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Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of EE 2142 introduces basic concepts of electrical circuits, emphasizing the importance of circuit theory and the International System of Units (SI) for standard measurements. It explains fundamental concepts such as electric charge, current, voltage, power, and energy, along with the distinction between passive and active circuit elements. The chapter also includes examples and problems to apply the concepts learned.

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17 views16 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of EE 2142 introduces basic concepts of electrical circuits, emphasizing the importance of circuit theory and the International System of Units (SI) for standard measurements. It explains fundamental concepts such as electric charge, current, voltage, power, and energy, along with the distinction between passive and active circuit elements. The chapter also includes examples and problems to apply the concepts learned.

Uploaded by

ptrckdaniel15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EE 2142

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 1 FOR EE

CHAPTER 1
BASIC CONCEPT

 An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.


 Circuit theory is valuable to students specializing in other branches
of the physical sciences because circuits are a good model for the
study of energy systems in general, and because of the applied
mathematics, physics, and topology involved.
 In electrical engineering, we are often interested in communicating
or transferring energy from one point to another .
SYSTEMS OF UNITS

 As electrical engineers, we must deal with measurable


quantities. Our measurements, however, must be
communicated in a standard language that virtually all
professionals can understand, irrespective of the country
in which the measurement is conducted.
 International System of Units (SI), adopted by the
General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960.
In this system, there are seven base units from which the
units of all other physical quantities can be derived.
CHARGE AND CURRENT

 The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena. Also, the most
basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge.
 Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).
 The charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.602 × 10−19 C, while a proton carries a
positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron.
 The following points should be noted about electric charge:
1. The coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1 C of charge, there are 1∕(1.602 × 10−19) = 6.24 × 1018 electrons.
Thus realistic or laboratory values of charges are on the order of pC, nC, or μC1.
2. According to experimental observations, the only charges that occur in nature are integral multiples of the
electronic charge e = −1.602 × 10−19 C.
3. The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus,
the algebraic sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.
CHARGE AND CURRENT

 When a conducting wire (consisting of several atoms) is connected to a


battery (a source of electromotive force), the charges are compelled to move;
positive charges move in one direction while negative charges move in the
opposite direction. This motion of charges creates electric current.
 Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A).

 The current that flows in the same direction, where it does not reverse
direction is known as direct current (dc).
 The current that flows in both directions is known as alternating current (ac).
EXAMPLES
VOLTAGE

 To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires some work or energy
transfer. This work is performed by an external electromotive force (emf), typically
represented by the battery.
 This emf is also known as voltage or potential difference. The voltage vab between two points a
and b in an electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from b to a.

 where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C).


 Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge from a
reference point (−) to another point (+), measured in volts (V).
POWER AND ENERGY

 Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).
 Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through the positive
terminal of an element and p = +vi. If the current enters through the negative terminal
we have an active sign convention and p = −vi.
 Law of conservation of energy states that power supplied is equal to power absorbed.
 Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
EXAMPLE
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

 There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive elements
and active elements. An active element is capable of generating energy while
a passive element is not.
 Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Typical
active elements include generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers.
 The most important active elements are voltage or current sources that
generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them. There are two
kinds of sources: independent and dependent sources.
 An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified
voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit elements.
 An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the
source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

 Types of dependent sources:


o A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
o A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
o A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
o A current-controlled current source (CCCS).
EXAMPLE
PROBLEMS

 A 60-W incandescent bulb operates at 120 V. How many electrons and coulombs flow through the bulb
in one day?
 A lightning bolt strikes an airplane with 40 kA for 1.7 ms. How many coulombs of charge are deposited on the
plane?
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
A 1.2-kW toaster takes roughly 4 minutes to heat four slices of bread. Find the cost of operating the toaster
twice per day for 2 weeks (14 days). Assume energy costs PHP12.00/kWh.

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