FAC = 160 lb 4–35. umax = 90⬚
umin = 0, 180⬚
u = 120⬚ FAB = 160 lb
3–74. FAB = 175 lb 4–37. MB = 5 -37.6i + 90.7j - 155k 6 N # m
l = 2 .34 ft 4–38. b = rCA * rCB = 12i + 9j + 12k
W = 240 lb F = F( b>b ) = 5 249.88i + 187.41j + 249.88k 6 N
MA = 3 1 .56i - 0.750j - 1.00k 4 kN # m
3–75.
3–77. F1 = 0
F2 = 311 lb 4–39. b = rCA * rCB = 12i + 9j + 12k
F3 = 238 lb F = F( b>b ) = 5 249.88i + 187.41j + 249.88k 6 N
MB = [1.00i + 0.750j - 1.56k] kN # m
4–41. MB = 5 10.6i + 13.1j + 29.2k 6 N # m
Chapter 4 4–42. MO = 5 373i - 99.9j + 173k 6 N # m
4–5. (MF1)B = 4.125 kip # ft (Counterclockwise) rAB = -0.5 sin 30⬚i + (1 cos 30⬚ - (0.5 +
(MF2)B = 2.00 kip # ft (Counterclockwise) 0.5 cos 30⬚)j + (1 sin 30⬚)k
MC = 5 -35.4i - 128j - 222k 6 lb # ft
(MF3)B = 40.0 lb # ft (Counterclockwise)
4–43.
MA = 5 1.18 cos u(7.5 + x) 6 kN # m (Clockwise)
4–45. y = 2m
4–6.
z = 1m
The maximum moment at A occurs when u = 0⬚ 4–46. y = 1m
and x = 5 m. z = 3m
a+ (MA)max = 14.7 kN # m (Clockwise) d = 1.15 m
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 629

4–47. (MAB)1 = 72.0 N # m b = 140⬚

(MAB)2 = 0 g = 129⬚
(MAB)3 = 0 4–89. MR = { - 12.1i - 10.0j - 17.3k} N # m
4–49. P = 8.50 lb 4–90. d = 342 mm
4–50. M x = 44.4 lb # ft 4–91. M = 40.8 N # m
4–51. M y = 5 - 78.4j 6 lb # ft a = 11.3⬚
M y = 4.00 lb # ft b = 101⬚
Mz = 36.0 lb # ft g = 90⬚
4–53. M AC = {11.5i + 8.64j} lb # ft 4–93. MC = 5 7.01i + 42.1j 6 N # m
4–54. Mx = -21 .7 ⌵ # m 4–94. F = 35.1 N
4–55. F = 139 ⌵ 4–95. (MC)R = 71 .9 ⌵ # m
4–57. Mx = 5 77.li 6 ⌵ # m a = 44 .2⬚
Mz = 5 - 91 .9 k 6 ⌵ # m b = 131⬚
4–58. MCD = 432 lb # ft g = 103⬚
4–59. F = 162 lb 4–97. FR = 2.10 kN
4–61. Mx = -286 lb # ft u = 81.6⬚ a
M y = 165 lb # ft M O = 10.6 kN # m b
Mz = 0 4–98. FR = 2.10 kN
4–62. MOA = 132 lb # ft u = 81.6⬚ a
4–63. W = 56.8 lb M P = 16.8 kN # m b
4–65. FB = 192 N FR = 5.93 kN
FA = 236 N # m
4–99.
u = 77.8⬚ d
4–66. M y = 282 lb # ft M RA = 34.8 kN # m (Clockwise)
4–67. F = 133 N 4–101. FR = 416 lb
P = 800 N u = 35 .2⬚ a
4–69. F = 625 N 1MR 2 A = 1 .48 kip # ft 1Clockwise2
4–70. a+ 1MR 2 C = 435 lb # ft d 4–102. FR = 29.9 lb, u = 78.4⬚ a
4–71. F = 139 lb MRO = 214 lb # in.d
4–73. MC = 22.5 N # mb 4–103. FR = 26 .4 lb
4–74. F = 83.3 N u = 85.7⬚ a
4–75. M = 900 lb # ft M RO = 205 lb # in.d
RB = 500 lb FR = 8 .27 kN
a+ 1MR 2 C = 240 lb # ft d
4–105.
4–77. u = 69 .9⬚ c
4–78. F = 167 lb 1MR 2 A = 9 .77 kN # m 1Clockwise2
Resultant couple can act anywhere. FR = 650 N
(M c)R = 260 lb # ft (Clockwise)
4–106.
4–79. u = 72.0⬚ b
4–81. (M c)R = 5.20 kN # m (Clockwise) 1MR 2 A = 431 ⌵ # m 1Counterclockwise2
4–82. F = 14.2 kN # m FR = 5 270k 6 N
M C = 5 - 5i + 8.75j 6 N # m
4–107.
4–83. MRO = 5 -2 .22i 6 N # m
4–85. MR = {52.0i + 50j + 30k} N # m FR = 5 400i + 300j - 650k 6 N
MR = 78.1 N # m
4–109.
MRA = 5 -3100i + 4800j 6 N # m
a = 48 .3⬚ 4–110. FR = 5 -40j - 40k 6 N
b = 50 .2⬚ MRA = 5 -12j + 12k 6 N # m
g = 67 .4⬚ FR = 5 -28.3j - 68.3k 6 N
M R = 59.9 N # m
4–111.
4–86. MRA = 5 -20.5j + 8.49k 6 N # m
a = 99.0⬚ 4–113. FR = 10.75 kip T
b = 106⬚ d = 13.7 ft
g = 18.3⬚ FR = 10.75 kip T
MR = 5 11.0i - 49.0j - 40.0k 6 lb # ft
4–114.
4–87. d = 9.26 ft
M R = 64.2 lb # ft 4–115. F = 798 lb
a = 80.1⬚
630 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

u = 67 .9⬚ d 4–139. FR = 6.75 kN T

x = 7 .43 ft x = 2 .5 m
4–117. F = 1302 N 4–141. FR = 3.25 kip,
u = 84.5⬚ d u = 67.2⬚ d
x = 7.36 m x = 3.86 ft
4–118. F = 1302 N 4–142. FR = 10.6 kip T
u = 84 .5⬚ d x = 0.479 ft
x = 1 .36 m 1to the right2 4–143. FR = 0 .525 kN c
4–119. FR = 462 lb d = 0 .171 m
u = 39 .1⬚ d 4–145. FR = 18.0 kip T
d = 3 .07 ft x = 11.7 ft
4–121. FR = 991 N 4–146. FR = 21w 0L T
u = 63.0⬚ d
x = 125
L
x = 2.64 m
4–147. b = 4.50 ft
4–122. FR = 65.9 lb
a = 9.75 ft
u = 49.8⬚ c
4–149. w 1 = 660 lb>ft
d = 2.10 ft
w 2 = 720 lb>ft
4–123. FR = 65.9 lb
4–150. FR = 51.0 kN T
MRO = 914 kN # m (Clockwise)
u = 49.8⬚ c
d = 4.62 ft
4–151. FR = 51.0 kN T
4–125. F = 542 N
d = 17.9 m
u = 10.6⬚ b
4–153. FR = 577 lb
d = 2 .17 m
u = 47 .5⬚ c
MRB = 2 .80 kip # ft d
4–126. F = 922 lb
u = 77.5⬚ d
4–154. FR = 1 .35 kN
x = 3.56 ft
u = 42 .0⬚ d
4–127. FC = 600 N
y = 0 .1 m
FD = 500 N
4–155. FR = 1.35 kN
4–129. FB = 163 lb
x = 0.556 m
FC = 223 lb
4–157. FR = 36 kN T
4–130. FR = 140 kN
x = 2 .17 m
y = 7.14 m
4–158. FR = 2 .96 kip
x = 5.71 m
x = 9 .21 ft
4–131. FR = 140 kN
4–159. FR = 107 kN d
x = 6.43 m
h = 1.60 m
y = 7.29 m
4–161. FR = 1.87 kip T
4–133. FA = 30 kN
x = 3.66 ft
FB = 20 kN
4–162. FR = 14 .9 kN
FR = 190 kN
x = 2 .27 m
FR = 5 141i + 100j + 159k 6 N
4–163. MCR = 5 63.6i - 170j + 264k 6 N # m
4–134.
MRO = 5 122i - 183k 6 N # m
4–165. MO = 5 1.06i + 1.06j - 4.03k 6 N # m
4–135. z = 0 .586 ft
a = 75.7⬚, b = 75.7⬚, g = 160⬚
Fw = 5 - 10j 6 lb
4–166. MRP = 5 -26i + 357j + 127k 6 N # m
Mw = 5 - 14 .1j 6 lb # ft
4–167. FR = 5 14.3i + 21.4j - 42.9k 6 lb,
MA = 5 -1.93i + 0.429j - 0.429k 6 kip # ft
4–137. FR = 990 N
M R = 3.07 kN # m
4–169. MO = 5 298i + 15.1j - 200k 6 lb # in
4–170. MA = 5 -59 .7i - 159k 6 N # m
x = 1.16 m
4–171. Ma - a = 59.7 N # m
y = 2.06 m
4–138. FRO = 13.2 lb T
4–173. P = 23 .8 lb
x = 0.340 ft
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 631

Chapter 5 5–49. P = 71.3 N

5–10. NB = 3.46 kN N = 446 N
Ax = 1.73 kN 5–50. u = tan-1
b
Ay = 1.00 kN a
5–11. By = 586 N L 2L FC 2FB
5–51. = , = , FB = 0.3P
FA = 413 N ⌬B ⌬C k k
5–13. By = 736 N FC = 0.6P
Ax = 920 N xC = 0.6P>k
Bx = 920 N W cos u
5–14. FBC = 3.92 kN 5–53. T =
2 sin 1f - u2
Ax = 3.13 kN
Ay = 950 N W cos f cos u
Ax =
5–15. FB = 67.6 lb 2 sin 1f - u2
Ax = 25 lb W(sin f cos u - 2 cos f sin u)
Ay = 111 lb Ay =
2 sin (f - u)
5–17. FB = 105 N a
5–18. T = 74.6 lb 5–54. d =
cos3 u
Ax = 33.4 lb
Ay = 61.3 lb 5–55. NA = 346 N
5–19. Bx = 989 N, Ax = 989 N, By = 186 N NB = 693 N
5–21. FA = 30 lb, FB = 36.2 lb, FC = 9.38 lb a = 0.650 m
5–22. NA = 250 lb, NB = 9.18 lb, NC = 141 lb 5–57. w1 = 83.3 lb>ft, w2 = 167 lb>ft
5–23. Pmax = 210 lb 2P
5–58. w1 =
5–25. FA = 2.06 kip L
5–26. Cx = 333 lb, Cy = 722 lb 4P
w2 =
5–27. FB = 3.68 kN L
xA = 53.2 mm 5–59.
2
a = 3(4r2 l)3 - 4r2
xB = 50.5 mm
NA = 1.85 kip, NB = 1.15 kip s2 - l2
5–29. 5–61. h =
5–30. W = 5.34 kip A 3
5–31. u = 26.4⬚ 5–62. T = 1.84 kN, F = 6.18 kN
5–33. FBD = 628 N 5–63. NA = 28.6 lb
Cy = 68.2 N, Cx = 432 N NB = 10.7 lb, NC = 10.7 lb
5–34. FCD = 195 lb, Ax = 97.5 lb, Ay = 31.2 lb 5–65. RD = 22.6 kip, RE = 22.6 kip, RF = 13.7 kip
sin u sin 150⬚ 5–66. W = 750 lb, x = 5.20 ft, y = 5.27 ft
5–35. l = 0.67664 m, = , F = 2.383 N, 5–67. FA = 663 lb, FC = 569 lb, FB = 449 lb
0.3 0.67664 s
NB = 2.11 N, FA = 2.81 N 5–69. P = 75 lb, Ay = 0, Bz = 75 lb, Az = 75 lb
5–37. FCB = 782 N Bx = 112 lb, Ax = 37.5 lb
Ax = 625 N 5–70. Az = 100 lb
Ay = 681 N Bx = 0, By = 37.5 lb
5–38. F2 = 724 N, F1 = 1.45 kN, FA = 1.75 kN Ax = 0
5–39. NB = 3.33 kip Ay = 37.5 lb
Ay = 5.00 kip 5–71. NB = 1000 N
Ax = 3.33 kip 1MA 2 z = 0
5–41. (a) NA = 2.19 kip, NB = 1.16 kip, Ay = 0
(b) W = 4.74 kip 1MA 2 y = -560 N # m
5–42. NA = 975 lb Az = 400 N
Bx = 975 lb, By = 780 lb 5–73. Ax = 0, Ay = 1.50 kip, Az = 750 lb, T = 919 lb
5–43. Ax = 1.46 kip, FB = 1.66 kip 5–74. F = 1.31 kip, Ax = 0, Ay = 1.31 kip, Az = 653 lb
5–45. FB = 6.38 N, Ax = 3.19 N, Ay = 2.48 N 5–75. Ay = 0
5–46. d = 3a>4 T = 1.23 kN
533.33 266.7 Bx = 433 N
5–47. ⌬A = , ⌬B = , a = 1.02⬚
5(103) 5(103) Bz = 1.42 kN
632 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

