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MTH 4th Grading Notes

The document discusses hypothesis testing including the different types of hypotheses, statistical tests, and how to perform hypothesis testing. It provides examples of performing z-tests and t-tests to compare sample means to hypothesized population means and z-tests to compare sample proportions to hypothesized population proportions.

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Michelle Ann
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109 views19 pages

MTH 4th Grading Notes

The document discusses hypothesis testing including the different types of hypotheses, statistical tests, and how to perform hypothesis testing. It provides examples of performing z-tests and t-tests to compare sample means to hypothesized population means and z-tests to compare sample proportions to hypothesized population proportions.

Uploaded by

Michelle Ann
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hypothesis

 a tentative statement or explanation of a phenomenon. It is a


conjecture or assertion about a parameter.

Testing of Hypothesis or Hypothesis Testing

 a process where we can make a generalization about the


population, using a sample.

Statistical Hypothesis

 statement about the numerical value of a population parameter.


 a statement or tentative assertion which aims to explain facts
about a certain phenomenon.
 needs to be resolved whether it is true or not.

Kinds of Hypothesis:

 Null Hypothesis (Ho)


> a statement that there is no difference between a parameter
and a specific value.
> always expressed with the "equal" symbol.
> always a statement that a parameter is equal to a specific
value.
 Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
> the opposite or negation of the null hypothesis.
> is expressed with ≠,>, or < symbols, depending on the given
conjecture or claim.
Examples:

1. Claim: The average monthly income of Filipino families who


belong to low income bracket is $8,000.

2. Claim: The average number of hours that it takes a ten-year old


child to learn a certain task in a specific subject is less than 0.52
hour.

3. Claim: The average weight loss for a sample of people who


exercise 30 minutes per day for 60 weeks is greater than 3.7 kg.
Types of Tests

 Directional Test (one-tailed)


- a test of any statistical hypothesis where the alternative
hypothesis is expressed using less than (<) or greater than (>)
since the critical or rejection region lies entirely in one tail of
the sampling distribution.
 Nondirectional Test (two-tailed)
- a test of any statistical hypothesis where the alternative
hypothesis is written with a not equal sign (≠) since there is
no assertion made on the direction of the difference.

Examples:

4. Claim: The average weekly allowance of college students is less


than $1500.
5. Claim: The average weekly allowance of college students is
greater than 1500.

6. Claim: The average weekly allowance of college students is


$1500

Types of Errors

 Type I error -alpha error (a error)


- committed when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true.
 Type II error beta error (ẞ error)
- committed when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is
false.
Level of Significance

 the probability of committing Type I error.

Steps in Testing the Hypothesis:

a. State the null (Ho) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses.


b. Identify the appropriate statistical test to be used, the type of
test (one-tailed or two-tailed), and the critical value at a
specified level of significance.
c. Compute the test value, using the test statistic or formula.
d. Make a decision whether to accept or reject the null
hypothesis.

Accepting or Rejecting the Null Hypothesis

Steps:

1. Determine the critical value, using appropriate statistical tables.


2. Draw the rejection region and the critical value.
3. If the test value or the computed value falls in the rejection
region, then reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, accept the null
hypothesis.
Tests of Hypothesis

The z-test

 is generally used when the population standard deviation (and


the variance) is known or given. If the population standard
deviation is unknown or not given, the z- test can still be used
provided that the sample size is large (n≥30).

The z-test of One-Sample Mean

- used when we want to test if the sample mean X differs


significantly from a population mean or hypothesized mean μ.

