Uni ‘Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization 1 Computers Are Everywhere 2 What is Computer? 3 Functioning of a computer 4 Functional Components of a Computer 5 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 6 Input Devices and Output Devices 7 Memory 8 1)RAM —.2)ROM_~—=3) Cache Memory 9 Units of Memory 10 Secondary memory 11 Evolution of Computer 12 Generation of Computer 13 Data Capturing, Storage, and Retrieval 14 Data Deletion and Recovery 15 Software And Its Types 16 Need for an Operating System 17 LANGUAGE PROCESSORS 18 A.Assembler B.Compiler _C. Interpreter 19 Application Software and Its Types Page 1 of 24‘Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Computers are seen everywhere around us, in all spheres of life. May it be the field of education and research, travel and tourism, weather forecasting, social networking, ecommerce or any other; computers have now become an indispensable part of our lives. Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. A computer performs basically five major functions irrespective of its size and make. @ It accepts data or instructions by way of input @ It stores data @ It processes data as required by the user @ It controls operations of a Ey computer @ It gives results in the form of output (PO CYCLE) Page 20f 24‘Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization [Itaorteys Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc. Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system. Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use. The computer is the combination of hardware and software. Both hardware and software together make the computer system function. Every task given to a computer follows an Input- Process- Output Cycle (IPO cycle). CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Control Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit == ‘Memory Unit/Storage Unit Functional Components of a Computer System Page 3 0f 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization It is the brain of computer system. It controls, guides, directs to all the connected devices. It is divided in to two major parts- It controls to all the devices and guides the flow of data and information. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) This unit performs all the arithmetical (+, -, x, / ) and logical (>, <, < <>) calculations. Both Units is designed in a single Circuit known as Microprocessor in PCs. Roo wa Cr oie A register is a temporary unit of memory in the CPU. These receive data/information and then this data/information is held in them as per the requirement. Input device is a peripheral used to enter data, instructions or commands and user response in to computer. NOTE: An Input unit fetches the input and converts it into binary form which is directly understood by the computer. The following devices are used as input device Page 4 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com | Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization @ Key Board @ Mic ® Mouse (Mechanical, Optical) @ MICR @ Light Pen ocr @ Touch Screens @omrR ® Joystick @ Smart card Reader @ Scanner (Hand held, Flatbed & Drum) @ Camera ® Biometric Sensor Digital / Web ® Graphic Tablet a Joystick Light Pen TouchScreen Biometric Sensor >» £e— Trackball Graphics ‘Scanner Bar Code Reader Output devices produce output (result) in human understandable form. The following devices are used as output device. NOTE: A Monitor is termed as both an Input as well as an Output device. ® Monitor (CRT & LCD / TFT [Thin Film Transistors]) Printer (Dot Matrix, Inkjet, Laser) Plotters @ Speakers Page 5 of 24Uni ‘Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Ss = a Monitor Dot Matrix Line Printer Inkjet Printer Laser Printer Thermal Printer Plotter Printer Memory attached to the CPU is used for storage of data and instructions. The memory unit is divided into: “4 Random Access Memory (RAM) } Read Only Memory(ROM) Random Access Memory, often know as RAM, provides space for your computer to temporarily store data that is in current use so the CPU can quickly access and read information. Characteristic of Main Memory ** These are semiconductor memories. “+ It is known as main memory. “+ Usually volatile memory. Page 6 0f 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Orga: ation + Data is lost in case power is switched off. % It is working memory of the computer. Faster than secondary memories. + A computer cannot run without primary memory. ROM ROM (Read Only Memory It is used to store the instructions provided by the manufacturer, which holds the instructions to check basic hardware inter connecter and to load operating system from appropriate storage device. In this type of memory the information is stored permanently; it is not lost after the system shuts down. (Cache Memory: A cache is a temporary memory area that helps your computer or peripheral to process information. This is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main Page 7 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Orga: memory. A buffer is a data area shared by hardware devices or program processes that operate at different speeds or with different sets of priorities. Uni ats The elementary unit of memory is a bit. A group of 4 bits is called a nibble and a group of 8 bits is called a byte. One byte is the minimum space required to store one character. Other units of memory are: The smallest unit is bit, which mean either 0 or 1. 1 bit =Oor1 1 Byte =8 bit 1 Nibble =4bit 1 Kilo Byte = 1024 Byte = 210 Byte 1 Mega Byte | = 1024 kB = 210 KB 1Gega Byte |=1024 MB = 210 MB 1Tera Byte |=1024GB =210GB 1 Peta Byte |=1024TB =210TB 1 Exa Byte =1024 PB = 210 PB 1Zetta Byte |=1024EB =210EB 1Yotta Byte |= 1024 ZB =210ZB Page 8 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Dit is the external memory of a computer. It is also called Auxiliary memory or device PP memory. 