Ax = 867 N 6–7. FJD = 33.3 kN 1T2

Az = 711 N FAL = FGH = FLK = FHI = 28.3 kN 1C2
5–77. P = 100 lb, Bz = 40 lb, Bx = - 35.7 lb, FAB = FGF = FBC = FFE = FCD = FED = 20 kN 1T2
Ax = 136 lb, Az = 40 lb, By = 0 FBL = FFH = FLC = FHE = 0
5–78. FBC = 0, Ay = 0, Az = 800 lb, FCK = FEI = 10 kN 1T2
(MA)x = 4.80 kip # ft, (MA)y = 0, (MA)z = 0 FKJ = FIJ = 23.6 kN 1C2
5–79. Ax = 633 lb, Ay = - 141 lb, Bx = - 721 lb FKD = FID = 7.45 kN 1C2
Bz = 895 lb, Cy = 200 lb, Cz = - 506 lb 6–9. FAB = 7.5 kN (T), FAE = 4.5 kN (C)
5–81. FBD = 294 N FED = 4.5 kN (C), FEB = 8 kN (T),
FBC = 589 N FBD = 19.8 kN (C), FBC = 18.5 kN (T)
Ax = 0 6–10. FAB = 196 N (T), FAE = 118 N (C)
Ay = 589 N FED = 118 N (C), FEB = 216 N (T)
Az = 490.5 N FBD = 1.04 kN (C), FBC = 857 N (T)
5–82. TDE = 32.1 lb, TBC = 42.9 lb, Ax = 3.57 lb, 6–11. FDE = 16.3 kN (C), FDC = 8.40 kN (T)
Ay = 50 lb, (MA)x = 0, (MA)y = - 17.9 lb # ft FEA = 8.85 kN (C), FEC = 6.20 kN (C)
5–83. T = 58.0 N, Cz = 87.0 N, Cy = 28.8 N, Dx = 0, FCF = 8.77 kN (T), FCB = 2.20 kN (T)
Dy = 79.2 N, Dz = 58.0 N FBA = 3.11 kN (T), FBF = 6.20 kN (C)
5–85. F = 354 N FFA = 6.20 kN (T)
5–86. NA = 8.00 kN, Bx = 5.20 kN, By = 5.00 kN 6–13. FGB = 30 kN (T),
5–87. NB = 400 N, FA = 721 N FAF = 20 kN (C), FAB = 22.4 kN (C)
1 1 FBF = 20 kN (T), FBC = 20 kN (T)
5–89. u = tan-1 a cot c - cot f b FFC = 28.3 kN (C), FFE = 0
2 2
FED = 0, FEC = 20.0 kN (T)
5–90. Ax = 0, Ay = 0, Az = 5.33 lb, Bz = 5.33 lb,
FDC = 0
Cz = 5.33 lb
6–14. FAB = 330 lb (C), FAF = 79.4 lb (T)
5–91. Ax = 0,
Ay = - 200 N, Az = 150 N, (MA)x = 100 N # m
FBF = 233 lb (T), FBC = 233 lb (C)
(MA)y = 0, (MA)z = 500 N # m
FFC = 47.1 lb (C), FFE = 113 lb (T)
FEC = 300 lb (T), FED = 113 lb (T)
FCD = 377 lb (C)
6–15. FAB = 377 lb (C), FAF = 190 lb (T)
Chapter 6 FBF = 267 lb (T), FBC = 267 lb (C)
6–1. FAB = 286 lb 1T2 FFC = 189 lb (T), FFE = 56.4 lb (T)
FAC = 571 lb 1C2 FED = 56.4 lb (T), FEC = 0, FCD = 189 lb (C)
FBC = 808 lb 1T2 6–17. Maximum force:
6–2. FAB = 286 lb 1T2 FDC = FCB = FCE = FBE = FBA = 1.1547P
FAC = 271 lb 1C2 P = 5.20 kN
FBC = 384 lb 1T2 6–18. FCD = 3.61 kN (C), FCB = 3 kN (T)
6–3. FCD = 5.21 kN 1C2 FBA = 3 kN (T), FBD = 3 kN (C)
FCB = 4.17 kN 1T2, FAD = 1.46 kN 1C2 FDA = 2.70 kN (T), FDE = 6.31 kN (C)
FAB = 4.17 kN 1T2, FBD = 4 kN 1T2 6–19. FCD = 467 N 1C2, FCB = 389 N 1T2
6–5. FDC = 400 N 1C2 FBA = 389 N 1T2, FBD = 314 N 1C2
FDA = 300 N 1C2 FDE = 1.20 kN 1C2, FDA = 736 N 1T2
FBA = 250 N 1T2 6–21. P = 1.25 kN
FBC = 200 N 1T2 6–22. FFE = 0.667P (T), FFD = 1.67P (T)
FCA = 283 N 1C2 FAB = 0.471P (C), FAE = 1.67P (T)
6–6. FDE = 1.00 kN 1C2 FAC = 1.49P (C), FBF = 1.41P (T),
FDC = 800 N 1T2 FBD = 1.49P (C), FEC = 1.41P (T),
FCE = 900 N 1C2 FCD = 0.471P (C)
FCB = 800 N 1T2 6–23. FCD = 0.577P (C), FDB = 0.289P (T)
FEB = 750 N 1T2 FCE = 0.577P (T), FBC = 0.577P (C)
FEA = 1.75 kN 1C2 FBE = 0.577P (T), FAB = 0.577P (C)
FAE = 0.577P (T)
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 633

6–25. FBA = P csc 2u (C), FBC = P cot 2u (C) 6–55. FBC = FBD = 1.34 kN (C), FAB = 2.4 kN (C)
FCA = (cot u cos u - sin u + 2 cos u )P (T) FAG = FAE = 1.01 kN (T), FBG = 1.80 kN (T)
FCD = (cot 2u + 1)P (C) FBE = 1.80 kN (T)
FDA = (cot 2u + 1)(cos 2u)(P) (C) 6–57. FCE = 721 N 1T2, FBC = 400 N 1C2
6–26. Maximum force: FCA = 2.732P (T), FBE = 0, FBF = 2.10 kN 1T2
FCD = 1.577P (C), Pmax = 732 N 6–58. FAB = 1.50 kN 1C2, FAF = 1.08 kN 1C2
6–27. FHG = 1125 lb (T), FDE = 3375 lb (C) FAD = 600 N 1T2, FFD = 0, FED = 1.40 kN 1C2
FEH = 3750 lb (T) FBD = 361 N 1C2
6–29. FGF = 671 lb (C), FGB = 671 lb (T) 6–59. FBF = 0, FBC = 0, FBE = 500 lb (T)
6–30. FEF = 729 lb (C), FFC = 76.9 lb 1T2 FAB = 300 lb (C), FAC = 583 lb (T)
FEC = 729 lb 1T2 FAD = 333 lb (T), FAE = 667 lb (C)
6–31. FKJ = 11.2 kip (T), FCD = 9.38 kip (C), FDE = 0, FEF = 300 lb (C)
FCJ = 3.12 kip (C), FDJ = 0 FCD = 300 lb (C), FCF = 300 lb (C)
6–33. FGJ = 2.00 kip (C) FDF = 424 lb (T)
6–34. FGJ = 2.00 kip (C), FGC = 1.00 kip (T) 6–61. a. P = 25.0 lb
6–35. FBC = 10.4 kN (C), FHG = 9.15 kN (T), b. P = 33.3 lb
FHC = 2.24 kN (T) c. P = 11.1 lb
6–37. FGF = 1.80 kip (C), FFB = 693 lb (T) 6–62. T = 100 lb, u = 14.6⬚
FBC = 1.21 kip (T) 6–63. P = 40.0 N, x = 240 mm
6–38. FFE = 1.80 kip (C) 6–65. Cx = 75 lb, Cy = 100 lb
FEC = 693 lb (C) 6–66. Ax = 4.20 kN, Bx = 4.20 kN, Ay = 4.00 kN
6–39. AB, BC, CD, DE, HI, and GI are all zero-force By = 3.20 kN, Cx = 3.40 kN, Cy = 4.00 kN
members. 6–67. Cx = 160 lb, Cy = 107 lb, By = 26.7 lb
FJE = 9.38 kN (C), FGF = 5.625 kN (T) Bx = 80.0 lb, Ex = 0, Ey = 26.7 lb,
6–41. FCB = 3.60 kN 1T2, FGC = 1.80 kN 1C2 Ax = 160 lb
FFG = 4.02 kN 1C2 6–69. Ax = 120 lb, Ay = 0, NC = 15.0 lb
6–42. FLK = 10.0 kip 1C2, FLC = 2.50 kip 1C2 6–70. Cy = 34.4 lb
FBC = 10.0 kip 1T2 Cx = 16.7 lb
6–43. FJI = 7333 lb 1C2, FDE = 9000 lb 1T2 Bx = 66.7 lb
FJE = 3005 lb (C) By = 15.6 lb
6–45. FAB = P (T), FEF = P (C), FBF = 1.41P (C) 6–71. NE = 5 kN
6–46. Method of Joints: By inspection, members BN, NC, Dx = 0
DO, OC, HJ, LE and JG are zero-force members. NC = 16.7 kN
FCD = 5.625 kN (T), FCM = 2.00 kN (T) Ax = 0
6–47. Method of Joints: By inspection, members BN, NC, Ay = 2.67 kN
DO, OC, HJ, LE and JG are zero-force members. MA = 21.5 kN # m
FEF = 7.88 kN 1T2, FLK = 9.25 kN 1C2 6–73. Cy = 0
FED = 1.94 kN 1T2 By = 7.50 kN
6–49. FBG = { -600 csc u} N MA = 45.0 kN # m
FBC = - 200L N Ay = -7.50 kN
FHG = 400L N Ax = 0
6–50. FCA = 122 lb 1C2, FCD = 173 lb 1T2 6–74. T = 350 lb
FBD = 86.6 lb 1T2, FBA = 0 Ay = 700 lb
FDA = 86.6 lb 1T2 Ax = 1.88 kip
6–51. FAB = 6.46 kN 1T2, FAC = FAD = 1.50 kN 1C2 Dx = 1.70 kip
FBC = FBD = 3.70 kN 1C2, FBE = 4.80 kN 1T2 Dy = 1.70 kip
6–53. FBD = 896 N 1C2, FDC = 554 N 1T2 6–75. T = 350 lb
FDA = 146 N 1C2, FAB = 52.1 N 1T2 Ay = 700 lb
FAC = 31.25 N 1T2, FCB = 448 N 1C2 Dx = 1.82 kip
6–54. FDB = 474 N 1C2, FDC = 146 N 1T2 Dy = 1.84 kip
FDA = 1.08 kN 1T2, FAB = 385 N 1C2 Ax = 2.00 kip
FAC = 231 N 1C2, FCB = 281 N 1T2 6–77. m = 366 kg, FA = 2.93 kN
634 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