Test-statistic or the formula to compute the test value for the z-test of one
sample mean:

Where:

- X = mean of the sample


- μ = mean of the population
- n = size of the sample
- σ = standard deviation of the population
The five-step procedure in testing hypothesis.

a. State the null (Ho) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses.


b. Identify the appropriate statistical test to be used, the type of test
(one-tailed or two-tailed), and the critical value at a specified
level of significance.
c. Compute the test value, using the test statistic or formula.
d. Make a decision whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
e. Make a conclusion by answering the research question.
Examples:

1. A new drug on the market is claimed by its manufacturers to


reduce overweight women by 4.55 kg per month with a standard
deviation of 0.91 kg. Ten women chosen at random have reported
losing an average of 4.05 kg within a month. Does this data
support the claim of the manufacturer at 0.05 level of
significance?
’
Comparing the Sample Mean and the Population Mean in a Small
Sample Size

- to compare the sample mean and the population mean, use the t-
test of one- sample mean whenever n < 30 and the population
standard deviation is unknown.
4. The director of a secretarial school believes that its graduates can
type more than 75 words per minute. A random sample of 12
graduates has been found to have an average of 77.2 words per
minute with a standard deviation of 7.9 words per minute in a
typing test. Using the 0.05 level of significance, test the claim of
the director.

Step 1:

Ho: The average number of words that graduates can type is 75 words
per minute (mu = 75) .

Ha: The average number of words that graduates can type is greater
than 75 words per minute (mu > 75)

Step 2:

Type of test: The test is one-tailed (right-tailed).

Critical value: With the use of the table for t-distribution, the critical
value of t at 0.05 level, one-tailed test, df = 12 - 1 = 11 is t = 1.796 .

Step 3: Compute the test value.


Given:

X = 77.2

μ = 75

n = 12

S=7.9

Substitute the given values in the formula.

Step 4: Decision: Accept the null hypothesis because the computed


value or the test value falls outside the rejection region.

Step 5: Conclusion: there is no significant difference between the


sample mean and the population mean. Thus, the claim of the director
of the secretarial school that their graduates can type more than 75
words per minute is incorrect.
Comparing Sample Proportion and Population Proportion
To compare the sample proportion and the population proportion, we
use the z- test of one-sample proportion.

The test statistic or formula to compute the test value of z-test of one
sample proportion is

6. It has been claimed that less than 60% of all purchases of a certain
kind of computer program will call the manufacturer's hotline within
one month of purchase. If 55 out of 100 software purchasers selected
at random, call the hotline within a month. of purchase, test the claim
at 0.05 level of significance.

Step 1:

Ho: The proportion of purchasers that will call the manufacturer's


hotline within one month of purchase is 60% or 0.60 (p_{0} = 0.6)

Ha: The proportion of purchasers that will call the manufacturer's


hotline within one month of purchase is less than 60% or 0.60 (p_{0}
< 60) .
Step 2: Type of test: The test is one-tailed (left-tailed). Critical value:
With the use of Table 5.7.1, the critical value of z at 0.05 level, one-
tailed Test is z = - 1.65.

Step 3: Compute the test value.

Given:

Po=0.60

n = 100

p = 55/100 = 0.55

Step 4: Decision: Accept the null hypothesis because the computed


value or the test value falls outside the rejection region.

Step 5: Conclusion: There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that


the proportion of purchasers that will call the manufacturer's hotline
within one month of purchase is less than 60%. Thus, the claim is
false or incorrect.
7. A doctor claims that only 10% of all patients exposed to a certain
amount of radiation will feel ill effects. If in a random sample, 5 of 18
patients exposed to such radiation feel some ill effects, test the
doctor's claim at 0.01 level of significance.

Step 1: Ho: The proportion of patients exposed to a certain amount of


radiation who will feel ill effects is 10% or 0.10 (po = 0.10). Ha: The
proportion of patients exposed to a certain amount of radiation who
will feel ill effects is not equal to 10% or 0.10 (po 0.10).

Step 2: Type of test: The test is two-tailed. Critical value: With the
use of Table 5.7.1, the critical value of z at 0.01 level, two-tailed test
is z = ± 2.58.

Step 4: Decision: Accept the null hypothesis because the computed


value or the test value falls outside the rejection region.
Step 5: Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence that 10% of the
patients exposed to a certain amount of radiation will feel ill effects.
Thus, the claim is correct.

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