NLSI Lui Kwok Pat Fong College

F.4 Mathematics Name: ___________________

Ch. 8 Logarithmic Functions Class: 4 Class No: ( )

Quick Review
Ex. 1
If a 0 and b 0 , simplify the following expressions, and express the answers
with positive indices.
can 器 ⼼ 啊 瘀
箭
1

(a)
a 7b −5 6

器i
台
⼆
点 交
a −3b9
⼆
歲 器
ǎji
管
3 5
(b) a6b3 a4b3
⼆ Ǘb
⼼⼆ ⼼ 的吢
三点
n⼆ 2

log1000⼆3 ⼼ 3
⼼ log36⼆0.477121254
(8.1) Common Logarithms
No477 ⼆3
(8.1.1) Introduction
For N = 10n , the index n is called the common logarithm of the number N ,
denoted by n = log N .

If 10n = N , then n = log N

Since N = 10n 0 for any real number n , log N is only defined when
N 0.

For example,

(a) 101 = 10 (b) 10( ) = 100

log10 = _____ log100 = ________

(c) 10( ) = 1 (d) 10( ) = 0.01

log1 = ________ log 0.01 = ________

10( ) 10( ) −1

ii
(e) 2 (f)
log 2 ________ log(−1) = ________
no solution
藏 1
(8.1.2) Properties of common logarithms
If A 0 and B 0 , then 5Ǚ54 造
恐
A 1. log A + log B = log AB
Ǘ Ǘ
2. log A − log B = log
A 55 5
53
⼆
5⼼
B

ThA = log An ⽉
3. n log 52 56
user
4. 10log A = A

Ex. 1
Complete the following with a calculator. (Give your answers correct to 3
significant figures.)
(a) log(2 3) = _________ (e) log(9 5) = ________
0.255
0.144
品上
(b) log 2 log 3 = ________
(c) log 2 + log 3 = ________
(f) log 9 log 5 = ________
(g) log 9 − log 5 = ________ 0.255t
(d) log(2 + 3) = __________
0.699 (h) log(9 − 5) = __________
0，602

Ex. 2
Find the values of the following without using a calculator.
35 4
y 倍與
(a) log + log 20 ⼆log10⼆ 1
72 7
2 1 7 点log嘉⼆logo.ok 2
(b) log − log 64
25 2
log⾔ 10g64

log 216
(c)
log 36
Ts2
三
器 器斷
(d) 10 −3log
1ǒgziz3⼆年

Ex. 3 的⼼ 的⼈

ÜÜ
1
Let s = log 7 and t = log , express the following in terms of s and t .
4
7 49
(a) log (b) log (c) log 250
64 128
log7 1og64 log49
⼀
yw
⼆
log1000 ㄨ年
⼆ogloootlog年
⼆
sti ⼆
logi 10g 與 明 in
⼆s 3t
年
s 3log ⼆2log7 10g
器
去 0.961
⼗3log
log7 2log7tg
⼆2log7⼗到 卡 ⼆ 0.417
og 2
Ex. 4
Simplify the following where x 0 and x 1 .
W

ts
log 3 x 5 log x3 − log x 3 x
(a) (b)
3log x x3 c
2 log x 2 + log

艷
x3

瑬籖 iii
垪
ii
i
䯬
Classwork
Cw. 1 (Ex. 8A 4, 5)
Find the values of x in each of the following. (Give your answers correct to 3
significant figures.)
(a) log x = 2.5 (b) 10 x = m
6
i 焘2 簽
以0⼆1
ㄦ 316 選
ily部

Cw. 2 (Ex. 8A 11-14, 26)

Find the values of the following without using a calculator. (Leave your answers
in surd form if necessary.)
5
(a) log14 + log 吟 log10⼆1
7 logl4
⼆

