Chapter-6:

Q1. What is multiplexing? List three main multiplexing techniques.

Answer: Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals across a single data link. The three common forms of multiplexing are
frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM) and wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM).
Q2. Distinguish between a link and a channel in multiplexing.
Answer: In multiplexing, the word link refers to the physical path. The word channel
refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pair of lines.
One link can have many (n) channels.
Q3. Distinguish between multilevel TDM, multiple slots TDM, and pulse-stuffed TDM.
Answer: In multilevel TDM, some lower-rate lines are combined to make a new line
with the same data rate as other lines.
In multiple slot TDM, uses multiple slots for higher data rate lines to make them
compatible with the lower data rate line.
Pulse stuffing TDM is used when the data rates of some lines are not integral multiple
of other lines.
Q4. Define spread spectrum and its goal. List the two spread spectrum techniques
Answer: Spread spectrum is an important form of encoding for wireless
communications. The use of spread spectrum makes jamming and interception more
difficult and provides improved reception.
The two spread spectrum techniques are FHSS and DSSS.
Q5. Define FHSS and explain how it achieves bandwidth spreading.
Answer: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a form of spread spectrum in
which the signal is broadcast over a seemingly random series of radio frequencies,
hopping from frequency to frequency at fixed intervals.
The frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technique uses M different carrier
frequencies that are modulated by the source signal. At one moment, the signal
modulates one carrier frequency; at the next moment, the signal modulates another
carrier frequency.
Q6. Define DSSS and explain how it achieves bandwidth spreading.
Answer: Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a form of spread spectrum in which
each bit in the original signal is represented by multiple bits in the transmitted signal,
using a spreading code.
The direct sequence spread spectrum technique expands the bandwidth of the
original signal. It replaces each data bit with n bits using a spreading code .
Q7. Which of the three multiplexing techniques is common for fiber optic links?
Explain the reason.
Answer: WDM is common for multiplexing optical signals because it allows the
multiplexing of signals with a very high frequency.
Chapter-5:
Q1. Define an analog transmission.
Answer: Analog transmission refers to the transmission of analog signals using a
band-pass channel. Baseband digital or analog signals are converted to a complex
analog signal with a range of frequencies suitable for the channel.
Q2. Define digital-to-analog conversion.
Answer: The process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on
the information in digital data is called digital-to-analog conversion. It is also called
modulation of a digital signal. The baseband digital signal representing the digital
data modulates the carrier to create a broadband analog signal.
Q3. Define analog-to-analog conversion?
Answer: The process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal to
represent the instantaneous amplitude of a baseband signal is called analog-to-analog
conversion. It is also called the modulation of an analog signal. The baseband analog
signal modulates the carrier to create a broadband analog signal.
Q4. Which of the four digital-to-analog conversion techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK or
QAM) is the most susceptible to noise? Defend your answer.
Answer: We can say that the most susceptible technique is ASK because the
amplitude is more affected by noise than the phase or frequency.
Q5. Which of the three analog-to-analog conversion techniques (AM, FM, or PM) is
the most susceptible to noise? Defend your answer .
Answer: We can say that the most susceptible technique is AM because the
amplitude is more affected by noise than the phase or frequency.
Q6. Which characteristics of an analog signal are changed to represent the digital
signal in each of the following digital-to-analog conversion?
a. ASK b. FSK c. PSK d. QAM.
Answer: a. ASK changes the amplitude of the carrier
b. FSK changes the frequency of the carrier
c. PSK changes the phase of the carrier
d. QAM changes both the amplitude and phase of the carrier
Q7. What are the main difference between ASK PSK and FSK?

ASK FSK PSK

1. ASK changes the 1. FSK changes the frequency 1. PSK changes the phase
amplitude of the carrier. of the carrier. of the carrier.

2. Less Bandwidth as 2. More Bandwidth as 2. Less to moderate

compared. compared. Bandwidth.

3. Poor Noise immunity. 3. Better Noise immunity. 3. Better Noise immunity.

4. Synchronization is not 4. Synchronization is not 4. Synchronization is

required. required. essential.

5. Low bit rate application. 5. Moderate bit rate application. 5. High bit rate application.
Chapter-4:
Q1. List three techniques of digital-to-digital conversion.
Answer: The three different techniques are line coding, block coding, and scrambling.
Q2. Distinguish between data rate and signal rate.
Answer: The data rate defines the number of data elements (bits) sent in 1s. The unit is
bits per second (bps). The signal rate is the number of signal elements sent in 1s. The
unit is the baud.
Q3. Define a DC component and its effect on digital transmission.
Answer: When the voltage level in a digital signal is constant for a while, the spectrum
creates very low frequencies, called DC components that present problems for a system
that cannot pass low frequencies.
Q4. Define scrambling and give its purpose.
Answer: Scrambling is a technique that substitutes long zero level pulses with a
combination of other levels without increasing the number of bits.
Q5. Define block coding and give its purpose.
Answer: Block coding is a technique which provides redundancy to ensure
synchronization and to provide inherent error detecting. In general, block coding
changes a block of m bits into a block of n bits, where n is larger than m.
Q6. What are the differences between parallel and serial transmission?
Answer:
Serial transmission Parallel transmission
1. In this type, a single communication 1. In this type, multiple parallels links
link is used to transfer data from one used to transmit the data
end to another end.
2. Serial Transmission is a slow 2. Parallel Transmission is a faster
process. process.
3. In serial transmission, one bit 3. In Parallel Transmission, eight bits
transferred at one clock pulse. transferred at one clock pulse.
4. Converters are required in a serial 4. No converters are required in
transmission to convert the data Parallel Transmission.
between internal and parallel form

Q7. What are the difference between PCM and DM?

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Delta Modulation (DM)
In PCM, signal requires encoder and In DM, signal can modulate and
decoder both sides. demodulate.
PCM requires highest transmitter DM requires lowest transmitter bandwidth.
bandwidth.
PCM has good signal to noise ratio. While DM has poor signal to noise ratio.
PCM may be a technique wont to digitally Digital to analog and analog to digital
represent sampled analog signals. converter.
Per sample 4, 8, or 16 bits are used Here, only one bit is used per sample.
PM is mostly used in video telephony and DM is mostly used in speeches as well as
audio telephony. images.