HYPOTHESIS

TESTING
Definition:

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation, assertion,

or assumption about a population parameter or
about the distribution of a random variable. It is a
supposition advanced as a basis for argument. It is
tested using statistical methods, generally using
experimental samples.
 Hypothesis Testing
• Is a decision-making process for
evaluating claims about a
population.
• It is tested using statistical
methods, generally using
Statistical Hypothesis
• A premise or claim that we want to test or
investigate.
• A conjecture about a population parameter.
o Get a sample data to study the population
o To test the hypothesis
Statistical Hypotheses

Null hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis
 

Null hypothesis, denoted by ,

• assumes that there is no difference between
two parameters. (population and sample)
• it is currently accepted value for a
parameter.
• the hypothesis to be tested as to whether it
should be rejected or not.
 
Alternative hypothesis ()-research hypothesis
• A statement that assumes there is a
significant difference between the two
means or variables under test or
investigation.
• it involves the claim to be tested
There are two kinds of test:
• one-tailed tests which can either be left-
tailed or right tailed, alternative test
symbol <,>.
• two-tailed test. When the alternative
test symbol ≠.
Example 1
 
A medical researcher is interested in finding out
whether a new medication will have any undesirable
side effects. The researcher is particularly concerned
with the pulse rate of the patients who take the
medication. What are the hypotheses to test whether
the pulse rate will be different from the mean pulse
rate of 82 beats per minute? : µ=82 : µ≠82

This is a two-tailed test.

Example 2
 
A chemist invents an additive to
increase the life of an automobile
battery. If the mean lifetime of the
battery is 36 months, then his
hypotheses are
: µ < This
36 is a right-tailed
: µ > 36 test.
Example 3
 
A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by
using a special type of insultation in houses.
If the average of the monthly heating bills is
P 2500, her hypotheses about heating costs
will be
: µ>P 2500 : µ<P 2500
This is a left-tailed test.
 The possible outcome of the
test:
• Reject the null hypothesis

• Fail to reject the null hypothesis

 Statistical Test
Uses the data obtained from a sample to make a
decision about whether or not the null hypothesis
should be rejected

• Test value – a numerical value that obtained from

statistical test.
 
Two types of errors
Type I error - occurs when the null hypothesis is
rejected when it is true. That is, when is wrongly
rejected.

Type II error - occurs when the null hypothesis is

not rejected when it is, in fact, false.
 True False

Reject Type
Type II Error
Error Correct
Correct Decision
Decision
P
P==α α

Fail to reject Correct Decision Type II Error

Correct Decision Type II Error
P=β
P=β

Level of significance (α) – a probability of committing a type I error.

P(type I error)= α

P(type II error)= β
Critical region - a set of all values of a test-
statistics which would cause the rejection
of a null hypothesis.

Critical value (c) - a value which separates

the critical region from the non-crucial
region.
 Critical Regions for Directional Test

Non Critical Non Critical

Critical region region
region

1-α 1-α

z=0  𝑧 𝛼   - z=0

Non Critical region

1-α
Critical region Critical region

  - z=0  

Critical Regions for Non-Directional Test

Critical or rejection Region

It is a range values that indicates that

there is a significant difference and that
the null hypothesis should be rejected.
A sample two-tailed test when α=5%

  95%
Acceptance region
Rejection region For µ= Rejection region
   
2.5% 2.5 %
 
Z = -1.96 µ Z = 1.96
(critical Value c) (critical Value c)
A sample one-tailed when α=5%

  95%
Acceptance
region
For µ= Rejection region

5%

µ Z= 1.645
(Critical value c)
Non-critical or Non-rejection Region

It is a range values that indicates that the

difference was probably due to chance and
that the null hypothesis should not be
rejected.
Decision
A statement regarding the null hypothesis. It is either “reject
the null hypothesis” or “fail to reject the null hypothesis”.

Conclusion
A statement which indicates the level of evidence (sufficient
or insufficient) at a specified level of significance, and whether
the original claim (the null hypothesis) is rejected or not.
EXERCISE!!!
1. Find the critical value for α=0.01
(right-tailed test)
2. Find the critical value for α=0.01
(left-tailed test)
3. Find the critical value for α=0.01
(two-tailed test)
 z test
A statistical test for the mean of a population. It
can be used when n > 30, or when the population
is normally distributed and σ is known.
 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

1. State the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis

2. Set the level of significance.
3. Choose an appropriate statistical tool or test statistic.
4. Establish critical and noncritical regions.
5. Compute the test statistic.
6. Decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
7. State the conclusion.
  