Ts2 − log1 3 呷圳流

2 log 信⼼啦 1
(b)
5 5 log 兆於 別 1go.tl
log 32

IǗ 法等
(c)
log 8 ⼆ 号
1ˊ
log12ˇ
(d) 10 2
lǒgiilzf it ⼆ IT ⼆ 25

log 5 + log 5

瀉
(e)
log 25
獸

3
 Cw. 3 (Ex. 8A 16, 17) 10 100，1000
Let a = log 3 and b = logo5 , express the following in terms of a and b .
(a) log 45 ⼆1.65了 (b) log 0.6 0.2218⼀⼀
⼆
log9 5 log六
⼆ 了⼀
log9tlog5 ⼆
1g ly5 0.2218

logitlog5
⼆
a b
2log3tlog5 1 5
⼀

⼆ Iatb

Cw. 4 (Ex. 8A 20, 21)

Simplify the following where x 0 and x 1 .
t 3log x tfj checking

㡭 − 2log x
3 2 3
log x
(a)
log x
(b)
log x 3lyf n

⼆
灉 iiln.in
嘉 ⼆
年
器
logl ⼆ 0
10
⼝

w
(8.2) Applications of Common Logarithms
(8.2.1) Solving exponential and logarithmic equations
0
a log
Exponential equations such as 3 = 5 and 7 x+3 = 10 can be easily solved by
x

using the properties of common logarithms.

Ex. 1
Solve the following equations. (Give your answers correct to 2 demcial places.)
61Ǘ 8
47.99999
(a) 6 y= 48
2− x 4 x −1
(b) 8 =3
i x +3
(c) I
11x −1 8.999999
=9
7 x +1
⼼
Ǖi 48 48L
火
takelog 84
lg84
3
log3
angnloglqx7州
lognilogqtlogil
62
y 4 1
ly8⼆ x 3 logs uognktiloyqtclognctly7
My7
n_nlog11⼆log9tlnt

ix log6 log48 going8 logic 31lfiyiinnoig693

logntogiklogqtlogītlogn
Mog8 tgi310g ⼗10g8
ziǐgǐ
了 的
1 My8 1og了 了⼗log8
310g
原想管 ⼆14.47 14.4717816
2
器 i
xi 0.16 譽 Homework:

⼼⼼ 啡 江 0.74
0744585653
Ex. 8A (p 8.9) 16, 21, 29,
4 37, 40

2Yz 4B:______
Deadline 4A: ______
 Equations such as log(1 − x) = log( x − 7) are called logarithmic equations.
These equations can be solved by the definition and properties of common
logarithms. When solving these equations, we have to check the answers to see
if the values obtained are reasonable.

Example:
log(1 − x) = log( x − 7)

癌 ⼆
4 lrej
No solution

In this case, L.H.S. = log(1 − ___)

4 = log(____)
3 which is undefined. Thus, the
equation has no solutions.

Ex. 1
Solve the following equations.
(a) log(2 x − 6) = 1 (b)
iko
iii
log( x − 1) − log(2 x + 1) = log 3 − log 2
gcǚ 6 f logln D loglzil log3
Lzn 6
Zx 6
logi
10
lgz ly logi1 ⾔啦
点
11
h 42 3
2 16
lge he 2 2 6，43
hlntytād ⼆8
tithe 炎萍 咧
⼀ èii
2 he i No solution
6
Ex. 2
Ellen buys a painting from a shop. The value of the painting after t years is

given by $ P(ˇ
ˋ
t ) , where P(t ) = 35 000 1.09t .
pǜ
(a) Find the value of the painting after 3 years.
第4年
(b) Find the increase in the value of the painting in the 4th year.
t years later will the value of the painting exceed $150000
(c) At least how many

a P3 35000x1.093

45326.015
⼆
The value of the painting after3years is 45326.015
b The increase of the value
P4 P3 5
35000 ㄨ 1.094 45326.015
⼆ 4v80
Can to 3 sig.f.gg tlogaqc.ly0.5
c 35000Xloqt7150000
 s gq
loqt 今 t 6.58
At last17years
log1.095gf
tloglc09 1唞
(8.2.2) Sound intensity levelt 2
器
t 16.9
Scientists discovered that the strength of a sound can be measured by sound
one
2
intensity I W/m . They also found that the lowest sound intensity I 0 that can
nrrr

be heard by human beings is 10 −12 W/m 2 . If I W/m 2 is the intensity of a

sound, the following formula is used to compare I and I 0 .

mn i
I
L = 10log I0 = 10−12 W/m2
I0
The value L , measured in decibels (dB), is called the sound intensity level.

