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DLLec4 Notes

The document discusses timing diagrams and logic gates. It defines timing diagrams as graphs showing the time relationships between two or more digital waveforms. It also covers key topics like: 1) Binary digits and logic levels represented by different voltage levels. 2) Characteristics of digital pulses like rise time and fall time. 3) Timing diagrams are used to show how waveforms change in relation to each other over time. 4) Common logic gates and their functions are described.

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Chintan Mandal
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10 views4 pages

DLLec4 Notes

The document discusses timing diagrams and logic gates. It defines timing diagrams as graphs showing the time relationships between two or more digital waveforms. It also covers key topics like: 1) Binary digits and logic levels represented by different voltage levels. 2) Characteristics of digital pulses like rise time and fall time. 3) Timing diagrams are used to show how waveforms change in relation to each other over time. 4) Common logic gates and their functions are described.

Uploaded by

Chintan Mandal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 3b

Digital Logic - Timing Diagrams and Logic Gates


Chintan Kr Mandal

Outlines [1] Here we discuss


• timing diagrams

• the different logic gates and their working principal

1 Timing Diagrams
1.1 Binary Digits
Binary Digits

• The two digits in the binary system, 1 and 0 are called bits
bit Contraction of binary digit

• In digital circuits, two different voltage levels are used to represent the two bits (Positive Logic)

1. 1 is represented by the higher voltage, referred to as HIGH


2. 0 is represented by the low voltage, referred to as LOW
HIGH = 1 LOW = 0

• Groups of bits (combinations of 1s and 0s), called codes are used to represent numbers, letters, instructions, etc.

1.2 Logic Levels


• The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called logic levels

• Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and another voltage represents a LOW
• In a practical digital circuit, however, a HIGH can be any voltage between a specified minimum value and a specified
maximum value
• Likewise, a LOW can be any voltage between a specified minimum and a specified maximum

Note There can be no overlap between the accepted HIGH and the accepted LOW levels.

Figure 1: General range of LOWs and HIGHs for a digital circuit.

1
1.3 Digital Waveforms
• Digital waveforms consist of voltage levels that are changing back and forth between the HIGH and LOW levels or
states

Figure (a) shows that a single positive-going pulse is generated when the voltage (or current) goes from its normally LOW level
to its HIGH level and then back to its LOW level.

• A Digital waveform is made up of series of pulses

The Pulse :

The pulse has two edges


1 Leading Edge : This occurs at time t0
2 Trailing Edge : This occurs at time t1

• The pulses shown are ideal because the rising and falling edges are assumed to change in zero time(instantaneously)
• In practice, these transitions never occur instantaneously
Non-Ideal Pulses

Figure 2: Non-Ideal Pulse characteristics

Rise time(tr ) : The time required for the pulse to go from its LOW level to its HIGH level.
Fall time(tf ) : The time required for the pulse to go from its HIGH level to its LOW level.
Practice It is common to measure rise time from 10% to 90% of the pulse amplitude
* The fall time is measured from 90% to 10% of the pulse amplitude

2
* The bottom 10% and top 10% of the pulse are not included in the rise and fall times because of the nonlinearities in
the waveform in these areas
Pulse Width(tw ) : It is a measure of the duration of the pulse and is often defined as the time interval between the
50% points on the rising and falling edges.

Waveform Characteristics

Figure 3: Example of digital waveforms

• Most waveforms in digital systems are composed of series of pulses, sometimes called pulse trains
• These pulse trains can be either periodic or non-periodic

• A periodic pulse waveform is one that repeats itself at a fixed interval, called a period(T )

Digital Waveform

• A digital waveform can contain binary information as a sequence of bits.


• When the waveform is HIGH, a binary 1 is present
• When the waveform is LOW, a binary 0 is present.

• Each bit in a sequence occupies a defined time interval called a bit time
The Clock : In digital systems, all waveforms are synchronized in which each interval between pulses (the period) equals
the time for one bit.

Figure 4: Clock waveform synchronized with a waveform representation of a sequence of bits

1.4 Timing Diagrams


A timing diagram is a graph of digital waveforms showing the actual time relationship of two or more waveforms and how
each waveform changes in relation to the others,

Data Transfer
References

3
Figure 5: Illustration of serial and parallel transfer of binary data. Only the data lines are shown.

References
[1] Thomas L. Floyd. Digital Fundamentals, 8th edition. Pearson Education Inc., 2003.

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