6–78. NA = 3.67 kN 6–117. FED = 270 lb, Bz = 0,

MA = 5.55 kN # m Bx = -30 lb, By = -13.3 lb
Cx = 2.89 kN 6–118. MCx = 0, Cx = 0, FBA = 1.54 kip
Cy = 1.32 kN Cz = -0.18 kip, Cy = -1.17 kip
6–79. FE = 3.64F MCz = -4.14 kip # ft, Ax = 0, Ay = 1.44 kip
6–81. FAB = 9.23 kN, Cx = 2.17 kN, Cy = 7.01 kN Az = 0.540 kip
Dx = 0, Dy = 1.96 kN, MD = 2.66 kN # m 6–119. FBE = 1.53 kip
6–82. TAI = 2.88 kip, FH = 3.99 kip FCD = 350 lb
6–83. N = 41.7 lb 6–121. Ay = 250 N, Ax = 1.40 kN, Cx = 500 N,
This normal force does not stop the wheel from Cy = 1.70 kN
turning. A frictional force (See Chapter 8), which 6–122. FAD = 2.47 kip (T), FAC = FAB = 1.22 kip (C)
acts along on the wheel’s rim stops the wheel. 6–123. m = 3.86 kg
6–85. NA = 130 N 6–125. Ax = 117 N, Ay = 397 N, Bx = 97.4 N, By = 97.4 N
6–86. NB = NC = 49.5 N 6–126. FAG = 471 lb (C)
6–87. 1.75 ft … x … 17.4 ft FAB = 333 lb (T), FBC = 333 lb (T)
6–89. m = 1.11 Mg FGB = 0, FDE = 943 lb (C)
6–90. FC = 19.6 kN FDC = 667 lb (T), FEC = 667 lb (T)
6–91. M = 314 lb # ft FEG = 667 lb (C), FGC = 471 lb (T)
6–93. NA = 490.5N, NB = 294.3N, T = 353.7 N,
u = 33.7⬚, x = 177 mm
Chapter 7
NC = 0, VC = -1.00 kip, MC = 56.0 kip # ft
6–94. a. F = 175 lb
7–1.
ND = 0, VD = -1.00 kip, MD = 48.0 kip # ft
NC = 350 lb
NC = 0, VC = -386 lb, MC = -857 lb # ft
b. F = 87.5 lb
7–2.
ND = 0, VD = 300 lb, MD = -600 lb # ft
NC = 87.5 lb
6–95. a. F = 205 lb
7–3. d = 0.200 m
VA = 3 kN, NA = 13.2 kN, MA = 3.82 kN # m
NC = 380 lb
7–5.
VB = 3 kN, NB = 16.2 kN, MB = 14.3 kN # m
b. F = 102 lb
NC = 72.5 lb
L
6–97. F = 9.42 lb 7–6. a =
NC = 20 lb, Bx = 34 lb, By = 62 lb, Ax = 34 lb 3
NC = 0, VC = 1375 lb, MC = 6375 lb # ft
6–98.
Ay = 12 lb, MA = 336 lb # ft 7–7.
F = 370 N ND = 0, VD = -125 lb, MD = 7875 lb # ft
NC = -30 kN, VC = -8 kN, MC = 6 kN # m
6–99.
6–101. F = 120 lb 7–9.
FAB = 981 N, FE = 2.64 kN, FCD = 16.3 kN 7–10. P = 0.533 kN, NC = -2 kN, VC = -0.533 kN
MC = 0.400 kN # m
6–102.
FF = 14.0 kN
Ax = 0 7–11. MC = -15.0 kip # ft, NC = 0, VC = 2.01 kip
MD = 3.77 kip # ft, ND = 0, VD = 1.11 kip
6–103.
Ay = 175 lb
Bx = 200 lb 7–13. ND = 0, VD = 800 lb, MD = -1.60 kip # ft
Cx = 0 NC = 0, VC = 0, MC = 800 lb # ft
Cy = 200 lb 7–14. ND = -800 N, VD = 0, MD = 1.20 kN # m
p = 3000 psi 7–15. w = 100 N>m
NE = -1.92 kN, VE = 800 N, ME = 2.40 kN # m
6–105.
F = 66.1 lb 7–17.
ND = 0, VD = 0.75 kip, MD = 13.5 kip # ft
6–106.
Fsp = 150(2d - 1), FCD = (150d - 75)d, 7–18.
NE = 0, VE = -9 kip, ME = -24.0 kip # ft
6–107.
d = 0.638 ft
Ex = 6.79 kN, Ey = 1.55 kN 7–19. NE = 470 N, VE = 215 N
ME = 660 N # m, NF = 0
6–109.
Dx = 981 N, Dy = 981 N
u = 6.38⬚ VF = -215 N, MF = 660 N # m
ND = 0, VD = 6 kip, MD = -20.9 kip # ft
6–110.
7–21.
NE = 0, VE = 1.5 kip, ME = 7.2 kip # ft
8W
6–111. u = sin-1 a b
NE = 0, VE = -1.17 kN, ME = 4.97 kN # m,
kL
7–22.
NF = 0, VF = 1.25 kN, MF = 2.5 kN # m
6–113. TAB = 300 lb
VD = 168 N, ND = -110 N, MD = 348 N # m
6–114. T = W
7–23.
NE = -168 N, VE = -90.4 N, ME = 190 N # m
6–115. FD = 20.8 lb, FF = 14.7 lb, FA = 24.5 lb
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 635

7–25. VC = 6.00 kip, MC = 48.0 kip # ft b. For 0 … x 6 5 ft, V = 800 lb,

w a 1 M = 800x lb # ft,
7–26. Ay = a b(2a + b)(a - b), =
6b b 4 For 5 ft 6 x 6 7 ft, V = 0, M = 4000 lb # ft,
ND = 2.40 kN, VD = 50 N, MD = 1.35 kN # m For 7 ft 6 x … 12 ft, V = - 800 lb,
M = 19600 - 800x2 lb # ft
7–27.
NC = - 406 lb, VC = 903 lb, MC = 1.35 kip # ft
Mmax = 2 kN # m
7–29.
7–30. ND = -464 lb, VD = - 203 lb, 7–49.
MD = 2.61 kip # ft 7–50. For 0 … x 6 5 ft,
L V = 100 lb, M = ( - 1800 + 100x) lb # ft
7–31. a = For 5 ft 6 x … 10 ft,
V = 100 lb, M = - 1000 + 100x lb # ft
3
7–33. NC = 1.75 kip, VC = - 844 lb, MC = - 844 lb # ft
ND = 844 lb, VD = 1.06 kip, MD = 1.06 kip # ft
7–51. w = 400 lb>ft
7–34.
7–53. For 0 … x 6 8 m, V = 133.75 - 40x kN,
M = 133.75x - 20x2 kN # m
7–35. VE = 0, NE = 894 N, ME = 0, VF = 447 N,
NF = -224 N, MF = 224 N # m
For 8 m 6 x … 11 m, V = 20 kN,
M = 20x - 370 kN # m
7–37. NB = 59.8 lb, VB = - 496 lb
MB = - 480 lb # ft
7–54. V = 250(10 - x) lb,
M = 25(100x - 5x2 - 6) lb # ft
7–38. NC = - 495 lb, VC = 70.7 lb
MC = - 159 kip # ft
7–55. For 0 … x 6 20 ft, V = 5 490 - 50.0x 6 lb,
M = 5 490x - 25.0x2 6 lb # ft,
7–39. V = - 0.293 r w0, N = - 0.707 r w0
For 20 ft 6 x 6 30 ft, V = 0, M = -200 lb # ft
M = -0.0783 r 2 w0
7–41. (VC)x = 104 lb, NC = 0, (VC)z = 10 lb
(MC)x = 20 lb # ft, (MC)y = 72 lb # ft 7–57. Member AB: For 0 … x 6 12 ft,
(MC)z = - 178 lb # ft V = 5 875 - 150x 6 lb
7–42. NC = - 350 lb, (VC)y = 700 lb M = 5 875x - 75.0x2 6 lb # ft
(VC)z = - 150 lb For 12 ft 6 x 6 14 ft, V = 5 2100 - 150x 6 lb
(MC)x = - 1.20 kip # ft M = 5 -75.0x2 + 2100x - 14700 6 lb # ft
(MC)y = - 750 lb # ft Member CBD: For 0 … x 6 2 ft, V = 919 lb,
(MC)z = 1.40 kip # ft M = {919x}lb # ft,
7–43. NC = - 350 lb, (VC)x = - 150 lb, (VC)z = 600 lb For 2 ft 6 x … 8 ft, V = - 306 lb
(MC)x = 1.20 kip # ft, (MC)y = - 1.20 kip # ft M = 5 2450 - 306x 6 lb # ft
(MC)z = - 525 lb # ft w
7–58. For 0 … x 6 L, V = (7L - 18x),
Pa Pa 18
7–45. For 0 … x 6 b, V = - , M = - x w
b b M = (7Lx - 9x )
2
18
For b 6 x … a + b, V = P, M = -P(a + b - x)
w
Pb Pb For L 6 x 6 2L, V = (3L - 2x),
7–46. a. For 0 … x 6 a, V = ,M = x, 2
a + b a + b w
M = (27Lx - 20L2 - 9x2)
Pa 18
For a 6 x … a + b, V = -
a + b w
For 2L 6 x … 3L, V = (47L - 18x),
Pa 18
M = Pa - x w
a + b M = (47Lx - 9x - 60L2)
2
18
b. For 0 … x 6 5 ft, V = 350 lb, 7–59. V = 0.75 - 0.25x2 kN,
M = 350x lb # ft M = 0.75x - 0.0833x3 kN # m
For 5 ft 6 x … 12 ft, V = - 250 lb, x2
M = 3000 - 250x lb # ft 7–61. V = e 3.00 -
4
f kN
7–47. a. For 0 … x 6 a, V = P, M = Px,
f kN # m
x3
For a 6 x 6 L - a, V = 0, M = Pa, M = e 3.00x -
For L - a 6 x … L, V = - P, 12
M = P 1L - x2, 0 … x 6 a, ght 2 ght 3
7–62. V = x,M = - x
a 6 x 6 L - a, L - a 6 x … L 2d 6d
636 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

7–63. For 0 … x 6 4 m, 7–113. h = 50.3 ft, Tmin = 185 lb

V = 12 - 8x kN, M = 12x - 4x2 kN # m 7–114. T max = 170 lb
For 4 m 6 x … 6 m, L = 150 ft
V = 48 - 8x kN, M = 48x - 4x2 - 144 kN # m 7–115. l = 104 ft
7–65. For 0 … x 6 3 m, 7–118. L = 302 ft
V = 5 - 650 - 50.0x2 6 N 7–119. 1FV 2 A = 165 N, 1FH 2 A = 73.9 N
M = 5 - 650x - 16.7x3 6 N # m 7–121. 1FH 2 R = 6.25 kip
For 3 m 6 x … 7 m, 1FV 2 R = 2.51 kip
h
V = 5 2100 - 300x 6 N 7–122. = 0.141
M = { - 150(7 - x)2} N # m
L
7–123. Total weight = 4.00 kip
w
7–66. V = (4L2 - 6Lx - 3x2), Tmax = 2.01 kip
12L 7–125. VD = 0, ND = -86.6 lb, MD = 0, NE = 0,
M =
w
(4L2x - 3Lx2 - x3 ), Mmax = 0.0940 wL2 VE = 28.9 lb, ME = 86.6 lb # ft
12L 7–126. V = (10 - 2x) kN
P M = (10x - x2 - 30) kN # m
7–67. N = - cos u 7–127. a = 0.366 L
2
7–129. ld = 5.67 m, d = 19.8 m
P
V = - sin u 7–130. For 0 … x 6 3 m, V = 1.50 kN,
2 M = {1.50x} kN # m
Pr For 3 m 6 x … 6 m, V = -4.50 kN,
M = (1 - cos u)
2 M = 5 27.0 - 4.50x 6 kN # m
7–69. Vx = 0, Vz = {24.0 - 4y} lb, 7–131. s = 18.2 ft
Mx = {2y2 - 24y + 64.0} lb # ft 7–133. For 0 … x 6 5 m, V = (2.5 - 2x) kN
My = 8.00 lb # ft, Mz = 0 M = (2.5x - x2) kN # m
7–83. w = 2 kip>ft For 5 m 6 x … 10 m, V = -7.5 kN
7–94. TBD = 78.2 lb, TAC = 74.7 lb, M = (25 - 7.5x) kN # m
TCD = 43.7 lb, l = 15.7 ft 7–134. NC = 0, VC = 9.0 kN, MC = -62.5 kN # m,
7–95. P = 72.0 lb NB = 0, VB = 27.5 kN, MB = -184.5 kN # m
7–97. xB = 4.36 ft 7–137. For 0 … x 6 2 m, V = {5.29 - 0.196x} kN
7–98. P = 71.4 lb M = {5.29x - 0.0981x2} kN # m
7–99. TAB = 413 N For 2 m 6 x … 5 m, V = { - 0.196x - 2.71} kN
TBC = 282 N M = {16.0 - 2.71x - 0.0981x2} kN # m
TCD = 358 N 7–138. NC = -80 lb
yC = 3.08 m VC = 0
7–101. yB = 8.79 ft, FAB = 787 lb, FBC = 656 lb, MC = -480 lb # in
yD = 6.10 ft, FCD = 718 lb, FDE = 830 lb 7–139. For 0 … u … 180⬚, V = {150 sin u - 200 cos u} lb
7–102. TAB = TCD = 212 lb (max), yB = 2 ft N = {150 cos u + 200 sin u} lb
7–103. x = 2.57 ft, W = 247 lb M = {150 cos u + 200 sin u - 150} lb # ft
7–105. w = 51.9 lb>ft For 0 … y … 2 ft, V = 200 lb, N = - 150 lb,
7–106. Tmax = 14.4 kip M = -300 - 200y lb # ft
Tmin = 13.0 kip
7–107. mC = 478 kg Chapter 8
h = 0.827 m 8–1. N A = 16.5 kN,
L = 13.2 m N B = 42.3 kN, the mine car does not move.
7–109. T max = 594 kN 8–2. P = 12.8 kN
7–110. T min = 552 kN 8–3. T = 3.67 kip
p 8–5. The ladder will not slip.
7–111. y = 4.5 a1 - cos xb m 8–6. u = 46 .4⬚
24
8–7. a. No
Tmax = 60.2 kN
b. Yes
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 637