Ex. 1
If the sound intensity of the noise generated by a small explosion is

7 10−2 W/m 2 , find its sound intensity level. (Give your answer correct to the

nearest integer.)

lil.ly 器
lil08dB cnn.to 3 sigfig
proportional
is directly y
Ex. 2
The sound intensity level of the noise generated by a high speed vehicle rises
L
from 78 dB to Lz I
81 dB. Find the percentage change in the sound intensity of the
noise. (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)

78 lolog 志 81 ⼆10log 意
7.8⼆logǜ 8.1 ⼆1g 志
忘
志⼆ ⼼8
I ⼆⼼ li 齊品 New
x.no7
去 in
⼼
The percentage change ⼆
9_xiw
99.5 corr.to 3sigfig 6
 (8.2.3) The Richter scale
If M is the magnitude of an earthquake and E units is the energy released
业 2
in the earthquake, then M is given by M = log E − K , where K is a
3
positive constant. i

Ex. 1
M
The magnitude of an earthquake and that of a subsequent earthquake were 5.4
and 4以
on the Richter scale respectively. How many times was the energy
released in the earthquake as much as that in the subsequent earthquake?
(Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)
5.4污hg Eik 0 4⼆号log Eik 20
5.4 4⼆号ly E K 引y Eik
1.4 ⼆号logE ⼀
号ly E in theearthquake
1.4⼆号 lyE 10gED 在 emgyreleased in mtg
that in
21 ⼆
lofEE.net as much as subsequent

i10
Classwork
126 Gt 3 gy earthquake

Cw. 1 (Ex. 8A 2, 8, 11) i vlogt

2
先 Ch 7 Quiz
Solve the following equations. Mc 15 0
(a) 13 = 2.6
y.ly Ǚt ⼆2
5x

⼭ x + 7) =上
(b) log(3 2
lgytflog100
⼼
i
(c) log x − log(1 − x) = log 4 347
3 93
100 gizlog4
a 135 26
⼼
上 4
T 135 ⼆log2.6
5 logl了 log2.6
4 4北
是三季
七⼆
⼆
5器了
0.0745
Cw. g
3 (Ex. 8A 19, 21, 26)
Solve the following equations.
a i 3 5
(a) 2 x 3x−1 = 5
32 x loglzi 5以⼆ log5
(b) 1− x = 12
7 n
lyzitlogi ⼆
log50
(c) log( x t− 1) − log 2tx = log 3 了⼀log了
loyztnlog log5
nllogztlg log5⼗log3
b
㢲 ⼆⼝
以乳 hgzng iǐ
log 器 logn log器 1og3
九⼆1.51 cornto 3sigfy
1.5113916
多了以 lgign 管 ⼆3
7
2clog3加以
log log7tnogil.gl2
znlog3 ⼼1 ⼆6孔
5 ⼆1
scklogiglogntlog7
上
等 7 器 jlrej. i No solution
scr
 c g g
Common ⼼
log
log100 2 1i 100
1喔 9 ⼆三 5 9
(8.3) Logarithms 3⼆
log 8 3 8
2_
If a n = N ( a 0 and a 1 ), then n = log a N
mi
Since a 0 and a 1 , N = a n 0 for any real number n , and thus log a N

is only defined when N 0.

