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CELL STRUCTURES & THEIR FUNCTIONS Types and Characteristics of Movement Across
the Cell Membrane
Functions of a Cell ▪ Diffusion
☀ Basic unit of life ▪ Osmosis
☀ Protection & support ▪ Filtration
☀ Movement Mediated Transport Mechanisms
☀ Communication ▪ Facilitated diffusion
☀Cell metabolism & energy ▪ Active transport
☀ Inheritance ▪ Secondary active transport
▪ No one cell type is exactly alike in comparison ▪ Endocytosis
with others cells but all cells do have the same ▪ Exocytosis
basic parts
There a certain functions common to all cells Diffusion
ANATOMY OF A CELL ▪ Is the process by which molecules tend to
scatter themselves throughout the available
space.
▪ Defined as the net movement of particles to
move from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.

CELL MEMBRANE
▪ “PLASMA MEMBRANE”
▪ Outermost component of a cell
▪ It encloses the cytoplasm
▪ Supports the cell contents
▪ Is a selective barrier that determines what Osmosis
moves into and out of the cell. ▪ Is a diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane such as the plasma
▪ Substances outside the cell are called: membrane.
EXTRACELLULAR substance ▪ Diffusion from a region of higher concentration
Substances that can be found extracellular: to one of lower water concentration.
Na, Ca, Cl
▪ Substances inside the cell are called:
INTRACELLULAR Substance
Substances that can be found intracellular:
enzymes, glycogen, K ions

Major Substances that make up the cell membrane:

a. Phospholipids - 25%
b. Proteins (CHON) - 55%
Other substances:
Cholesterol - 13%
CHO - 3%
Ions
H2O – principal fluid medium of a cell
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Solutions to which body cells are exposed can be Exocytosis:
classified as: ▪ it is the means by which cells actively secrete
▪ Isotonic hormones, mucus, & other cell products or eject
▪ Hypotonic certain cellular wastes.
▪ Hypertonic ▪ “out of the cell”

Endocytosis:
▪ includes those ATP-requiring processes that
take up or engulf, extracellular substances by
enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle.
▪ “into the cell”
▪ Phagocytosis “cell eating”

CYTOPLASM
▪ Is the cellular material outside the nucleus &
inside the plasma membrane.
▪ It is the site of most cellular activities “factory
area”.

NUCLEUS
Filtration ▪ Large organelle located near the center of the
▪ Is the movement of fluid through a partition cell.
containing small holes. ▪ Bounded by a nuclear envelop.
▪ Is the process by which water solutes are forced ▪ “headquarters" or the control center
through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic ▪ Contain the cell’s genetic code.
pressure. ▪ The code is in the form of DNA located in the
strands called chromatin
Carrier Mediated Transport Mechanisms ▪ Nucleus contains loosely coiled fibers called the
▪ Facilitated diffusion chromatin.
▪ Active transport ▪ DNA & proteins
▪ Secondary active transport ▪ During cell division the chromatin fibers become
▪ Endocytosis tightly coiled to form 23 pairs of chromosomes
▪ Exocytosis

Facilitated Diffusion:
▪ is the process that moves substances into or out
of cells from a higher to a lower concentration.
▪ ATP is not required.

