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Chapter 1 Basic Concepts

This document introduces basic concepts in electric circuits, including charge, current, voltage, power, energy, circuit elements, and sources. It defines each concept, provides units of measurement, and whether they can be constant or varying. Examples of calculating current, charge, and power are also presented.

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Deniz Kylle Atian
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11 views6 pages

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts

This document introduces basic concepts in electric circuits, including charge, current, voltage, power, energy, circuit elements, and sources. It defines each concept, provides units of measurement, and whether they can be constant or varying. Examples of calculating current, charge, and power are also presented.

Uploaded by

Deniz Kylle Atian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Basic Concepts

Introduction
 An electric circuit is an interconnection of
electrical elements.

 Functions:
 To transfer energy from one point to another.

 Basic concepts:
 Charge.
 Current.
 Voltage.
 Power.
 Circuit elements.
 Energy.

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1
Charge – q(t)
 Basic quantity in an electric circuit.

 Defined as an electrical property of materials.


 Exist as negative (electron) and positive (proton)
charges.
 Measured in Coulombs (C).
 1 electron = -1.602*10-19C.

 Positive and negative charges move in


different direction.
 Creates electric current.
 Consider electric current as movement of positive
charge.

 Charge may be constant/varying.


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Current – i(t)
 Defined as the charge flow rate.

 Measured in Ampere (A).

 Current may be constant/varying.

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2
Voltage – v(t)
 Defined to be the charge rate of doing
work.
 Energy required to move a unit charge
through an element.

 Measured in volts (V).

 Voltage may be constant/varying.

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Power – p(t)
 Defined to be the time rate of doing work.
 Measured in watts (W).

 Power can be absorbed or supplied by circuit


elements.
 Positive power  element absorbs power.
 Negative power  element supplies power.
 ‘Sign’ determined by voltage and current.

 An ideal circuit:
 ∑Psupplied + ∑ Pabsorbed = 0.

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3
Energy
 Defined as the capacity to do work.

 Measured in joules (J).

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Circuit Elements
 An element is the basic building block of a
circuit.

 Electric circuit is interconnecting of the


elements.

 Types of elements:
 Active elements Capable of generating energy
(i.e. batteries, generators).
 Passive elements  Absorbs energy (i.e. resistors,
capacitors and inductors).
 Voltage and current sources  the most important
active elements.

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4
Source
 Divided into:
 Independent source  Does not depend to
other elements to supply voltage or current.
 Dependent source  Reverse of
independent.

 Constant voltage source:


 Voltage same for all elements.

 Constant current source:


 Current same throughout the circuits.

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Examples
 Determine the current
flowing through an
element if the charge
flow is given by
q(t)=(9t2+2t-2)C.

 Find the charge q(t)


flowing through a device
if the current
(i(t))=(2t+5) mA and
q(0)=0.

 The charge entering a


certain element is shown
below. Determine current
at:
 t= 1 ms
 t= 6 ms
 t= 10ms

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5
Examples
 Given the graph,
plot the
corresponding
current.

 Calculate total
charge that pass
through an element
at:
 t = 1s
 t = 3s
 t = 5s

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Examples
 Find the power absorbed by each of the
elements.

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