Ex. 1
1
(a) 34 = 81 (b) 5( 2) = ⼆ 52
25 ⼆六
log 3 81 = _____
4 1
log 5 = ________
25

(c) 4( ) = 64 (d) 2( ) = 0.125 ⼆字 治 ⼆ 3

2
log 4 64 = ________
3 log 2 0.125 = ________
3

(e) 3(2io) 10 (f) 6( ) −5

log3 10 ________ log 6 (−5) = ________
no solution

劑
The properties of logarithms are similar to those of common logarithms. If
a 0 , a 1 , M 0 and N 0 , then

log 0 ⼆ I
1. log a a = 1 log 3⼆ I log4 4K

2. log a 1 = 0

3. log a MN = log a M + log a N

M
4. log a = log a M − log a N
N

5. loga M x = x loga M , where x is any real number.

6. aloga M = M
lǒy M
7. Consider a logarithm log a b , if c 0 and c 1 , then
t I
bt =
logc b
log a
⼝ logc a
⼝
. 1嚻
器
7 8

log 45
logz3 ⼆
器 2 1器了
 log

The property 7 is called the formula for change of base and it works follows:
log5 log 2 5

熙
log3 5 = =
log3 log 2 3
器 log 5
Then we can find the value of by using the calculator.
log 3

Ex. 1
Find the values of the following without using a calculator

(a) log 3 81
ig4lopoon ⼆
4
1
(b) log 2
128 logzf ⼆
log 2 7lyzzmn
⼆
7

log 343 log 7於 ⼆ log 7 ⾔ ⾔log 7 冷

(c) log7 343 是
⽔
七
logii 点
管
(d) log 1 521
2

(e) log 5 625

焉 ⼆
管
签 ⼆
gi
⼆ ⼆ 台
器 w
是
loyi54 Ig
警 lgi
⼆ ⼆ ⼆
8lgfmon
⼆
8
625⼆54
Ex. 2
Simplify the following expressions where x 0 , x 1, y 0 and y 1 .

(a) (log x
y 7 )(log y x3 ) a
lying logyi
器 器
1 ⼆
log 5 + log125 x 2
x

3
(b)
1
log 5 − log 5 3 x 4
x logyi
sit 器 器
loyix
1器5 log 证

log _Ètjloi
_i
豔 簿
Ling 21
四⼗
log log回
log⼀四⼀log
hgit 引ogi
2logn⼀号log
⼆
籤售警
⼆⼀ 六 Homework:
Ex. 8B (p 8.19) 4, 12, 21,
9 24, 32
分
Deadline 4A: ______ 4B:______
Ex. 3
Solve the following equations. (Leave your answers in surd form if necessary)

遇
(a) 2 log 5 (9 x − 2) − 1 = log 5 125 以
2lyin 1 1 125

(b) log 5 x3 − log 25 x =

33 ǏlogMn 2 log 5⼆log 125
8
logMnj.ly55 1 125
(c) log5 (5x2 + 3) − log5 ( x2 + 3x) = 1 log 1以125
唞的 号 ⼀
迎哥 125 Ch 2
logiǐ發 淂的 9 2 625
lgi_ǏǕǛ 号
log_5
9 2 25 or 9 2三 25
ni 年
⼀

rej lg5 3 ㄦ
⼆
ly58
器 5Ì ⼼ 的⼼ 4 Mi
i Ǜ oh7
log 發⻘ log 5
ii
七 ⼆四 笟
元 5
ih.
5Eya 以
泰豐
Classwork U 7 Quiz
Cw. 1 (Ex. 8C 2, 4, 6) 17 Mc 25mins
Find the values of the following without using a calculator.
1
(a) log 2
32 1以六⼆logzi5 5logzzwn 5
(b) log 1 49
7
⼆ log GF 21
然 z

(c) log 1 125

5
⼆
log.fi lyili ⼆ ⼆⼀
到啦 主

f 5 和⼆25 我這125
Cw. 2 (Ex. 8C 9, 10)
Find the values of the following with a calculator.