Active Transport:
▪ is the process that moves substances across the
cell membrane from regions of lower
concentrations to higher concentration against a
concentration gradient.
▪ ATP is required.
▪
Secondary Active Transport:
▪ involves the active transport of one substance,
such as an ion, across the cell membrane,
establishing a concentration gradient.
▪ the diffusion of that transported substance down
its concentration gradient provides the energy to
transport a different substance, such as glucose,
across the cell membrane.
NUCLEOLUS
▪ “little nucleus”
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▪ Rounded, dense, well defined nuclear bodies ▪ Their wall consists of a double membrane, equal
with no surrounding membranes. to two plasma membranes, placed side by side.
▪ Are the sites where ribosomes are assembled. ▪ “powerhouse of the cell”
▪ Major site of ATP production within the cells.
RIBOSOME
▪ Are the organelles where proteins are produced. MICROTUBULE NETWORK
▪ Serve as the actual site of protein synthesis. ▪ Are hollow structures formed from protein
subunits.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ▪ Functions: help to provide support to cytoplasm
▪ is a series of membranes forming sacs & tubules assist in the process of cell division form
that extends from the outer nuclear membrane essential components of certain organelles such
into the cytoplasm. as the cilia & flagella.
▪ “network within the cell”
FLAGELLA:
Rough ER: - CILIA
▪ is so called because it is studded with ▪ Project from the surface of cells & are capable of
ribosomes. moving
▪ ER with ribosomes attached to it. ▪ Contains thousands per cell
▪ major site of protein synthesis. - MICROVILI
▪ Specialized extensions of the cell membrane
Smooth ER: ▪ Do not actively move
▪ ER without ribosomes
▪ it plays no role in protein synthesis CENTROSOME:
▪ Functions: cholesterol synthesis & breakdown, ▪ specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the
fat metabolism, participates in the detoxification nucleus that is the center of microtubule
of chemicals. formation. Contains 2 centrioles.
CENTRIOLES:
GOLGI APPARATUS ▪ during cell division the area of centrioles
▪ Appears as a stack of flattened membranous. facilitate the movement of chromosomes toward
▪ It is generally found close to the nucleus the centrosomes.
▪ Functions: collects, modifies, & distributes
proteins & lipids manufactured by the ER. Cell Division
▪ Principal “traffic director” for cellular proteins. ▪ Is the formation of 2 daughter cells from a single
parent cell.
SECRETORY VESCICLES ▪ The new cells necessary for growth and tissue
▪ Small, membrane-bound sac that transport or repair are formed through MITOSIS and the
stores materials within cells. ▪ Sex cells necessary for reproduction are formed
▪ Pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and move to through MEIOSIS
the surface of the cell.
Mitosis
LYSOSOMES: ▪ Results in the formation of 2 daughter nuclei with
are membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi exactly the same genes as the mother nucleus.
apparatus. ▪ DNA replication precedes mitosis, so that for a
they contain a variety of enzymes that function as short period of time the cell nucleus contains a
intracellular digestive enzymes. “double dose” of genes.
▪ When the nucleus divides, each daughter cell
PEROXISOMES: ends up with exactly the same genetic
are small, membrane-bound vesicles containing information as the original mother cell and the
enzymes that breakdown fatty acids, amino acids fertilized egg from which it came.
H2O2.

MITOCHONDRION
▪ Small, bean-shaped, rod-shaped, sausage-
shaped or long thread-like organelles.
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Cloning
Dolly
1st cloned mammal
Died: Feb 14, 2003

The Cell
Key Points:
1. Structure (and importance) of cell membrane
2. Structure (and function) of organelles
3. Interconnections between cells to maintain
“CC” structural stability in body tissues.
First-ever cloned cat Anatomy of a typical cell
Born Dec 22, 2001 1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
▪ non-membranous organelles
▪ membranous organelles
▪ cytosol

Idaho Gem
First-ever cloned baby mule
Born June 2003
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4 major components:
1. Microfilaments (mostly actin)
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Thick filaments (composed of myosin subunits)
4. Microtubules (composed of tubulin subunits)
Fu: support & movement of cellular structures &
materials

Cell membrane (plasma membrane, plasmalemma)

Non-membranous Organelles
▪ Cytoskeleton
▪ Microvilli
▪ Cilia, centrioles, flagellum
▪ Ribosomes

In 9+0 array

Cilium - Cilia
▪ Compare to microvilli and flagellum

In 9+2 array
Cytoskeleton Ribosomes
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60% RNA + 40% ________
workbench for __________
Fixed vs, free ribosomes

- Mitochondrion / -a

MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES

- smooth & rough ER

Function: Synthesis---Storage---Transport

- Golgi Apparatus

- Nucleus

Packaging and shipping of proteins

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INTERCELLULAR ATTACHMENTS
1) Gap Junctions
▪ channel proteins (connexons) interlock and form
pores
▪ abundant in cardiac and smooth muscle

2) Tight Junctions
▪ Interlocking
membrane
proteins
▪ Found near
surface of cells
lining the digestive
tract.

3) Desmosomes
▪ Proteoglycan layer
reinforced by
transmembrane proteins
(cell adhesion molecules
or CAMs)
▪ Belt, button and
hemidesmosomes
▪ Found in superficial layers
of skin