Atomic & Physical Properties Silicates Carbon Monoxide (CO) Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) Carbondioxide (CO2)

. Basic Unit is SiO44– . Preparation: . Preparation

. Covalent, three dimensional
Electronic configuration: [Noble gas] ns2np1 . They exist in different structures like C + 2H2 O → CO + H 2 network solid. CaCO 3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

chain, ring, sheet or 3-D structure. Watergas CH4 + 2O2 CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
. Almost non-reactive due to
. Zeolites are 3-D silicates in which some high Si—O bond enthalpy.
of the Si atoms are replaced by Al+3 ions. 123 K
. 2C + O2 + 4N 2 → 2CO + 4N2
. It is consumed during photosynthesis
Oxidation state: +1 & +3 They are used in water softening.  . Acidic in nature. 6CO3 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Pr oducergas
SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O
. Highly poisnous due to formation of a
Metalliccharacter : B
 Al Ge In Tl
 complex with haemoglobin.
NonMetal Metals
Silicones . acts as reducing agent Chemical
ZnO(s) + CO(g) Zn(s) + CO2(g) Properties
. Contains repeated R 2Si(OH)2units held
Atomic radii, ionic radii, density & stability
of +1 oxidation state: Generally increase
by Si - O - Si linkage. Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
Cu powder
down the group. 2RQ + Si R2SiCl2 . Reactivity towards air: They form
R2SiCl2 + 2H2O R2Si(OH)2 + 2HCL Important Compounds oxides of the formula EO and EO2
of C & Si on heating with air.
Boiling point & stability of +3 oxidation state: n[R2Si(OH)2 ] Polymerise
Silicone
Decreases down the group. . Acidic strength of their oxides dec. down
. They are water repelling due to non-polar the group.
alkyl group. CO2, SiO2 GeO2 SnO PbO
  
 
2, 2 

Electronegativity: B > Tl > In > Ga > Al Acidic Less Acidic Amphoteric

. Reactivity towards water: only Sn

reacts with steam.
Al Ga Si Ge
Melting point: Dec. from B to Ga then increases.
B > Al > Ga > In > Tl
THE P-BLOCK
B GROUP 13 I ELEMENTS C
GROUP 14 Pb
. Reactivity towards halogen: They form
halide of formula EX2 and EX4 most of
BORON FAMILY CARBON FAMILY the EX4 are covalent in nature.
Ionisation Energy: B > Tl > Ga > Al > In
Tl S . Except CCl4 , Other halides are easily
Hydrolysed by water
Lewis Acid: BCl3, AlCl3 etc behaves as Lewis SiCl4 + 4H2O Si(OH)4 + 4HCl
Acid due to incomplete octet. Silicic acid
Important Compounds of Boron

Atomic and Physical

Chemical Properties Borax Diborane
Properties
Orthoboric Acid
Na2B4O7.10H2O B2H6 H3BO3
∆
Reactivity towards Air→ 4E + 3O 2 → 2E2 O3 White Crystalline Solid Preparation . Electronic configuration:
Colourless, highly toxic gas White crystalline solid, Non protic acid [Noble gas] ns2 np2
B
2 O3 
Al 2O3 Ga 2O3 
In 2O3
Tl 2 O3 4H3 BO3 + Na 2 CO3 → Na 2 B 4O7 + 6H2O + CO2
preparation preparation
Acidi Amphoteri Basic 456 K
. Oxidation state: +2 & +4
Reactions 2BF3 + 6NaH → B 2 H6 + 6NaF Na2 B 4O7 + 2HCl + 5H2 O → 2NaCl + 4H3 BO3
. Atomic radii, metallic
∆ Na 2 B 4O7 + 7H 2O → 2NaOH + 4H3 BO3
2E + N2 → 2En{ Excep Ga, In, Tl } 2NaBH4 + I2 B2H6 + 2NaI + H2 reaction
character & stability of +2
Oxidation state generally increase
Heating 370K
H3 BO3 → HBO2 + H 2 O down the group.
Reactivity towards halogens: Na2B4O7 → 2NaBO2 + B2O3 reaction Monoboric acid C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb

2E + 3X 2 → 2EX 3 (Except TlI3) B 2H6 + 3O2 → B2 O 3 + 3H2 O HBO2 B2O3 H

O . Catenation: Decreases down
3B2H6 + 6NH3 3[BH2 (NH3)2]+[BH4]- the group.
( X = F, Cl, Br, I ) Sp2 hybridized
HO
Sp3 hybridized H
B
B
∆ O O Pb does not show catenation.
Boron Atom Boron Atom 2B3N3H6 + 12H2
O
O H H C >> Si > Ge ≈ Sn
Reactivity towards Acids and alkalies HO B O OH 2Na+ . 8H2O
B
H H O O . Ionization enthalpy
H H H
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq.) 2Al3+ + 6Cl-(aq.) + 3H2(q) H B
O
(aq.)
O
O O
C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
B B O
H O B O H B
B
H O
O . Elutronegativity
2Na+[Al(OH)4]-(aq) + 3H2(q)
HO
2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq.) + 6H2O H
H H H H C > Pb > Si ≈ Ge ≈ Sn