(a) log 8 6 log 0.7 21 log on u

log 8，6 (b)
⼆
0.862
⼆
8.54
1
器
is 10
Cw. 3 (Ex. 8C 15, 16)
Simplify the following expressions where x 0 , x 1, y 0 and y 1 .
1 3
+ log 3 2 x3
(a) log 3
54 x 3
a
ly 5 3tlg 2
(b)
log 6 x3
dog 2 處
5log 6 x + log 6 x 2 log六
⼆

⼆
3
b logon
5hgiitlogi
北了
log
Ing 這 tlog.si

ly這 叫
logo

in
⼆
籃
星 ⼆
号
Cw. 4 (Ex. 8C 19, 21, 42, 44)
3
Solve the following equations
(a) log 2 (2 x − 1) = 3
似 lg.hn⼼ 1 3log2
loyal2

劍⼼ ni
(b) log x 0.16 = −2
l5625 型這Y
x(3iii
冷
(c) log3 x − 4) = 1 + log (1 + x )
3
2
b hgn016⼆ 2
i2 0.16
(d) log8 (126 + 8x ) = x + 2
ii
七 25
hg 43 41 1 tly.CH以
c ⼆

log 比 死刑⼆log 3 tlysllti UJ.ly 126⼗87 42

⼆
log 匹 3 4 log 3 1 ⼼ 8 126⼗8 ch
8242 8 126
24324 3 It 以
8 82 1 126
女
⼆4 ⼀
3⼗ ⼈
北⼆
ㄦ⼆ ⼀年 8 2

fy
log8 log2
⼆
的2
孔 ⼆1

⼆号
等8
11
 (8.4) Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

(8.4.1) Graphs of y = log a x

y = log a x ( a 0 and a 1 ) is a logarithmic function of x with domain x 0 .

1
期
ǒnnniiiii an

⾔
loga120
Ò
logci

logx
o logi2
⼆

Note: The graph of y = log c x and y = log 1 x are symmetrical about the x-axis.
1logi4
⼆
2

c lyi8

nngni
ˊ 12
 Ex. 1

1.6

l
The figure shows the graph y = log 2 x .

(a) Using the given graph, find the values of the following.
t
log 2 3 留 (iii) log 0.5 0.25 hgzo.zi lgz
si 号
(i) ⼆
0 2
尖笛
log 2 0.7 (iv) log 0.5 2.5
器 Ǘ
(ii)
签 Is
(b) Solve the following equations graphically.
y
log 2 x = −0.8 七 ⼆ 0.6
(i)
1.7 a

(ii) log0.5 x3 = 5.1

器
等
⼆ 5.1 回 5.1
3logz ⼆ 5.1
(8.4.2) Graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions 的 恐 可7
In fact, when base a is any positive number (where a 1 ), the graphs of

Cd
y = a x and y = log a x are always symmetrical about the straight line y = x .

yiii
y.io
跑
gigi 13
 yzi i
y logic 4，2_
For example, the exponential function y = 2 and the logarithmic function
x

y = log 2 x , if P(a, b) is a point on the graph of y = 2 x , then b = 2a , thus

wnn

a = log 2 b . In other words, Q(b, a) is a point on the graph of y = log 2 x .

won

Ex. 1

where a 1 .
cnn. o
The figure shows the graphs of y = a x , y = a − x , y = log a x and y = log 1 x ,
a

(a) Write down the functions of different graphs.

C1:_______________________
C2:_______________________
yia.sc
i
C3:_______________________
C4:_______________________

Classwork

ydy z. t
Cw. 1 (Ex. 8D 5)

The figure shows the graph of y = log 4 x .

(a) Using the given graph, find the values

of the following.

log 4 2
(i) 0.5
ˇ
(ii) log 4 12 1.8
08
(iii) log 4 t
18
21
(iv) log 4 28
d 3
24
(b) Solve the following equations graphically,

(i) y
log 4 x = 0.8 ⼆3

(ii) log 4 A
x = 2.2 7 ⼆ 20
Homework:
Ex. 8C (p 8.28) 16, 24, 28
Re. Ex. 8 (p 8.40) 72,14
89
813 4B:______
Deadline 4A: ______
 些 3点 ⼆
些
4
3Xj2xz2
10，100 1000
Cw. 2 (Re. Ex. 8 8, 9)
Let a = log 2 and b = log 3 , express the following in terms of a and b .
(a) log108 I 以 33 22
⼆
logi8 log
(b) log 0.75 ⼆
log3 t lgz I
b log0.75 31
⼆
3⼗
21_
log 辛 3btza
⼆
log 到
⼆
log3 logi log3 2logz.tn
Cw. 2 (Re. Ex. 8 12, 13, 15) b
2a ⼆

Simplify the following expressions where x 0 , x 1, y 0 and y 1 .