M0 8–58. u = 33.4⬚
8–9. P= (b - msc)
msra 8–59. P = 5.53 kN
b Since a force P ( 7 0) is required to pull out the
8–10. ms Ú wedge, the wedge will be self-locking when P = 0.
c
M0 8–61. P = 34.5 N
8–11. P= 1b + msc2 8–62. x = 18.3 mm
msra
8–63. P = 2.39 kN
8–13. P = 147 N
8–65. P = 304 N
8–14. a. W = 318 lb,
8–66. x = 32.9 mm
b. W = 360 lb
8–67. P = 617 lb
8–15. u = 21.8⬚
8–69. W = 7.19 kN
8–17. F = 30.4 lb, mm = 0.195
8–70. Since fs 7 up, the screw is self-locking.
8–18. m = 0.354
8–71. F = 66 .7 N
8–19. d = 537 mm
8–73. FAB = 1.38 kN (T), FBD = 828 N (C)
8–21. u = 2 tan-1ms
FBC = 1.10 kN (C), FAC = 828 N (C)
8–22. Slip at clamp, n = 9.17, slip between end boards;
FAD = 1.10 kN (C), FCD = 1.38 kN (T)
M = 4.53 N # m
n = 8.11, use n = 8.
8–74.
M = 48.3 N # m
8–23. P = 182 N
8–75.
8–25. Ff = 10 lb
8–77. FE = 72.7 N
8–26. Ff = 70.7 lb
FD = 72.7 N
0.3W
8–27. P = , set dP>du = 0, u = 16.7⬚, 8–78. P = 880 N
M = 352 N # m
cos u + 0.3 sin u
P = 0.287 W 8–79. T = 4.02 kN
8–29. u = 11.0⬚ F = 11.6 kN
8–30. ms = 0.577 8–81. P = 1.98 kN
8–31. u = 31.0⬚ 8–82. M = 0.202 N # m
8–33. ms = 0.268 8–83. a. F = 1.31 kN
8–34. Thus, he can move the crate. b. F = 372 N
8–35. ms= = 0.376 8–85. Use n = 2 turns.
8–37. A y = 474 lb 8–86. P = 1.54 kN
Bx = 36.0 lb 8–87. ms = 0.0583
B y = 232 lb 8–89. Approx. 2 turns (695°)
8–38. FD = 36.9 lb, A y = 468 lb, Bx = 34.6 lb 8–90. u = 99.2⬚
B y = 228 lb 8–91. T1 = 73.3 lb
8–39. u = 7.50⬚ 8–93. P = 17.1 lb
T = 452 N 8–94. W = 9.17 lb
8–41. u = 8.53⬚, FA = 1.48 lb, FB = 0.890 lb 8–95. P = 78.7 lb
8–42. m = 0.176 8–97. P = 736 N
8–43. ms = 0.509 8–99. M = 187 N # m
8–45. If A and B move together, P = 69.3 lb. If only 8–101. mC = 136 kg , M = 134 N # m
block A moves, then P = 63.5 lb. 8–102. M = 3.37 N # m
8–46. P = 355 N 8–103. F = 2.49 kN
8–47. mC = 0.0734 8–105. M = 50.0 N # m, x = 286 mm
mB = 0.0964 8–106. Fs = 85.4 N
8–49. P = 60 lb 8–107. ms = 0.145
8–50. P = 90 lb 8–109. F = 10.7 lb
8–53. P = 13.3 lb 8–110. M = 46 .7 N # m
1 8–111. ms = 0.321
8–54. P = ms W 8–113. P = 118 N
2
8–55. u = 33.4⬚ 2ms PR
8–114. M =
8–57. N = ( - aj + hk) * (2ai - aj), n = N>N, 3 cos u
2 8–115. M = 0.521 PmR
h = am
25
638 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

8–117. d = 0.140 L hn
9–19. y =
8–118. P = 13.8 lb 2n + 1
8–119. P = 29.0 lb 3a
8–121. F = 6 lb, mk = 0.696 9–21. x =
8
8–122. T = 289 lb, N = 479 lb, F = 101 lb 3a
8–123. ms = 0.0407 9–22. y =
5
8–125. r = 20.6 mm 4a
8–126. P = 2.45 lb 9–23. x =
3p
8–127. P = 1.88 lb
9–25. x = 3.20 ft
8–129. P = 1333 lb
y = 3.20 ft
8–130. P = 245 N
TA = 384 lb
8–133. d = 4.60 ft
n = 30, M = 150 lb # ft
TC = 384 lb
8–134.
M = 270 N # m
TB = 1.15 kip
8–135.
p - 2
8–137. P = 625 lb 9–26. x = a ba
8–138. Check if crate slips on dolly, if crate tips, or if 2p
dolly tips. P = 196 N. p
9–27. y = a
8–139. P = 15 lb 8
8–141. M = 145 lb # ft 9–29. y =
25
m
8–142. P = 140 N 56
8–143. P = 474 N 9–30. x = 1m
9–31. y = 0.4 m
Chapter 9 pa
9–33. y =
9–1. x = 124 mm 8
y = 0 9–34. x = 1.26 m
4 y = 0.143 m
9–2. x = ft, Ax = Bx = 1 lb, Ay = 3.14 lb NB = 47.9 kN
p
9–3. x = 0.531 ft, Ox = 0, Oy = 0.574 lb, Ax = 33.9 kN
M O = 0.305 lb # ft Ay = 73.9 kN
9–5. x = 0.299a 9–35. x = 1.61 in.
y = 0.537a 1 4
9–37. dm = rdV = roxy (tydx), m = rrt
2 8 0
9–6. y = m 8
5 x = r
3 15
9–7. x = a 8
8 y = r
3h 15
9–8. y = 9–38. r = 0.833a
5
9–9. x = 5 in. 9–39. y = 2.67 m
3
9–10. y = 1.43 in. 9–41. z = a
3b 8
9–11. x = 9–42. y = 2.61 ft
4
9–43. z = 12.8 in.
9–13. x = 6m
9–45. z = 2.50 ft
9–14. y = 2.8 m
8
b - a 9–46. x = r
9–15. x = 15
b
ln h a
a 9–47. z = , x = y =
4 p
n + 1 c
9–17. x = a 9–50. z =
2(n + 2) 4
a(1 + n) 9–51. d = 3m
9–18. x = 9–53. x = 77.3 mm
2(2 + n)
y = 121 mm
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 639

9–54. x = 0, y = 58.3 mm 9–105. W = 0.377 lb

9–55. x = 1.60 ft, y = 7.04 ft, 2
9–106. V = pab2
Ax = 0, Ay = 149 lb, 3
M A = 502 lb # ft 9–107. A = 1.33 m2
W1 x = 0.6 m
9–57. x = b
W V = 5.03 m3
b(W2 - W1) 2b2 - c2 9–109. V = 36.8 ft3
y =
cW 9–110. V = 1.40(10 3)
9–58. y = 154 mm 9–111. h = 29.9 mm
9–59. x = 3 in., y = 2 in. 9–113. m = 138 kg
9–61. x = 77.2 mm, y = 31.7 mm 9–114. A = 1365 m2
9–62. y = 291 mm 9–115. FR = 678 lb, x = 0.948 ft,
9–63. x = 4.74 in., y = 2.99 in. y = 1.50 ft
9–65. y = 10.2 in. 2
9–117. uFR = (xdx) 3 (4 - y) dy 4 , FR = 24.0 kN,
9–66. y = 272 mm 3
9–67. y = 53.0 mm x = 2.00 m, y = 1.33 m
3 r sin a
2 3
4ab
9–69. x = 9–118. FR = p0
a - sin22a p2
22 1a2 + at - t2 2 a b
x = y =
9–70. y = 2 2
2 12a - t2
9–71. y = 85.9 mm 9–119. FR = 4.00 kip, y = -6.49 ft
9–73. z = 1.625 in. 9–121. Dx = 101 kN
9–74. x = - 1.14 in., y = 1.71 in., z = - 0.857 in. Cx = 46.6 kN
9–75. u = 53 .1⬚ 9–122. FRv = 260 kip, FRh = 487.5 kip
9–77. x = 2.81 ft, y = 1.73 ft, N B = 72.1 lb 9–123. F = 1.41 MN, h = 4 m
N A = 86.9 lb 9–125. FR = 17.2 kip,
9–78. x = 1.47 in. d = 5.22 ft, FR = 18.8 kip
y = 2.68 in. 9–126. F = 3.85 kN
z = 2.84 in. d⬘ = 0.625 m
9–79. x = 22.7 mm 9–127. FR = 6.93 kN, y = -0.125 m
y = 29.5 mm 9–129. F = 391 kN
z = 22.6 mm 9–130. Fx = 628 kN
9–81. z = 359 mm Fy = 538 kN
9–82. h = 323 mm 9–131. V = 22 .7 1102 -3 m3
9–83. z = 128 mm 9–133. y = 87.5 mm
9–85. h = 2.00 ft 2
9–134. x = y = 0, z = a
9–86. z = 463 mm 3
9–87. x = 8.22 in. 9–135. FR = 2.02 kip
9–89. z = 754 mm 9–136. z = 4.57 ft
9–90. A = 3.56 (103) ft2 9–137. y = 0.600 in.
9–91. V = 22.1 (103) ft3 9–138. x = 1.22 ft, y = 0.778 ft, z = 0.778 ft,
9–93. V = 20.5 m3 MAx = 16.0 lb # ft, MAy = 57.1 lb # ft, MAz = 0,
9–94. V = 4.25 (106) mm3 Ax = 0, Ay = 0, Az = 20.6 lb
9–95. A = 4856 ft2 9–139. Ay = 2.51 MN, Bx = 2.20 MN, By = 859 kN
9–97. A = 188 m2
9–98. V = 207 m3 Chapter 10
9–99. A = 141 in2 10–1. Ix = 18.5 in4
9–101. A = 8pba 10–2. Iy = 9 .6 in4
V = 2pba2 10–3. Ix = 0.571 in4
9–102. A = 118 in2 10–5. Ix = 39.0 m4
9–103. W = 84.7 kip 10–6. Iy = 8.53 m4
640 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

10–7. Ix = 0.533 m4 10–59. Ixy = 0.511 m4

2 3 a2c sin2 u
10–9. Ix = bh 10–61. Ixy = (4a cos u + 3c)
15 12
10–10. Ix = 23.8 ft4 10–62. Ixy = 48 in 4

