CELL STRUCTURE

AND FUNCTION
CELLS
• Smallest living unit
• Most are microscopic
DISCOVERY OF CELLS
• Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
– Observed sliver of cork
– Saw “row of empty boxes”
– Coined the term cell
 CELL THEORY
• (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”

• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow

“all cells come from cells”

Dont need to necessarily know

names just need to know the
actual cell theory
PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY
• All living things are made of cells

• Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is

the cell

• All cells arise from preexisting cells

(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)
CELL SIZE
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL
CELLS
• A surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Organelles – structures for cell function
• Control center with DNA
CELL TYPES

• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
• Organelles not bound by membranes
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• Nucleus bound by membrane
• Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
• Possess many organelles

Protozoan
REPRESENTATIVE ANIMAL
CELL
REPRESENTATIVE PLANT
CELL
ORGANELLES
• Cellular machinery
• Two general kinds
– Derived from membranes
– Bacteria-like organelles
BACTERIA-LIKE ORGANELLES
• Derived from symbiotic bacteria

• Ancient association

• Endosymbiotic theory
– Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria
PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Polar
– Hydrophylic head
– Hydrophobic tail

• Interacts with water

 MOVEMENT ACROSS THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE
• A few molecules move freely
– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen

• Carrier proteins transport some molecules

– Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins
 (a) (b) (c) (d)
Small uncharged Lipid-soluble Water-soluble
molecules substances substances lons

Glucose
CO2 Hydroca rbon Nat K+
H20
H+
NH3 02 Cl- Cat+

Sdloddood b00d066
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain chemicals
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type

4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production of substances
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
• Liquid or gas moving from an area of high concentration to low
concentration.
• Form of passive transport (does NOT require energy)

• Can travel via diffusion or osmosis.

• Active transport require energy.
• Molecules will move against the concentration gradient.
 Extracellular fluid with high

+
N
K
a
/*
Na

Na
concentration of Nat

Cell m e m b r a n e

The sodium-potassium pump

K
*
Sodium ions (Nat) are pumped out
of the cell and potassium ions (K+)
ATP are pumped into the cell.

ADP The energy ot drive the pump si

released by hydrolysis of ATP.

Intracellular fluid with

low concentration of Nat
and high concentration of K+
 DIFFUSION
• Molecules move to equalize concentration
 OSMOSIS
• Special form of diffusion

• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration

• Often involves movement of water

– Into cell
– Out of cell
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
• Differentially permeable membrane

• Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)
• No energy is used
PROCESS OF FACILITATED
TRANSPORT
• Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Molecular movement
• Requires energy (against gradient)
• Example is sodium-potassium pump
SOLUTION DIFFERENCES &
CELLS
• solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
– Solutes in cell more than outside
– Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic
– Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic
– Solutes greater outside cell
– Fluid will flow out of cell
 CELL WALLS
• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
• Surrounds plasma membrane
CELL WALL DIFFERENCES
• Plants – mostly cellulose
• Fungi – contain chitin
CYTOPLASM
• Viscous fluid containing organelles
• components of cytoplasm
– Interconnected filaments & fibers
– Fluid = cytosol
– Organelles (not nucleus)
– storage substances
CYTOSKELETON
• Filaments & fibers

• Made of 3 fiber types

– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
– Intermediate filaments
• 3 functions:
– mechanical support
– anchor organelles
– help move substances
A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
CILIA & FLAGELLA
• Provide motility
• Cilia
– Short
– Used to move substances
outside human cells
• Flagella
– Whip-like extensions
– Found on sperm cells
• Basal bodies like centrioles
CILIA & FLAGELLA
STRUCTURE
• Bundles of microtubules
• With plasma membrane
CENTRIOLES
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Play a role in cell division
 MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
• Functional components within cytoplasm
• Bound by membranes
NUCLEUS

• Control center of cell

• Double membrane

• Contains
– Chromosomes
– Nucleolus
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

• Separates nucleus from rest of cell

• Double membrane

• Has pores
DNA

• Hereditary material

• Chromosomes
– DNA
– Protiens
– Form for cell division
• Chromatin
NUCLEOLUS

• Most cells have 2 or more

• Directs synthesis of RNA
• Forms ribosomes
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Helps move substances within cells