Table for Testing µ=
Test Statistic Critical Region
i) µ= z= µ< z<
When σ is known µ> z>
µ≠ z< and z>

ii) µ= z= µ< z<

When σ is unknown, and n µ> z>
is large, i.e., n > 30 µ≠ z< and z>
 Critical Value c
Test type Level of Significance

α=1% α=2.5% α=5% α=10%

One-tailed Test c=±2.33 c=±1.96 c=±1.645 c=±1.28

Two-tailed Test c=±2.575 c=±2.33 c=±1.96 c=±1.645

 Example 1:
A researcher reports that the mean monthly salary of
associate professors in a certain university is more
than P 42,000. A sample of 30 associate professors has
a mean salary of P 40, 260. At α=0.05, test the claim
that associate professors earn more than P 42,000 a
year. The population standard deviation of the
monthly salary is P 2,200.
 Solution:  𝜇0 =42,000 , 𝜎 =2,200 , 𝑛=30 , 𝛼 =0.05 , ´𝑥 =40,260
 
Step 1: state the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis

Step 2: set the level of significance α=0.05

 
Step 3: choose an appropriate statistical tool or test statistic.

 
Step 4: establish critical regions z > z >1.645
 
Step 5: compute the test statistic

Step 6: decide whether to reject of fail to reject the null hypothesis

Since the z computed is not in the critical region, we fail to reject the
null hypothesis. There is no sufficient evidence to reject the null
hypothesis.
Step 7: state the conclusion:
The mean monthly salary of associate professors in a certain
university is P 42,000 at 0.05 significance level.
 Example 2:
A job director claims that the mean starting
monthly salary for nurses is P 14, 000. A sample
mean starting monthly salary of P 13,450 and a
standard deviation of P 400 was obtained from a
survey involving 10 nurses. Is there enough
evidence to reject the director’s claim at α=0.05?
 Z score for two sample groups
with sizes n₁ and n₂
Test Statistic Test Statistic
Two sample Means
n₁=n₂ n₁≠n₂
Two population Means

n₁=n₂
Two population Means n₁≠n₂
Problem 1:
Take-Home Pay. Who earns more: Married or Unmarried people?
Married Unmarried
Ֆ639.60 Ֆ658.20
s Ֆ60 Ֆ90
n 40 40

 
Test at α=0.05
:
: Z= -1.1 , Do not reject
Problem 2:
Typing Speed on a pc. Who types faster, Men or Women?
Men Women
65 wpm 68 wpm
s 10 wpm 14 wpm
n 50 60

 
Test at α=0.01
:
: Z= -1.3 , do not
reject
 
HYPOTHESIS TESTING OF THE DIFFERENCE IN PROPORTIONS
In a recent elementary statistics survey, the sample
proportion (of women) saying they felt overweight was
37/129=0.287. Note that this leans toward the alternative
hypothesis that the true proportion is less than 40. A study
findsnthatb40% of 12th grade females feel they are
overweight. Is this percent lower for college age females?

z= -2.62
 
HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR TWO SAMPLE
PROPORTIONS
Suppose the AC drug Company develops a new drug,
designed to prevent colds. The company states that the
drug is equally effective for men and women. To test this
claim, they choose a simple random sample of 100
women and 200 men from a population of 100,000
volunteers.
At the end of the study, 38% of the women caught a
cold; and 51% of the men caught a cold. Based on these
findings, can we reject the company’s claim that the drug
is equally effective for men and women? Use a 0.05
level of significance.
Happy Ending !!!
God Bless!!!
    Decision
    Reject Do not reject
  µ= µ=
µ= Type I Error Correct
Correct P=α P = 1-α
Hypothesis : µ= Type I Error Type
Correct Correct
II Error
Correct
PP==1α-β PP==1-α
𝛽
Hypothesis
Correct Type II Error
P = 1 -β P=𝛽
• P-Value – a numerical
 

value that obtained from

statistical
test.
o P-value < α reject
o P-value > α fail to
reject
Solution:
  Let the population mean be µ or the average score of the incoming freshmen, and the
sample mean be or the average score of the students in her class.
The teacher may select any of the following statements as her null and alternative
hypothesis:
µ=73.
: The average score of the incoming freshmen is not 73; or µ≠73.
Or

µ= .
: The average score of the incoming freshmen

µ≠
Solution:  𝜇0 =1 4,000 , s= 4 00 , 𝑛= 10 , 𝛼 =0.05 , ´𝑥 =13,450
  Step 1: state the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis

Step 2: set the level of significance α=0.05

Probability of Committing
a type I or II Error
 
Assume that the population is normally distributed
with a mean µ. Then, a sample is taken from the
population and it has a sample mean. To test the null
hypothesis that a sample mean is the same as the
population mean, a critical value c is determined such
that the probability α of being outside the interval
[µ,c] is very small. This α is the probability that the null
hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true.