10–11. Ix = 3.20 m4 10–63. Iuv = 135(10)6 mm4

10–13. Ix = 19.5 in4 10–65. Ixy = -110 in4
10–14. Iy = 1.07 in4 10–66. Ixy = 98.4(106) mm4
10–15. Iy = 0.628 m4 10–67. Ixy = 0.740 in4
4a4 10–69. Iu = 85.3 1106 2 mm4
10–17. Ix =
9p Iv = 85.3 1106 2 mm4
p2 - 4 4 10–70. Iu = 909 1106 2 mm4
10–18. Iy = a ba Iv = 703 1106 2 mm4
p3
10–19. Ix = 10 m4 Iuv = 179 1106 2 mm4
ah3 10–71. Iu = 909 1106 2 mm4
10–21. Ix = Iv = 703 1106 2 mm4
28
Iuv = 179 1106 2 mm4
a3h
10–22. Iy = 10–73. y = 8.25 in. Iu = 109 in4, Iv = 238 in4,
20
r04 Iuv = 111 in4
10–23. dA = (rdu)dr, y = r sin u, Ix = 1a - sin a2 10–74. Imax = 64.1 in4, Imin = 5.33 in4
8
10–25. Ix = 209 in 4
10–75. Imax = 64.1 in4, Imin = 5.33 in4
10–26. Iy = 533 in4 10–77. u = - 22.5⬚, Imax = 250 in4, Imin = 20.4 in4
10–27. k x = 109 mm 10–78. Imax = 4.92(106) mm4, Imin = 1.36(106) mm4
10–29. y = 2 in., Ix= = 128 in4 10–79. Imax = 4.92(106) mm4, Imin = 1.36(106) mm4
10–30. x = 68 .0 mm, Iy⬘ = 36 .9 1106 2 mm4 10–81. Imax = 26.0 in4
10–31. Ix⬘ = 49.5(106) mm4 Imin = 5.78 in4
r4 1 u = -45⬚
10–33. Iy = (u + sin 2u - 2sin u cos3u)
4 2 10–82. u = 6.08⬚, Imax = 1.74(103) in4, Imin = 435 in4
10–34. Iy = 115 1106 2mm4 10–83. u = 6.08⬚, Imax = 1.74(103) in4, Imin = 435 in4
10–35. y = 207 mm 2
10–85. Ix = mb2
Ix⬘ = 222 1106 2 mm4 5
10–37. Iy = 1971 in4 10–86. k x = 1 .20 in.
10–38. Ix = 3.35(103) in4 10–87. k x = 57.7 mm
10–39. Iy = 832 in4 m
10–41. y = 3 .79 in. Ix⬘ = 198 in4 10–89. Iy = (a2 + h2)
6
10–42. Ix = 154 1106 2 mm4 7
10–43. Iy = 91.3 1106 2 mm4 10–90. Iz = ma2
18
10–45. x = 61.6 mm, Iy= = 41.2(106) mm4 2
10–46. y = 22.5 mm, Ix⬘ = 34.4(106) mm4 10–91. Ix = mr 2
5
10–47. Iy⬘ = 122(106) mm4 5
10–49. Iy = 365 in4 10–93. Iy = m
18
10–94. Iy = 1.71(103) kg # m2
10–50. y = 0.181 m, Ix⬘ = 4.23(10-3) m4
10–95. IA = 2.17 slug # ft2
10–51. Ix⬘ = 162(106) mm4
10–97. y = 1.78 m, IG = 4.45 kg # m2
ab sin u 2
10–53. Iy⬘ = 1b + a2 cos2 u2
12 10–98. y = 203 mm, IG = 0.230 kg # m2
1
Ixy = tl3sin 2u 10–99. IA = 222 slug # ft2
10–101. Iz = 1.53 kg # m2
10–54.
3
3 2 2 10–102. kO = 3 .15 ft
10–103. IA = 1.58 slug # ft2
10–55. Ixy = bh
16
a2b2 10–105. IO = 0 .450 110-3 2 kg # m2
10–57. Ixy =
4(n + 1) y = 57.7 mm
10–58. Ixy = 10.7 m4, Ix⬘y⬘ = 1 .07 m4 IG = 0.150110-3 2 kg # m2
 ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 641

10–106. Iy = 0.144 kg # m2 11–26. x = - 0.424 ft Unstable

10–107. Iz = 0 .113 kg # m2 x = 0.590 ft Stable
10–109. Ix⬘ = 293 slug # ft2 11–27. x = 0 Unstable
10–110. Ix = 1.07 in4 x = 0.167 m Stable
10–111. Ix = 914 1106 2 mm4 11–29. x = -0.5 ft Unstable
Ix⬘ = 146 1106 2 mm4 x = 0.833 ft Stable
bh3 11–30. u = 38.7⬚ Unstable
10–113. a. Ix = u = 90⬚ Stable
12
bh3 u = 141⬚ Unstable
b. Ix⬘ = 11–31. u = 35.5⬚ Unstable
36
93 2 u = 90⬚ Stable
10–114. Ix = mb 11–33. h = 8.71 in. Stable
70
11–34. u = 38.8⬚
10–115. Iy = 2.13 ft4
11–35. u = 0⬚ Unstable
10–117. Iu = 5.09(106) mm4, Iv = 5.09(106) mm4, Iuv = 0
u = 71.5⬚ Stable
10–118. 0.0954 d 4
11–37. k = 2.81 lb>ft
10–119. 0.187 d 4
11–38. V = Wy = W 3 (r + b>2) cos u + r u sin u 4 ,
b 6 2r
Chapter 11 11–39. OB = 4 (4)>3p, OA = (1>3)(6),
11–1. F = 2P cot u
V = 8(4 + 2 cos u) + (4 - 1.70 cos u),
11–2. FAC = 7.32 lb
u = 0⬚ Unstable
11–3. k = 10.8 lb>ft
11–41. u = 23 .9⬚ Unstable
11–5. u = 24.9⬚
11–6. P = 7.95 lb b sin u
11–42. W2 = W1 a b
11–7. u = 16.6⬚, u = 35.8⬚ a cos f
11–9. M = 52.0 lb # ft 11–43. u = 76 .8⬚ Stable
W 4W
11–10. P = cot u 11–46. u = sin-1 a b, u = 90⬚
2 ka
11–11. F = 24.5 N 11–47. m = 5.29 kg
11–13. u = 27.4⬚, u = 72 .7⬚ 11–49. V = 2W (r csc u - (a>2) cos u)
11–14. k = 1.05 kN>m 11–50. u = 37.8⬚ Stable
M 11–51. u = 90⬚ Stable
11–15. F = u = 36.9⬚ Unstable
2a sinu
11–17. Msp = 300 3 2(p>2 - u) 4 , u = 61 .4⬚ u = 143⬚ Unstable
11–18. u = 90⬚, u = 36 .1⬚ 11–53. u = 9 .46⬚ Stable
11–19. k = 166 N>m 11–54. u = 0 Unstable
11–21. x = 16 in. 11–55. h = 1.35 in.
11–22. s = 2a2 + c2 - 2ac cos(u + 90⬚), 11–57. y = - 0.925 m Unstable
y = (a + b) sin u, y = 0.481 m Stable
W1a + b - d tan u2 11–58. F = 512 N
F = 2a2 + c2 + 2ac sin u 11–59. u = 9.47⬚ Unstable
ac
u = 90⬚ Stable
11–23. F = 512 N
11–61. u = 30⬚ Stable
11–25. mAB = 100 kg
u = 90⬚ Unstable
11–62. P = 5.28 lb
 Index
Active force, 87 product of inertia and, 534–537, 562 magnitude in, 33, 44
Angles (u), 44–46, 69–73, 81, 391–939 radius of gyration for, 517–521, 554 moment of a force, calculations by,
Cartesian coordinate direction and, 44–46 resultant forces and, 139–143, 183, 194 121–127, 193
dot product used for, 69–73, 81 scalar analysis, 139 position vectors (r), 56–58, 81
dry friction and, 391–393 transformation equations for, 538 rectangular components, 43, 80
kinetic friction (uk), 392 vector analysis, 140 right-hand rule, 43, 56
mathematical review of, 602–603 three-dimensional systems, 43–50
Pythagorean’s theorem for, 70–71, 603 Ball and socket connections, 237–238 two-dimensional systems, 33–37
static friction (us), 391 Base units, 7 unit vectors (u), 43, 80
vectors and, 44–46, 69–73 Beams, 330–362, 382–384 vector notation, 33
Applied force (P), 391–393, 445 bending moments (M) and, 332–333, vector representation, 44–50, 80–81
Area (A), 454, 488–491, 509–510, 515–521, 356–362, 382, 384 Center of gravity (G), 6, 204, 281, 451–513
526–528, 534–540, 562 centroid (C), 332 center of mass (Cm) and, 453, 509
axis of symmetry, 534–535 couple moment (M) and, 358 centroid (C), and, 451–513
centroid (C) of an, 454, 488–491, distributed loads, 356–362, 383–384 composite bodies, 474–478, 510
509–510, 516–517 force equilibrium, 357 constant density and, 474
centroidal axis for, 516–517 free-body diagrams, 331–338, 382 coplanar forces, 204
composite shapes, 488–491, 510, internal loads of, 347–350, 356–362, free-body diagrams and, 204
526–528, 562 383–384 location of, 451–464, 509
inclined axis, about, 538–540 moments and, 332–333, 356–362, 382 method of sections and, 281
integration of, 454, 509, 515–516 normal force (N) and, 332–333, 382 Newton’s law for, 6
moments of inertia (I) for, 515–521, procedures for analysis of, 333, 348 procedure for analysis of, 456, 475
526–528, 534–540, 562 resultant forces, 332, 382 rigid-body equilibrium and, 204
Pappus and Guldinus, theorems of, shear and moment diagrams, 347–350, 383 specific weight and, 474
488–491, 510 shear force (V) and, 332–333, 356–362, weight (W) and, 6, 204, 451–452, 474, 509
parallel-axis theorem for, 516–517, 526, 382, 384 Center of pressure (P), 499
535, 553, 562 sign convention for, 333, 383 Centroid (C), 184, 204, 281, 332, 516–517
procedures for analysis of, 518, 526 torsional (twisting) moment, 332, 382 area in x–y plane, 454, 509
product of inertia for, 534–537, 562 Bearings, 237–239, 433–436, 447 area rotation about an axis, 488–491, 510
radius of gyration for, 517–521 collar, 433–435, 447 axial symmetry and, 475, 488–491, 509
rotation about an axis, 488–491, 510 connections, 237–239 beam cross-section location, 332
surface area and, 488, 510 frictional analysis of, 433–436, 447 center of gravity (G) and, 451–513
surface of revolution, 488, 510 journal, 436–437, 447 composite bodies, 474–478, 510
transformation equations for, 538 pivot, 433–435, 447 coplanar forces, 204
volume of revolution, 489, 510 Belts (flat), frictional analysis of, 425–427, 446 distributed loads and, 497, 511
Axial loads, friction (F) and, 433–435, 447 Bending moments (M), 332–333, 356–362, distributed loads, 184
Axial symmetry, 475, 488–491, 509 382, 384 fluid pressure and, 498–504, 511
centroid (C) and, 475, 488–491, 509 components, 332–333 free-body diagrams and, 204
composite bodies, 475, 489–491 distributed loads and, 365–362, 384 integrals for determination of,
Pappus and Guldinus, theorems of, internal forces and, 332–333, 356–362, 453–466, 509
488–491 382, 384 line in x–y plane, 454–455, 509
revolution and, 488–491 shear (V) and, 357 line of action and, 184, 499, 511
surface area and, 488, 510 location of, 184, 453–464, 509
volume and, 489, 510 Cables, 86–88, 202, 238, 367–377, 384 magnitude and location of, 497, 511
Axis of symmetry, 534–535 concentrated loads, 367–369, 383 mass of a body (Cm), 453, 509
Axis systems, 139–143, 183, 194, 516–521, connections, 202, 238 method of sections and, 281
538–540, 541–543, 549–556, 562–563 distributed loads, 370–373, 384 Pappus and Guldinus, theorems of,
centroidal axis of, 516–517 equilibrium and, 86–88 488–491, 510
composite bodies, 554 free-body diagram for, 86–88 plates, 498–504
distributed loads along single, 183 internal forces of, 367–377, 384 procedure for analysis of, 456, 475
inclined, area about, 538–540 weight of as force, 374–377, 384 Pythagorean’s theorem, 455
mass moments of inertia for, Cartesian coordinate system, 33–37, 43–50, resultant forces and, 184, 497,
549–556, 563 56–58, 69, 80–81, 121–127, 193 499–504, 511
Mohr’s circle for, 541–543 addition of vectors, 46 rigid-body equilibrium and, 204
moment of a force about, 139–143, 194 angles (u), coordinate direction and, surface area and, 488, 510
moments of inertia (I), 516–521, 44–46 volume and, 453, 489, 509–510
538–540, 549–556, 562 concurrent force resultants, 43–50 Centroidal axis, 516–517
parallel-axis theorem for, 516–517, 535, coplanar force resultants, 33–37 Collar bearings, frictional analysis of,
553, 562 cross product and, 122–123 433–435, 447
principal, 538–540, 542 direction and, 32, 33, 44–46 Composite bodies, 474–478, 510, 526–528,
procedures for analysis of, 518, 542, 550 dot product and, 69 554, 562