• Network of interconnected membranes

• Two types
– Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Ribosomes attached to surface
– Manufacture protiens
– Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
GOLGI APPARATUS
• Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
• Packaging & shipping station of cell
GOLGI APPARATUS
FUNCTION
1. Molecules come in vesicles

2.Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane

3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

 GOLGI APPARATUS FUNCTION
(CONTINUED)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle

5.Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus

6.Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

 Secretory
Proteins vesicles Exocytosis
synthesized
for e x p o r t

3
Golgi

Nucleus

Rough ER S m o o t h ER
 LYSOSOMES
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal
– Break down old cell parts
– Digests invaders
 VACUOLES
• Membrane bound storage sacs
• More common in plants than animals
• Contents
– Water
– Food
– wastes
 BACTERIA-LIKE ORGANELLES
• Release & store energy

• Types
– Mitochondria
(release energy)
– Chloroplasts
(store energy)
MITOCHONDRIA
• Have their own DNA
• Bound by double membrane
MITOCHONDRIA

• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)

– Glucose
– Fatty acids

• Release energy
– ATP
 CHLOROPLASTS
• Derived form photosynthetic bacteria
• Solar energy capturing organelle
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Takes place in the chloroplast
• Makes cellular food – glucose
REVIEW OF EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
 TABLE 5.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structures and Their Functions
Structure Description Function

Interior Structures and Organelles

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Network of intemal membranes Formation of compartments and vesicles;
modification and transport of proteins;
synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids
Ribosomes Small, complex assemblies of protein and Sites of protein synthesis
RNA, often bound to ER
Nucleus Spherical structure bounded by a double C o n t r o l c e n t e r o f cell
membrane, site of chromosomes
Chromosomes Long threads of DNA associated with protein Sites of hereditary information
Nucleolu s Site within nucleus of rRNA synthesis Synthesis and assembly of ribosomes
Golgi apparatus Stacks of flattened vesicles Packaging of proteins for export from cell
Lysosomes Membranous sacs containing digestive Digestion of various molecules
enzymes found in animal cells
Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments, fibers, and Structural support, cell movement
tubules
Mitochondria Bacteria like elements with inner membrane "Power plant" of the cell
highlyfolded
Chloroplasts Bacterialike e l e m e n t s with i n n e r m e m b r a n e Site of photosynthesis
forming sacs containing chlorophyll, found
in plant cells and algae
 TABLE 5 . 2 A Comparison of Bacterial, Animal, and Plant Cells
Bacterium Ani mal Plant
Exterior Structures
Cell wall Pre sen t Absent Present
(protein (cellulose)
polysaccharide)
Plasma membrane Present Present Present

Flagella (cilia) Sometimes Sometimes Sperm of a few species

present present possess flagella

Interior Structures and Organelles

Endoplasmic Absent Usually Usually
reticulum present present
Microtubules Absent Present Pres ent

Centriole s Absent Presen t Absent

Golgi apparatus Absent Present Present

Nucleus Absent Prese nt Present

Mitochondria Absent Present Present

Chloroplasts Absent Absent Present

Chromosomes A single circle of Multiple units, Multiple units,
naked DNA DNA associated DNA associated
with protein with prote in
Ribosomes Present Present Present

Lysosomes Absent Presen t Present

Vacuoles Absent Absent Usually a large single

or small vacuole in mature cell
MOLECULE MOVEMENT &
CELLS
• Passive Transport

• Active Transport

• Endocytosis

(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

• Exocytosis
TYPES OF PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated diffusion
ENDOCYTOSIS
• Movement of large material
– Particles
– Organisms
– Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
– bulk-phase (nonspecific)
– receptor-mediated (specific)
PROCESS OF ENDOCYTOSIS
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle
FORMS OF ENDOCYTOSIS
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking
EXOCYTOSIS
• Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material
EXOCYTOSIS
• Vesicle moves to cell surface
• Membrane of vesicle fuses
• Materials expelled