5 It is computer memory that is non-volatile and Pen Hard Disk Drive persistent in nature and is not directly sail Rw) accessed by a computer/processor. Dit allows a user to store data that may be e se instantly and easily retrieved, transported and _ ‘ cD/DVD Memory used by applications and services. Card Dit consists of all permanent or persistent storage devices, such as read-only memory @e~ (ROM), flash drives, hard disk drives (HDD), magnetic tapes and other types of nee internal/external storage media. Dit is slower than primary memory but can lf store and retain data, even if the computer is not connected to electrical power. Solid eae Drive (SSD) Secondary memory is needed because of the following reasons: A. For permanence: They do not lose data when electricity is turned off. B. For portability: Secondary storage, like the CDs, flash drives can be used to transport data from one computer to another. There are the following main types of storage media. a. Magnetic b. Optical c. Solid State Page 9 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization volution of Computer Abacus (500BC): Computing is attributed to the invention of ABACUS almost 3000 years ago. It was a mechanical device capable of doing simple arithmetic calculations only. 1352964708 Napier’s Logs and Bones : The idea of - 1 logarithm was developed by John Napier in 1617. He devised a set of numbering rods known as Napier’s Bones through which both multiplication and division could be performed. These were numbered rods which could perform multiplication of any number by a number in the range of 2-9. Pascali Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician invented an adding machine in 1642 that was made up of gears and was used for adding numbers quickly. This machine was also called Pascaline and was capable of addition and subtraction along with carry-transfer capability. It worked on clock Page 10 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Leibnitz’s Calculator: In 1673 Gottfried Leibnitz, a German mathematician extended the capabilities of the adding machine invented by Pascal to perform multiplication and division as well. The multiplication was done through repeated addition of numbers using a stepped cylinder each with nine teeth of varying lengths. Jacquard’s Loom: In order to make the cotton weaving process automatic, Joseph Jaquard devised punch cards and used them to control looms in 1801. The entire operation was under a program’s control. Through this historic invention, the concept of storing and retrieving information started. Mark 1: In 1944 Prof Howard Aiken in collaboration with IBM constructed an electromechanical computer named Mark1 which could multiply two 10 digit numbers "| in 5 seconds. This machine was based on | Page 11 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Orga: the concept of Babbage’s Analytical engine and was the first operational general purpose computer which could execute preprogrammed instructions automatically without any human intervention. (Siete mu eS First Generation (1940-56): The first generation computers used vacuum tubes & machine language was used for giving the instructions. These computers were large in size & their programming was difficult task. The electricity consumption was very high. Some computers of this generation are ENIAC, EDVAC, and EDSAC & UNIVAC-1. Salient features of First generation computers: @ Used vacuum tubes to control and amplify electronic signals ® Huge computers that occupied lot of space @ High electricity consumption and high heat generation @ Were unreliable since they were prone to frequent hardware failures ® Commercial production was difficult @ They were very costly and required constant maintenance ® Continuous air conditioning was required Page 12 0f 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization @ Programming was done in machine language although assembly language also started at the end of this generation Example : ENIAC , EDVAC, UNIVAC 1 Second Generation (1956-63): In 2nd generation computers, vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. They required only 1/10 of power required by tubes. This generation computers generated less heat & were reliable. The first operating system developed in this generation. Salient Features of Second generation computers: @ Use transistor based technology ® Were smaller and less expensive as compared to first generation ® Consumed less electricity and emitted less heat @ Magnetic core memories and magnetic disks were used as primary and secondary storage respectively First operating system developed @ Programming in assembly language and in the later part high level languages were used Wider commercial use but commercial production was still difficult @ They also required constant air-conditioning. Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108 Page 13 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization The Third Generation (1964-71): The 3rd generation computers replaced transistors with Integrated circuit known as chip. From Small scale integrated circuits which had 10 transistors per chip, technology developed to MSI circuits with 100 transistors per chip. These computers were smaller, faster & more reliable. High level languages invented in this generation. Salient Features of Third Generation computers: @ Used integrated circuits @ Computers were smaller , faster and more reliable Low power consumption and less emission of heat as compared to previous generations Examples: IBM 360 series, Honeywell 6000 series. The fourth Generation (1972- present): LSI & VLSI were used in this generation. As a result microprocessors came into existence. The computers using this technology known to be Micro Computers. High capacity hard disks were invented. There is great development in data communication. Salient features of Fourth generation Computers @ ICs with LSI and VLSI technology ® Microprocessors developed Portable computers developed Page 14 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Networking and data communication became popular Different types of secondary memory with high storage capacity and fast access developed ® Very reliable powerful and small in size @ Negligible power consumption and heat generation @ Very less production cost The Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond): Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come Salient features of fifth generation computers: Parallel Processing Superconductivity @ Artificial Intelligence Page 15 of 24‘Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Dt involves the process of gathering data from different sources in digital form. > Data may be captured using, keyboard bar code readers (Used at shopping outlets), and remote sensors on earth orbiting satellites etc. comments/ports over multiple social media are also captured as data. It is the process of storing the captured data for processing later. Now-a- days data is being produced at a very high rate, and therefore data storage has become a challenging task. However, the decrease in the cost of digital storage devices has helped in simplifying this task. There are numerous digital storage devices available in the market. It involves fetching data from the storage devices, for its processing as per the user requirement. As databases grow, the challenges involved in search and retrieval of the data in acceptable time, also increase. imising data access time is crucial for faster data processing. Page 16 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization One of the biggest threats associated with digital data is its deletion. The storage devices can malfunction or crash down resulting in