6 42
 INDEX 643

areas, 526–528, 562 support reactions, 201–203, 237–240, reduction of force and, 183–187, 195
axial symmetry and, 475 258–259 resultant forces and, 183–187, 195, 497, 511
center of gravity (G), 474–478, 510 systems, simplification of, 160–165, 170 shear force (V) relationships, 356–362, 384
centroid (C) of, 474–478, 510 three-force members, 224 single axis, along, 183
constant density and, 474 two-force members, 224 uniform, 356
mass moments of inertia, 554 weight and, 204 Dot notation, 10
moments of inertia (I), 526–528, 554, 562 Cosine functions, 603 Dot product, 69–73, 81
procedure for analysis of, 475, 526 Cosine law, 22 applications in mechanics, 70
specific weight and, 474 Coulomb friction, see Dry friction Cartesian vector formulation, 69
weight (W) and, 6, 204, 451–452, Couple moments (M0), 148–154, 160–165, laws of operation, 69
474, 509 170–177, 194–195, 358, 568 vector angles and direction from, 69–73, 81
Compressive forces, 266–267, 280–281 concurrent force systems and, 170 Dry friction, 389–449
method of joints and, 266–267 coplanar force systems and, 160–165, 170 angles (u) of, 391–393
method of sections and, 280–281 distributed load relationships, 358 applied force (P) and, 391–393, 445
Concentrated force, 5 equivalent, 14 bearings, analysis of, 433–436, 447
Concentrated loads, 357, 367–369, 383–384 internal forces and, 358 belts (flat), analysis of, 425–427, 446
cables subjected to, 367–369, 384 parallel force systems and, 171 collar and pivot bearings, analysis of,
shear and moment discontinuities from, procedure for analysis of, 162 433–435, 447
357, 383 resultant, 149 coefficients of (m), 391–393, 446
Concurrent forces, 46–47, 81, 170, 244 scalar formulation of, 148 equilibrium and, 390, 396–401
addition of vectors, 46 shear load (V) relationships, 358 impending motion and, 391, 394–401,
Cartesian coordinate system for, 46–47, 81 systems, simplification of, 160–165, 170–177 418–420, 445–446
couple moments and, 170 three-dimensional systems and, 160–165 journal bearings, analysis of, 436–437, 447
resultants, 47 vector formulation of, 148 kinetic force (Fk), 392–393, 445
statical determinacy and, 244 work of, 568 motion and, 391–393, 394–401, 418–420,
systems, simplification of, 170 wrench, reduction of forces to, 173 445–446
Conservative forces, virtual work (U) and, Cross product, 121–123 problems involving, 394–415
583–584 Cartesian vector formulation, 122–123 procedure for analysis of, 396
Constant density, center of gravity (G) direction and magnitude by, 121 screws, forces on, 418–420, 446
and, 474 laws of operation, 122 slipping and, 392–393, 394–401, 445
Constraints, statical determinacy and, Curved plates, fluid pressure and, 500 static force (Fs), 391, 393, 445
243–251, 259 Cylinders, rolling resistance of, 438–439, 447 theory of, 390
Coordinates, 44–50, 80–81, 571–572, 598. See tipping effect, balance of, 390, 445
also Cartesian coordinate system Derivatives, 604
Cartesian vector representation, Derived units, 7–8 Equations of equilibrium, 200, 214–225,
44–50, 80–81 Dimensional homogeneity, 10–11 242–251, 258–259, 396–401
direction angles (u), 44–46 Direction, 17, 44–46, 69–73, 81, 118, 121, 124 alternative solutions, 214–215, 258
independent (u), 571, 598 angles (u) and, 44–46, 69–73, 81 body at rest (zero), 200, 258
position (s and q), 572, 598 Cartesian coordinates and, 44–46 coplanar force systems, 214–224, 258–259
virtual work for rigid body connections, cross product for, 121 direct solution, 214–215, 259
571–572, 598 moments and, 118, 121, 124 friction equations and, 396–401
Coplanar forces, 32–37, 89–94, 113, dot product for, 69–73, 81 rigid bodies, 200, 214–225, 258–259
160–165, 170, 200–236, 258–259 three-dimensional systems, 44–46 scalar, 242, 259
Cartesian vector notation, 33–37 vector sense of, 17 statical determinacy and, 243–251
center of gravity, 204 Disks, frictional analysis of, 433–435, 447 three-dimensional force systems,
centroid (geometric center), 204 Displacement (d), virtual work (U) and, 242–251, 259
couple moments and, 160–165, 170 569–576, 598 three-force members, 224–225
direction of, 32, 33 Distributed loads, 183–187, 195, 356–362, two-force members, 224–225
equations of equilibrium, 200, 214–224 370–373, 383–384, 497, 511 vector, 242, 259
equilibrium of, 89–94, 113, 200–236, beams subjected to, 356–362, 383–384 Equilibrium, 84–115, 198–261, 390, 394–401,
258–259 bending moment (M) relationships, 586–592, 598–599
free-body diagrams, 89–90, 201–210, 356–362, 383 concurrent forces, 103–107, 113
258–259 cables subjected to, 370–373, 384 conditions for, 85, 199–200
idealized models of, 204–205 centroid (C) of, 184, 497, 511 coplanar force systems, 89–93, 113,
internal forces and, 204 couple moment (M0) relationships, 358 200–236, 258–259
magnitude of, 32, 33, 89 force equilibrium, 357 equations of, 200, 214–225, 258–259
particles subjected to, 89–94, 113 force system resultants, 183–187, 195 free-body diagrams, 86–88, 201–210,
procedure for analysis of, 90, 206, 215 internal forces and, 356–362, 370–373, 237–241, 258–259
resultants, 33–37 383–384 friction and, 390, 394–401
rigid bodies, 200–236, 258–259 line of action of, 184 frictionless systems, 586
scalar notation, 32 magnitude and, 183, 497, 511 impending motion and, 394–401
644 INDEX

neutral, 587–588 friction, 391–393, 445 structural analysis using, 294–310, 327
one degree-of-freedom system, 588 internal, 204, 280–281, 330–387 support reactions, 201–203, 237–240,
particles, 84–115 kinetic frictional (Fk), 392–393, 445 243–251, 258–259
potential-energy (V) criterion for, line of action, 17, 59–62, 81 three-dimensional systems, 237–241,
586–592, 599 moment of, 117–120, 124–127, 139–143, 243–251, 259
procedures for analysis of, 90, 103, 206, 148–154, 160–165, 193–194 weight and, 204
215, 589 Newton’s laws, 6–7 Friction (F), 388–449, 584
redundant supports and, 243–251 nonconservative, 584 axial loads and, 433–435, 447
rigid bodies, 198–261 normal (N), 332–333, 382, 391 bearings, analysis of, 433–436, 447
stability of systems, 587–592, 599 particles subjected to, 84–115 belts (flat), forces on, 425–427, 446
stable, 587–588 position vectors and, 56–58, 81 coefficients of (m), 391–393, 446
statical determinacy and, 243–251, 259 principle of moments, 128–130 collar bearings, analysis of, 433–435, 447
support reactions, 201–203, 237–240, principle of transmissibility, 124, 160 Coulomb, 389
258–259 procedures for analysis of, 22, 162, 172 disks, analysis of, 433–435, 447
three-dimensional force systems, pulleys, 86–88 dry, 389–449
103–107, 113, 237–257, 259 reactive, 87 equilibrium and, 390, 396–401
three-force members, 224–225 resultant, 20, 22, 33–34, 116–197, 497, 511 force of, 389–393, 445
tipping effect, balance of, 390 scalars and, 17, 18, 32, 69, 117–120, 193 impending motion and, 391, 394–401,
two-dimensional force systems, 89–93, 113 shear (V), 332–333, 356–362, 382, 384 418–420, 445–446
two-force members, 224–225 simplification of systems, 160–165, 195 journal bearings, analysis of, 436–437, 447
unstable, 587–588 spring (Fs), 583 kinetic force (Fk), 392–393, 445
virtual work (U) and, 586–592, 598–599 springs, 86–88 lateral loads and, 436–437, 447
zero condition, 85, 113 static frictional (Fs), 391, 393, 445 nonconservative force, as a, 584
Equivalent couples, 14 structural analysis and, 266–267, pivot bearings, analysis of, 433–435, 447
Exponential notation, 10 280–281, 294 procedure for analysis of, 396
structural members and, 280–281, 330–387 rolling resistance and, 438–439, 447
Fixed supports, 201, 203, 239 systems of, 32–37, 116–197, 160–165, screws, forces of, 418–420, 446
Flat plates, fluid pressure and, 499, 501 170–177, 195 shaft rotation and, 433–437, 447
Floor beams, truss analysis and, 264 tensile, 266–267, 280–281 slipping motion and, 392–393,
Fluid pressure, 498–504, 511 three-dimensional systems, 43–50, 394–401, 445
center of pressure (P), 499 56–58, 103–107, 113 static force (Fs), 391, 393, 445
centroid (C), 498–504, 511 units of, 8–9 virtual work (U) and, 584
curved plate of constant width, 500 vectors and, 16–83, 84–115, 121–127, 193 wedges and, 416–417, 446
flat plate of constant width, 499 virtual work (U) and, 567–569, 571–576, Frictionless systems, 585–586
flat plate of variable width, 501 583–584
incompressible fluids, 498 weight, 374–377, 384 Geometric center, 184, 204, 516–517.
line of action, 499 work (W) of, 567–569 See also Centroid (C)
plates, 498–504, 511 wrench, 173 Gravitational acceleration, Newton’s law of, 7
resultant forces and, 499–504, 511 Frames, 294–310, 327 Gravity, see Center of gravity (G)
Force free-body diagrams for, 294–310, 327
active, 87 procedure for analysis of, 301 Hinge connections, 201, 203, 237, 238
addition of by vectors, 20–26, 32–38 structural analysis and, 294–310, 327 Hyperbolic functions, 604
applied (P), 391–393, 445 Free vector, 148
cables, 86–88 Free-body diagrams Idealizations, 5
Cartesian vector notation for, 33–37 beams, 331–338, 382 Impending motion, 391, 394–401, 418–420,
components of, 20–22 cables, 86–88 445–446
compressive, 266–267, 280–281 center of gravity, 204 downward, 419, 446
concentrated, 5 centroid (geometric center), 204 dry friction problems due to, 394–401
concurrent, 46–47, 81, 170 concurrent forces, 103 equilibrium and, 394–401
conservative, 583–584 coplanar force systems, 201–210, 258–259 friction and, 391, 394–401, 418–420,
coplanar, 32–37, 89–94, 113, 170–172, coplanar forces, 89–90 445–446
183–187, 195 external forces and, 294 no apparent, 394
couple moments of, 148–154, 160–165, 195 frames, 294–310, 327 points of contact and, 394–395
cross product, 121–123 idealized models of, 204–205 screws and, 418–420, 446
defined, 4 internal forces and, 204, 331–338, 382 upward, 418–419, 446
distributed loads and reduction of, machines, 294–310, 327 verge of slipping, 391, 445
183–187, 195, 497, 511 procedures for analysis of, 206, 215 Inclined axes, moment of inertia for area
dot product, 69–73, 81 pulleys, 86–88 about, 538–540
equilibrium and, 84–115 rigid bodies, 201–210, 237–241, 258–259 Incompressible fluids, 498
external, 294 springs, 86–88 Independent coordinates (u), 571, 598
free-body diagrams, 86–88, 294 statical determinacy and, 243–251, 259 Inertia, see Moments of inertia
 INDEX 645