(a)
log x 2
a 的⼼ b lgrny5 logy泣
2log x − log x3 2login 1ogi
hgi logy5
gsxlgo zlognt
(b) (log y 5 )(log y 3 x ) ⼆
l.gr log y
x

log xy 2 − 2log y 2logsc logy5

gixlgi
(c) ⼆
1
log x
1g 3log
logg
cngjǚogy 21
gui ⼆點
⼆ hgscy2
in
l.gg 1 選
logi
⼆
号
1
⼆
囖
全
截
Cw. 3 (Re. Ex. 8 20, 22, 25, 26)
2

Solve the following equations

(a) 2x+2 7 x−1 = 6
a ǙIǙ 6
(b) log 3 (3 x + 1) = 2 lglzi 7以⼆
log6

(c) log 2 ( x − 1) = 2 + log 2 x

lgzintlg7 log6
n_n log2⼗ ⼼ log7 ⼆ log6
(d) log( x 2 + x + 1) = log( x 2 − 2) xlogztzlogztnhgtgtlog6
Gogztlgjloglzlogztlog7
b
ly.ci32 341
j
吼
器
8 37 2 ⼆
0.891 15
⼀ 号
c
logiikztloy cdigtngcizs 2
1
 g
gzllg log.GL
1ogz4 1 ⼋ ㄦ 3
K 1 4

Cw. 4 (Re. Ex. 8 70) 這管 rej No solution

The value of a car is $200 000 at present and it depreciates by 15% each
year.
(a) Find its value after 2 years.
(b) Find the value of the car after t years in terms of t .
1
(c) At least how many years later will the value of the car be less than of its
4
original value? (Give your answer correct to the nearest integer.)

a The value after 2years c Zoooooxo 854 txwoooo

2
20000 ㄨ l 15 zooooox0854 50000
144500 0.85 年
七
b The value of the car after tyems log 0.85
200000X 1 15 七
t.ly 年
⼆
tlog0.85 log年
Eooooox0.854 1
Cw. 5 (Re Ex. 8 71)
At least 9years t 8.53 t
器
50 mg of a radioactive medicine is stored in a hospital at 1 p.m. on Monday. It is
given that the mass of the radioactive medicine decays by 40% every hour.
0 85 ve

(a) How much radioactive medicine is left at 6 p.m. on that day?

(b) How long does it take for the 50 mg of radioactive medicine to reduce to 20
mg? (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)
(c) How long does it take for the 50 mg of radioactive medicine to reduce to 1
mg? (Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.)
(d) At least how much radioactive medicine should be stored at 1 p.m. on
Monday to ensure that 5 mg of it will be left at 1 p.m. on Tuesday? (Give
your answer correct to the nearest mg.)

a The radioactive medicine left

5
50X 1 40

3.888mg
b let t be the number of hours
七
50X 1 40 ⼆
zo
七
Oc6 ⼆
号
tluga6 loyj
⼆ 16

器
 t 1.79
It takes 1.79 hours to
七
c 50 1 40 ⼆
I
七
0.6 六
⼆

t.ly0.6 log六
⼆

I log元
logo 6
七 ⼆ 7.66
i It takes 7.6lhows.to
rehellmg
d Let n.be the mass of the medicine
24
scx 1 40 5

trizu
七⼆ 1055213
1055213 of the medicine should be
mg
stored at 1 pm on Monday

Quiz
B Ch 8

D3