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| Double Integrals in Polar Form
Integrals are sometimes easier to evaluate if we change to polar coordinates. This section
hows how to accomplish the change and how to evaluate integrals over regions whose
‘boundaries are given by polar equations.Integrals in Polar Coordinates
‘When we defined the double integral ofa function overa region R in the xy-plane, we be-
gan by cutting 2 into rectangles whose sides were parallel to the coordinate axes. These
‘were the natural shapes to use because their sidcs have either constant x-valucs or constant
_y-values. In polar coordinates, the natural shape is a “polar rectangle” whose sides have
constant r= and @-values.
Suppose that a function flr, 8) is defined over a region R that is bounced by the rays
6 = and 0 = B and by the continuous curves r = £i(@) and r = ex(8). Suppose also
that 0 = (0) = g9(6)