Integrals, 453–466, 497, 509, 511, 515–516, lateral, 436–437, 447 distributed loads and, 183–187, 195,
562, 605 shaft rotation and, 433–437, 447 356–361, 384
area (A) integration, 454, 515–516 force, of, 116–197
center of mass (Cm) integration, 453 Machines, 294–310, 327 internal forces and, 332–333, 356–362,
centroid (C), determination of using, free-body diagrams for, 294–310, 327 382–384
453–466, 509 procedure for analysis of, 301 magnitude and, 118, 121, 124
line segment integration, 454–455 structural analysis and, 294–310, 327 parallel force systems and, 171
mathematical expressions, 605 Magnitude, 17, 32–33, 86, 89, 118, 121, 124, 183, perpendicular to force resultants,
moments of inertia, determination of 497, 511 170–172
using, 515–516, 562 centroid (C) location and, 497, 511 principle of moments, 128–130
resultant force integration, 497, 511 cross product of, 121, 124 principle of transmissibility, 124, 160
volume (V) integration, 453 distributed load reduction and, 183, procedure for analysis of, 162
Internal forces, 204, 280–281, 330–387 497, 511 resultant, 118–120, 125, 149
beams subjected to, 330–362, 382–384 equilibrium and, 86, 89 scalar formulation of, 117–120, 139, 148,
bending moments (M) and, 332–333, integration of, 497, 511 193
356–362, 382, 384 moments and, 118, 121, 124 shear loads (V) and, 356–362, 384
cables subjected to, 367–377, 384 resultant forces, 183, 497 sign convention for, 118, 122
compressive, 280–281 vectors and, 17, 32–33 system simplification and, 160–165,
concentrated loads, 357, 367–369, 384 Mass, 4, 8–9, 453, 509 170–177, 195
couple moment (M0) and, 358 center of (Cm), 453, 509 torsional (twisting), 332, 382
distributed loads, 356–362, 370–373, defined, 4 Varignon’s theorem, 128–130
383–384 units of, 8–9 vector formulation of, 121–127, 140,
force equilibrium, 357 Mass moments of inertia, 549–556, 563 148, 193
free-body diagrams, 331–338, 382 axis systems, 549–556, 563 wrench, reduction of force and, 173
method of sections and, 280–281, 331 composite bodies, 554 Moments of inertia (I), 514–565
moments and, 332–333, 356–362, 382–384 disk elements, 550 area (A), 515–521, 526–528, 534–540, 562
normal force (N) and, 332–333, 382 parallel-axis theorem for, 553 axis systems, 516–521, 538–540, 549–556
procedures for analysis of, 333, 348 procedure for analysis of, 550 composite shapes, 526–528, 554, 561
resultant forces, 332, 382 radius of gyration for, 554 disk elements, 550
rigid-body equilibrium and, 204 shell elements, 550 inclined axis, area about, 538–540
shear and moment diagrams, volume elements for integration, 549 integration and, 515–516
347–350, 383 Mechanics, study of, 3 mass, 549–556, 563
shear force (V) and, 332–333, Method of joints, 266–274, 290, 325 Mohr’s circle for, 541–543
356–362, 382–384 compressive forces, 266–267 parallel-axis theorem for, 516–517, 526,
sign convention for, 333, 383 procedures for analysis using, 267, 290 535, 553, 562
structural members with, 331–338, 382 space truss analysis, 290 polar, 516–517
tensile, 280–281 structural analysis using, 266–271, principle, 539–540, 563
torsional (twisting) moment, 332, 382 290, 325 procedures for analysis of, 518, 526,
weight, 374–377, 384 tensile forces, 266–267 542, 550
International System (SI) of units, 8, 9–10 truss analysis, 266–271, 290, 325 product of inertia and, 534–537, 562
zero-force members, 272–274 radius of gyration for, 517–521, 554
Joints, truss analysis and, 263–264, 266–271. Method of sections, 280–285, 290, 326 shell elements, 550
See also Method of joints compressive forces, 280–281 transformation equations for, 538
Joules (J), unit of, 568 procedures for analysis of, 282, 290 Motion, 6, 391–393, 394–401, 416–420,
Journal bearings, 237–239, 436–437, 447 space truss analysis, 290 438–439, 445–447
connections, 237–239 structural analysis using, 280–285, 290, 326 coefficients of friction (m) and,
frictional analysis of, 436–437, 447 tensile forces, 280–281 391–393, 446
truss analysis, 280–285, 326 downward, 419, 446
Kinetic force (Fk), 392–393, 445 unknown member forces, 280–281 equations of friction and equilibrium,
Models, idealized rigid bodies, 204–205 396–401
Lateral loads, friction (F) and, 436–437, 447 Mohr’s circle for, 541–543 friction and, 391–393, 394–401,
Length, 4, 8–9 Moments (M), 116–197, 332–333, 356–362, 418–420, 438–439, 445–447
defined, 4 382–384 impending, 391, 394–401, 418–420,
units of, 8–9 arm (perpendicular distance), 117–118 445–446
Line of action, 17, 59–62, 81, 184, 499, 511 axis, force about an, 139–143, 194 kinetic frictional force (Fk), 392–393, 445
Lines, centroid (C) in, 454–455, 509 bending (M), 332–333, 356–362, 382, 384 Newton’s laws of, 6
Loads, 357, 367–369, 383–384, 433–437, 447. concentrated load discontinuities, 357, 383 points of contact and, 394–395
See also Distributed loads couple (M0), 148–154, 160–165, 170–177, rolling resistance and, 438–439, 447
axial, 433–435, 447 194–195, 358 screws and, 418–420, 446
concentrated, 357, 367–369, 383–384 cross product for, 121–123 self-locking mechanisms, 416–417, 419
friction (F) and, 433–437, 447 direction and, 118, 121, 124 slipping, 392–393, 394–401, 445
646 INDEX

static frictional force (Fs), 391, 393, 445 Power-series expansions, 604 Rigid bodies, 3, 5, 198–261, 571–576, 598
upward, 418–419, 446 Pressure, see Fluid pressure center of gravity, 204
wedges and, 416–417, 446 Principal axes, 538–540, 542 centroid (geometric center), 204
Principle moments of inertia, 539–540, 563 conditions for, 199–200
Neutral equilibrium, 587–588 Principle of moments, 128–130 connected systems of, 571–576, 598
Newton, unit of, 8 Principle of transmissibility, 124, 160 coplanar force systems, 200–236,
Newton’s laws, 6–7 Principle of virtual work, 567, 569–576, 598 258–259
gravitational acceleration, 7 Product of inertia, 534–537, 562 defined, 5
motion, 6 axis of symmetry for, 534–535 displacement (d) and, 571–576, 598
Nonconservative force, friction as a, 584 moments of inertia of an area and, equations of, 200, 214–224
Normal force (N), 332–333, 382, 391 534–537, 562 equilibrium of, 198–261
Numerical calculations, importance of, 10–11 parallel-axis theorem for, 535 free-body diagrams, 201–210, 237–241,
Pulleys, free-body diagram for, 86–88 258–259
Pappus and Guldinus, theorems of, 488–491, 510 Purlins, 263 idealized models of, 204–205
axial revolution and symmetry, 488–491 Pythagorean’s theorem, 70–71, 455, 603 independent coordinates (u), 571, 598
centroid (C) and, 488–491, 510 internal forces and, 204
composite shapes, 489–491 Quadratic formula, 604 mechanics, study of, 3
surface area and, 488, 510 position coordinate (s and q) for, 572, 598
volume and, 489, 510 Radius of gyration, 517–521, 554 procedures for analysis of, 206, 215, 572
Parallel-axis theorem, 516–517, 526, 535, 553, 562 Reactive force, 87 redundant supports for, 243–251
centroidal axis for, 516–517, 562 Resultants, 20, 22, 33–37, 43–50, 116–197, 332, statical determinacy and, 243–251, 259
composite areas, 526 382, 497, 499–504, 511 support reactions, 201–203, 237–240,
mass moments of inertia, 553 axis, moment of force about, 139–143, 194 243–251, 258–259
moments of inertia, 516–517, 526, 535, Cartesian vector notation for, 33–34, three-dimensional systems, 237–257, 259
553, 562 43–50 three-force members, 224
products of inertia, 535, 562 centroid (C) location and, 184, 497, two-force members, 224
Parallel force systems and couple moments, 171 499–504, 511 uniform, 204
Parallelogram law, 20, 22 concurrent forces, 43–50, 170 virtual work (V) for, 571–576, 598
Particles, 5, 84–115 coplanar forces, 33–37, 170 weight and, 204
coplanar force systems, 89–93, 113 couple moments and, 148–154, 160–165, Rocker connections, 202
defined, 5 170–177, 195 Roller connections, 201–202, 205, 238
equilibrium of, 84–115 distributed loads, reduction of, 183–187, Rolling resistance, frictional forces and,
free-body diagrams, 86–88 195, 497, 511 438–439, 447
procedures for analysis of, 90, 103 fluid pressure and, 499–504, 511 Roof truss, 263–264, 325
three-dimensional force systems, force components for, 20, 22 Rotation, see Revolution; Shaft rotation
103–107, 113 force integration, 497, 511 Rounding off numbers, 11
two-dimensional force systems, 89–93, 113 internal forces, 332, 382
zero condition, 85, 113 line of action, 184, 499 Scalars, 17, 18, 32, 69, 117–120, 148, 193, 242, 259
Perpendicular distance (moment arm), 117–118 magnitude of, 183, 497, 511 couple moments, formulation by, 148
Pin connections, 201–203, 205, 237, 238 moments of a force, 116–197 dot product and, 69
Planar truss, 263, 266 parallel forces, 171 equations of equilibrium, 242, 259
Plates, 498–504, 511 parallelogram law for, 20, 22 moment of a force, calculations by,
centroid (C), 498–504, 511 perpendicular to moments, 170–172 117–120, 148, 193
curved of constant width, 500 plates, 499–504, 511 multiplication and division of vectors
flat of constant width, 499 procedure for analysis of, 172 by, 18
flat of variable width, 501 scalar formulation of, 117–120, 139, vectors and, 17, 69
fluid pressure and, 498–504, 511 148, 193 negative, 32
resultant forces and, 499–504, 511 system reduction for, 160–165, torque
Polar moments of inertia, 516–517 170–177, 195 Screws, frictional forces on, 418–420, 446
Position coordinates (s and q), 572, 598 vector addition for, 20 Self-locking mechanisms, 416–417, 419
Position vectors (r), 56–58, 81 vector formulation of, 121–127, 140, Sense of direction, 17
Potential energy (V), 584–592, 599 148, 193 Shaft rotation, 433–437, 447
elastic (Ve), 584 wrench, reduction of, 173 axial loads, 433–435, 447
energy function, 585 Revolution, 488–491, 510 friction (F) and, 433–437, 447
equilibrium, criterion for, 586–592, 599 axial symmetry and, 488–491 lateral loads, 436–437, 447
frictionless systems, 585–586 centroid (C) and, 488–491, 510 Shear and moment diagrams, 347–350, 357,
gravitational (Vg), 584 composite shapes, 489–491 383–384
position coordinates (s and q), 572, 598 Pappus and Guldinus, theorems of, discontinuities in, 357, 384
procedure for analysis of, 589 488–491, 510 internal forces and, 347–350, 357, 383
single degree-of-freedom systems, 585, 588 surface area, 488, 510 procedure for analysis of, 348
stability of systems using, 587–592, 599 volume, 489, 510 Shear force (V), 332–333, 356–362, 382–384
virtual work (V) and, 584–592, 599 Right-hand rule, 43, 56 beams, 332–333, 356–362, 382, 384
 INDEX 647