the deletion of the stored data. Users can accidentally erase data from storage devices, or a hacker/malware can delete the digital data intentionally. Data recovery is a process of retrieving deleted, corrupted and lost data from secondary storage devices. Recovery of the data is possible only if the contents/memory space - marked as deleted have not been overwritten by some other data. What is troubleshooting? Troubleshooting is a process that helps people identifies issues or problems occurring in a system. Troubleshooting Computer Operations While working on your computers, you may encounter certain problems, e.g., your system won't boot, or boot repeatedly or heats up or shows a blue screen. For such problems, you should know basic troubleshooting techniques. Page 37 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Orga: General Tips In case of any problem, keep in mind, some general tips given below and apply them first of all before doing any further troubleshooting. > Always check the cables. Firstly check all related cables and connections of your computer. Isolate the problem. If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you can't get the cursor to move on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the mouse. Try restarting your computer. > Take notes about error messages. An ordered set of instructions given to the computer is known as a program and a set of such programs that governs the operation of a computer system and/or its related devices is known as software. Poy emu eur laS Software can be divided into different types depending upon their uses and application. Software can be broadly divided into three categories such as 1) System Software Page 18 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization 2) Application Software 3) Utility Software The functions of all the physical components of a computer system are guided by some instructions or program collectively known as System Software. It controls all possible activities inside the computer system which can be summarized as follows: @ Reads data and instructions through the input devices; Translates all data and instruction into computer understandable form and vice versa; Controls all devices attached to the computer system; ® Processes and generates the result on the output devices; Some common examples of System Software as follows: % Operating System %® Language Processor (Oe eles Operating system is a set of system programs that controls and co-ordinates the operations of a computer system. It is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the computer. Page 19 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Need for an Operating System: > Operating system provides a platform, on top of which, other programs, called application programs can run. > It is designed in such a manner that it Operates, controls and executes various applications on the computer, > It also allows the computer to manage its own resources such as memory, monitor, keyboard, printer etc. > It provides User Interface > It also performs the crucial function of error detection and handling. This is the operating system that provides a Graphic User Interface (GUI) through which the user can easily navigate and interact. The computer responds almost immediately after an instruction has been entered, and the user can enter new instructions after seeing the results of the previous instructions. Page 20 0f 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Since a computer hardware is capable of understanding only machine level instructions, so it is necessary to convert the HLL (BASIC, C++, Python etc) into Machine Level Language. There are three Language processors: Assembler: The Assembler is used to translate the program written in Assembly language into machine code. The input of Assembler is a source program that contains assembly language instructions. The output generated by assembler is the object code or machine code understandable by the computer. It is translator which converts the HLL language into machine language in one go. A Source program in High Level Language gets converted into Object Program in Machine Level Language. Interpreter: It is a translator which converts the HLL language into machine language line by line. It takes one statement of HLL and converts it into machine code which is immediately executed. It eliminates the need of separate Page 21.0f 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization compilation/run. However, it is slow in processing as compare to compiler. Application software, also known as an application or an app, is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players. There are two types of Application software: ose Application Software: Some of the application software is made for the common users for day to day applications and uses. These are also referred as Office Tools. Some of the popular types of general purpose application software are Word, Excel, Power Point Presentation, DBMS etc. lication Software: Application software are made for performing specific tasks generally used by the institutions, corporate, business houses, etc. and such software come under the category of specific purpose application software. The usage of few specific purpose application software are Page 22 0f 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Inventory Management System, Payroll System, Railway Reservation System, Hotel Management System etc. Utility software is system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer. A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool. Some Examples of Utility Software ‘Text Editor: This utility software helps one to create, store or edit a basic text file. Popular examples of text editors are Notepad, Notepad2, Notepad++, Gedit and KWrite. Backup Utility: This utility is used to create the copy of the complete or partial data stored in a disk or CD on any other disk. ‘Compression Utility: This utility is used to compress large files. Advantages of data compression are that compressed data will take up less space on a computer and be quicker to transmit. Ex: 7-Zip, IZArc, WinRAR & PeaZip. Page 23 of 24‘Unit: Computer Systems and Organisation ‘Visit to website: learnoythondcbse.com Chapter 1 - Computer System Organization Disk Defragmenter: It is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique called defragmentation. Disk Cleaner: This utility scans for files that have not been accessed /used since long. In that case the Disk Cleaner utility prompts the user to delete such files so as to create more space on the disk. File Management Tools: This utility helps the user in storing, indexing, searching and sorting files and folders on the system. The most commonly used tool is the Windows Explorer and Google Desktop. Page 24 of 24