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Geometric Series

This document discusses geometric sequences and series. It defines a geometric sequence as a sequence where each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a fixed ratio called the common ratio. The nth term and sum of a geometric sequence can be calculated using standard formulas. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating terms, common ratios, and sums of geometric sequences. The key properties of geometric sequences and series are summarized.

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Imaya Senuri
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25 views23 pages

Geometric Series

This document discusses geometric sequences and series. It defines a geometric sequence as a sequence where each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a fixed ratio called the common ratio. The nth term and sum of a geometric sequence can be calculated using standard formulas. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating terms, common ratios, and sums of geometric sequences. The key properties of geometric sequences and series are summarized.

Uploaded by

Imaya Senuri
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DILKI IYONA RATHNAYAKE

 The ratio of a term to it’s previous term is constant.


 This means you multiply by the same number to get each term.
 This number that you multiply by is called the common ratio (r).
 4,-8,16,-32,…  3,9,-27,-81,243,…
 -8/ =-2  9/3=3
4

 16/ =-2  -27/ =-3


-8 9

 -32/ =-2  -81/ =3


16 -27

 243/ =-3
-81

 Geometric (common ratio is -2)


 Not geometric
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
In mathematics, a geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a
sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one
by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio.
For example, the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, ... is a geometric progression with common ratio 3
. Similarly 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, ... is a geometric sequence with common ratio

. In general,
FORMULAE
The nth term of the sequence is given by:

The sum of the members of a geometric


progression:
if r >1

if r <1
EXAMPLE 7
Given the series : 6, 36, 216, ….. Find a) the 8th term b) the sum of the first 8 terms
EXAMPLE 8
In February, a retailer sold 500 packets of bread. The retailer expects that the demand
will increase by 2% every month. How many packets of bread is expected to be sold in
July?

 Another solutions to find r

Sold in February = 500 r = 510/500 = 1.02


r = 520.2/510 =1.02
Sold in March = 500 + 0.02 (500)
= 510 Noted that from
February to July = 6
Sold in April = 510 + 0.02 (510) months
= 520.2
hence our n = 6
EXAMPLE 9
The profit of a company is expected to increase by 12% every month. How much is the
company’s total profit after 5 months if the current month’s profit is RM50,000?

 Another solutions to find r

Month 1= 50000 r = 56000/50000 = 1.12


r = 62720/56000 =1.12
Month 2 = 50000 + 0.12 (50000)
= 56000 Noted that after 5
months means that
month 1 + 5 months =
Month 3 = 56000 + 0.12 (56000)
= 62720 6

hence our n = 6
EXAMPLE 10
The 6th term and the 9th of a geometric series are 40 and 320 respectively. Find the first
term.

SOLVE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS


6th term is 40
T6 = 40

9th term is 320


T9 = 320
EXAMPLE 10
The 6th term and the 9th of a geometric series are 40 and 320 respectively. Find the first
term.

OR
EXAMPLE 11
Given the sequence : 6, 12, 24, … , 3072. Find the number of terms in the sequence.


Evaluate the following:

The first few terms are –6, 12, –24, so this is a geometric series with common
ratio r = –2. (I can also tell that this must be a geometric series because of the form
given for each term:
as the index increases, each term will be multiplied by an additional factor of –2.)
The first term of the sequence is a = –6. Plugging into the summation formula, I get:

So the value of the summation is 2 097 150


Evaluate S10 for 250, 100, 40, 16,....
The notation "S10" means that I need to find the sum of the first ten terms.
The first term is a = 250. Dividing pairs of terms, I get 100 ÷ 250 = 2/5, 40 ÷ 100 = 2/5, etc,
so the terms being added form a geometric sequence with common ratio r = 2/5. When I plug
in the values of the first term and the common ratio, the summation formula gives me
Show, by use of a geometric series, that 0.3333... is equal to 1/3.
 There's a trick to this. I first have to break the repeating decimal into separate terms:
This shows the repeating pattern of the non-terminating (never-ending) decimal
explicitly:
0.333... = 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + 0.0003 + ...
The Geometric Mean is a special type of average where we multiply the numbers together and then take a
square root (for two numbers),
cube root (for three numbers) etc.
Example: What is the Geometric Mean of 2 and 18?
First we multiply them: 2 × 18 = 36
Then (as there are two numbers) take the square root: √36 = 6
In one line:
Geometric Mean of 2 and 18 = √(2 × 18) = 6
It is like the area is the same!

Example:
What is the Geometric Mean of 10, 51.2 and 8?
First we multiply them: 10 × 51.2 × 8 = 4096
Then (as there are three numbers) take the cube root: 3√4096 = 16
In one line:
 If the series goes on forever (and in real world applications many do) adding the terms
might seem
 a bit pointless, since they seem to just add up to infinity. But some series, even though they
go on
 forever, have a finite sum. For example, consider the series

 You can check by adding up this series for a couple more terms that it never climbs above
2, and in
 fact it approaches 2 the more terms you add up. This is called a convergent series, and this
series
 converges to 2. You’ll meet more convergent series in calculus.2
 The sequences we have met generally go on for ever (at least in theory, in practice we only
work
 few terms most of the time), so a sequence can converge or diverge too. For example,

 the sequence

 Converges to 0, but the sequence

 Diverges, since it’s terms don’t tend to a constant value as n gets large.

 Arithmetic Series

 If we have an arithmetic sequence, adding up the terms gives us an arithmetic series.


Once we realize
 it’s arithmetic, and we get the rule for each term in the form

 ( 1) n a= a + n - d

 Then there’s an easy formula for adding up the first n terms of an arithmetic series. It’s
 Similarly If we have an geometric sequence, adding up the terms gives us an
geometric series. Once we
 realize it’s geometric, there’s a formula for the total sum.
 Recall that a geometric sequence is for example: 3,6,12,24,….
 where the ratio between successive terms is constant. The ratio was labeled r and
as before, the
 first term is labeled a . Then the ith term of the sequence is from before
THE END

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