bending moments (M) and, 332–333, machines, 294–310, 327 Triangle rule, 18–19
356–362, 382, 384 method of joints, 266–274, 290, 325 Trigonometric identities, 604
concentrated load discontinuities, 357, 383 method of sections, 280–285, 290, 326 Trusses, 263–293, 325–327
couple moment (M0) and, 358 procedures for, 267, 282, 290, 301 assumptions for design, 264–265, 290
distributed load relations, 356–362, 384 space trusses, 290–291, 327 floor beams, 264
internal forces, 332–333, 356–362, 382, 384 tensile forces, 266–267, 280–281 joints, 263–264
Significant figures, 11 trusses, 263–293, 325–327 method of joints, 266–274, 290, 325
Simple truss, 265 zero-force members, 272–274 method of sections, 280–285, 290, 326
Sine functions, 603 Structural members, internal loads in, planar, 263, 266
Sine law, 22 331–338, 382 procedures for analysis of, 267, 282, 290
Single degree-of-freedom systems, 585, 588 Support reactions, 201–203, 237–240, purlins, 263
Sliding vector, 124 243–251, 258–259 roof, 263–264, 325
Slipping, 391–393, 394–401, 445 coplanar force systems, 201–203, 258–259 simple, 265
friction and, 391–393, 394–401, 445 improper constraints, 244–245 space trusses, 290–291, 327
impending motion and, 391, 394–401, 445 procedure for analysis of, 246 stringers, 264
points of contact and, 394–395 redundant constraints, 243 structural analysis for, 263–293, 325–327
verge of, 391, 445 rigid-body equilibrium and, 201–203, zero-force members, 272–274
Slug, unit of, 8 237–240, 258–259 Two-dimensional systems, 33–37. See also
Smooth surface support, 238 statical determinacy and, 243–251, 259 Coplanar forces
Space trusses, structural analysis of, 290–291, 327 three-dimensional force systems,
Specific weight, center of gravity (G) and, 474 237–240, 243–251, 259 U.S. Customary (FPS) system of units, 8
Spring constant (k), 86 Surface area, centroid (C) and, 488, 510 Uniform rigid bodies, 204
Spring force (Fs), virtual work and, 583 Unit vectors (u), 43, 80
Springs, free-body diagram for, 86–88 Tangent functions, 603 Units of measurement, 7–10
Stability of a system, 587–592, 598–599. Tensile forces, 266–267, 280–281 Unstable equilibrium, 587–588
See also Equilibrium method of sections and, 280–281
Stable equilibrium, 587–588 method of joints and, 272–274 Varignon’s theorem, 128–130
Static force (Fs), 391, 393, 445 Three-dimensional systems, 43–50, 56–58, 81, Vectors, 16–83, 121–127, 148, 193, 242, 259
Statical determinacy, 243–251, 259 103–107, 113, 160–165, 237–251, 259. addition of, 18–19, 46
concurrent forces, 244 See also Concurrent forces addition of forces, 20–26
defined, 243 addition of vectors, 46 Cartesian coordinate system, 33–37,
improper constraints and, 244–245 angles, coordinate direction and, 44–46 43–50, 56–58, 69, 121–127, 193
indeterminacy and, 243–251, 259 Cartesian coordinate system for, 43–50 coplanar force systems, 32–37
reactive parallel forces, 245 Cartesian unit vectors, 43 cross product, 121–123
redundant constraints and, 243 Cartesian vector representation, 44–46 couple moments, formulation by, 148
rigid-body equilibrium and, 243–251, 259 concurrent forces, 46–47, 81, 244 direction and, 17, 32, 33, 44–46
Statically indeterminate bodies, 243–251, 259 constraints for, 243–251, 259 dot product, 69–73, 81
Statics, 2–15 direction and, 44–46 equations of equilibrium, 242, 259
basic quantities, 4 equations of equilibrium, 242–251, 259 forces and, 16–83
concentrated force, 5 equilibrium of, 103–107, 113, 237–251, 259 free, 148
force, 4, 5–9 force and couple moments, 160–165 line of action, 17, 59–62, 81
gravitational acceleration, 7 free-body diagrams, 103–107, 113 magnitude and, 17, 32, 33, 44
historical development of, 4 magnitude in, 44 moments of a force, formulation by,
idealizations, 5 particles, 103–107, 113 121–127, 148, 193
length, 4, 8–9 position vectors and, 56–58, 81 multiplication and division by scalars, 18
mass, 4, 8–9 procedure for analysis of, 103 operations, 18–19
mechanics study of, 3 reactive parallel forces, 245 parallelogram law for, 20, 22
motion, 6 rectangular components, 43 position (r), 56–58, 81
Newton’s laws, 6–7 resultants, 43–50 procedure for analysis of, 22
numerical calculations for, 10–11 right-hand rule, 43 rectangular components, 18–26, 43, 80
particles, 5 statical determinacy and, 243–251, 259 scalars and, 17, 18, 32, 69
procedure for analysis of, 12–14 support reactions for, 237–240, sliding, 124
rigid bodies, 5 243–251, 259 subtraction, 19
study of, 2–15 Thrust bearing connections, 237, 239 three-dimensional systems, 43–50
time, 4, 8 Time, 4, 8 triangle rule for, 18–19
units of measurement, 7–10 defined, 4 two-dimensional systems, 33–37
Stiffness factor (k), 86 units of, 8 unit (u), 43, 80
Stringers, 264 Tipping effect, balance of, 390, 445 Virtual work (U), 566–601
Structural analysis, 262–329 Torque, see Moments (M) conservative forces and, 583–584
compressive forces, 266–267, 280–281 Torsional (twisting) moment, 332, 382 couple moment, work of, 568
frames, 294–310, 327 Transformation equations, moments of displacement (d) and, 569–576, 598
free-body diagrams, 294–310, 327 inertia (I) and, 538 equilibrium and, 586–592, 598–599
648 INDEX

force (F) and, 567–569, 571–576, single degree-of-freedom systems, Wedges, 416–417, 446
583–584 585, 588 Weight (W), 204, 374–377, 384, 583
friction and, 584 spring force (Fs) and, 583 cables subjected to own, 347–377, 384
frictionless systems, 585–586 stability of a system, 587–592, 599 internal force of, 374–377, 384
independent coordinates (u), weight (W) and, 583 rigid-body equilibrium and, 204
571, 598 work (W) of a force, 567–569 virtual work (U) and, 583
position coordinates (s and q), 572, 598 Volume (V), 453, 489, 490–491, 509–510 Work (W) of a force, 567–569. See also
potential energy (V) and, 584–592, axial rotation and, 489, 490–491, 510 Virtual work
598–599 centroid of (C), 453, 489, 490–491, Wrench, reduction of force and moment to, 173
principle of, 567, 569–576, 598 509–510
procedures for analysis of, 572, 589 integration of, 453, 509 Zero condition of equilibrium, 85, 113
rigid-bodies, connected systems of, Pappus and Guldinus, theorems of, 489, Zero-force members, method of joints and,
571–576 490–491, 510 272–274
Geometric Properties of Line and Area Elements
Centroid Location Centroid Location Area Moment of Inertia

y y
L = 2θ r A = θ r2
r r Ix = 14– r 4 (θ – 12– sin 2)θ
θ θ
x x
θ C θ C
Iy = 14– r 4 (θ + 12– sin 2 ) θ
r sin θ
—––– 2– r sin θ
—–––
θ 3 θ
Circular arc segment Circular sector area

y
L = π2– r L = πr A = 14– πr2 –1– π r 4
Ix = 16
4r
—
r 2r C r r 3π
C — C
π 1
Iy = 16
–– πr4
x
4r
—
3π

Quarter and semicircle arcs Quarter circle area

a A = –12h (a + b) y π r2
A= —–
2
C
h x 4r
—
3π
Ix = 18– π r 4
r
1– ———
2 a+ b h C x
b 3 a+b
Iy = 18– π r 4
Trapezoidal area Semicircular area
y
b A= 23– ab A = πr2

r Ix = 14– π r 4
a C 3–
5a x
C
Iy = 14– π r 4
–3 b
8
Semiparabolic area Circular area

y A = bh
A= 1 ab
— 1 3
3
h x Ix = 12 bh
—
b C
C 3
10 b
—
3– b 1
4a
3
Iy = 12 hb
—
a
Exparabolic area Rectangular area

a
A= –1 bh
2
b
C h C
x Ix = 1 3
36 bh
—
1–
A= 4 ab
— b 3h
3
2
5 a
—
Parabolic area Triangular area
Center of Gravity and Mass Moment of Inertia of Homogeneous Solids

z z

r
V = 43– π r 3 r V = π r 2h
G h–
G 2
y y
h–
2
x x
Sphere
Ixx = Iyy = Izz = 25– mr 2 Cylinder
1
Ixx = Iyy = ––
12 m(3r2 + h2) Izz = ––
1 mr2
2

z z

V = 13– π r 2h
V = 23– π r 3 h–
G G 4 h
r y
y
r
x 3– r x
8
Hemisphere Cone
3 2 2 3 mr2
Ixx = Iyy = 0.259mr2 Izz = 2– 2 Ixx = Iyy = 80 m (4r + h )
–– Izz = ––
5 mr
10

z
z'

G G
r y
y a
b
x x
Thin Circular disk Thin plate
Ixx = Iyy = 14– mr2 Izz = 12– mr2 Iz'z' = 3–
2 mr2 Ixx = 1
––
12
mb2 Iyy = 1
––
12
ma2 Izz = 1 m(a2 +
––
12
b2)

z
z

–
2
G
r
G y
y x –
2

x
Thin ring y'
x' Slender Rod
Ixx = Iyy = 12– mr2 Izz = mr2 Ixx = Iyy = 1
–– m 2 Ix'x' = Iy'y' = 1– m 2 Iz'z' = 0
12 3
Fundamental Equations of Statics

Cartesian Vector Equilibrium

A = Axi + Ay j + Azk Particle
Magnitude ©Fx = 0, ©Fy = 0, ©Fz = 0
A = 2Ax2 + Ay2 + A 2z Rigid Body-Two Dimensions
Directions ©Fx = 0, ©Fy = 0, ©MO = 0
A Ax Ay Az Rigid Body-Three Dimensions
uA = = i + j + k
A A A A ©Fx = 0, ©Fy = 0, ©Fz = 0
= cos ai + cos bj + cos gk
©Mx¿ = 0, ©My¿ = 0, ©Mz¿ = 0
cos2 a + cos2 b + cos2 g = 1

Dot Product Friction

A # B = AB cos u Static (maximum) Fs = ms N
= A x Bx + A y By + A z Bz Kinetic Fk = mk N
Cross Product
Center of Gravity
i j k
Particles or Discrete Parts
C = A  B = Ax Ay Az '
Bx By Bz ©r W
r =
©W
Cartesian Position Vector Body
r = 1x2 - x12i + 1y2 - y12j + 1z2 - z12k '
r dW
L
Cartesian Force Vector r =
r dW
F = Fu = F a b L
r
Moment of a Force Area and Mass Moments of Inertia
Mo = Fd i j k
M o = r : F = rx ry rz I = r 2 dA I = r 2 dm
L L
Fx Fy Fz
Parallel-Axis Theorem
Moment of a Force About a Specified Axis
I = I + Ad 2 I = I + md 2
ux uy uz
#
Ma = u r  F = rx ry rz Radius of Gyration
Fx Fy Fz I I
k = k =
BA Bm
Simplification of a Force and Couple System
FR = ©F Virtual Work
1M R2O = ©M + ©M O dU = 0
SI Prefixes
Multiple Exponential Form Prefix SI Symbol
1 000 000 000 109 giga G
1 000 000 106 mega M
1 000 103 kilo k

Submultiple
0.001 10⫺3 milli m
0.000 001 10⫺6 micro ␮
0.000 000 001 10⫺9 nano n

Conversion Factors (FPS) to (SI)

Unit of Unit of
Quantity Measurement (FPS) Equals Measurement (SI)
Force lb 4.448 N
Mass slug 14.59 kg
Length ft 0.3048 m

Conversion Factors (FPS)

1 ft ⫽ 12 in. (inches)
1 mi. (mile) ⫽ 5280 ft
1 kip (kilopound) ⫽ 1000 lb
1 ton ⫽ 2000 lb