Name Priya Sharma

Experiment No.-2 Roll No. 190101033

To describe the topographical cross- SAP Id 1000012523
section of contour maps.

Aim

To describe the topographical cross-section of contour maps.

Theory

A topographic map is a two-dimensional representation of a portion of the

three-dimensional surface of the earth. Topography is the shape of the land surface,
and topographic maps exist to represent the land surface. These maps are used for
geologic studies because they show the configuration of the earth’s surface.
Cartographers solve the problem of representing the three-dimensional land surface
on a flat piece of paper by using contour lines, thus horizontal distances and vertical
elevations can both be measured from a topographic map. Contour lines are curved,
straight or a mixture of both lines on a map describing the intersection of a real or
hypothetical surface with one or more horizontal planes. The configuration of these
contours allows map readers to infer relative gradient of a parameter and estimate
that parameter at specific places. The contour interval of a contour map is the
difference in elevation between successive contour lines.

The following are general characteristics of contour lines:

1. Contour lines do not cross each other, divide or split.

2. Closely spaced contour lines represent steep slopes, conversely, contour
lines that are spaced far apart represent gentle slopes.
3. Contour lines trend up valleys and form a "V" or a "U" where they cross a
stream.

A topographic profile of the earth surface is obtained from topographic profiling.

Topographic Profile is a cross-sectional view along a line drawn through a portion of
a topographic map.

A profile may be constructed quickly and accurately across any straight line
on a map by following this procedure:

a. Lay a strip of paper along a line across the area where the profile is to be
constructed.
b. Mark on the paper the exact place where each contour, stream and hilltop
crosses the profile line.
c. Label each mark with the elevation of the contour it represents.
d. Prepare a vertical scale on profile paper by labelling the horizontal lines
corresponding to the elevation of each index contour line.
e. Place the paper with the labelled contour lines at the bottom of the profile
paper and project each contour to the horizontal line of the same elevation.
 f. Connect the points.

OBSERVATION

Contour Map 1
1. Speed control pointer is given on top left of the screen, respective height is
displayed below it and, on the bottom, left one checkbox for the graph is
available.

2. Click on rectangular box to select the section where profiles are created. Click
Next button to proceed.
Click on Get paper and Mark Points to mark lines intersecting the profiles. Click Next Button to
proceed.
 CONTOUR MAP
STEP Identify X-axis and Y-axis ta king X as oi igin and define scale.

6JJ

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CONTOUR MAP
STEP For AB profile line: Plot the points taking its distance from X as x coordinate and the index
values of the core espond ing line as y cool climate.

Cliicckk on P’
o'ints
plo
Geographical Profile along AB ./. Direction Points x-co v-co
7 a 50 ]00
›- a b c d e I O h i j k I rn n b 160 400
c 240 500
6JJ
d ?30 600
e 520 600
f 620 500
q 720 400
h 840 300
930 300
j 104£ 400
k 11?£ 500
126£ 500
m 1?3£ 400
n 147£ 300

eg 2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK '2urathkal, Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering
 CONTOUR MAP
STEP For AB profile line: Plot the points taking its distance from X as x coordinate and the
index values of the cori esponding line as y cool climate.

Click on POiOtS

Geographical Profile along AB •}• Direction

Points X—Co V—C‹
a 30 300
7 3
b 160 400
6JJ
c 240 500
d 330 600
• • e 320 600
f 620 500
a 720 400
. 1 840 300
930 300
j 104£ 400
k 113£ 500
126£ 500
m 1?5£ 400
n 147£ 300

eg 2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK Surathkal, Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering

CONTOUR MAP
STEP For AB profile line: Draw a line perpendicular to x axis passing through Y’, Now the pi
aph shall bound between the y axis and the line through Y’. Joi n all the plotted points on the graph
free hand

y ¥ b1 “ Join Points

Geographical Profile along AB Direction

Points X—Co V—Cc
a 50 300
7D.
b 160 400
c 240 500
d ?50 600
e 320 600
f 620 500
a 720 400
1 840 300
930 300
j 104£ 400
k 113£ 500

eg 2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK Surathkal, Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering
 CONTOUR MAP
STEP For CD profile line: Draw a line perpendicular to x axis passing through Y’, Now the graph
shall bound between the y axis and the line through Y’. Join all the plotted points on the graph free hand.

9OO
Geographical Profile along CD Direction
BOQ Poin Co |Y-Com
a | 0 | 200a
BOQ
b 1 0 | 300a
800
260 | 400t
d | 360 | 500a
WOO e 0 500
f 830 400
400
1 30 300
300 h 13 0 | 200a

BOQ

TOO

0 10 0 2 OF 30 0 d00 500 6 00 700 80 0 90 0 100 0 1100 i 200 1 300 1400 25

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CONTOUR MAP

Profile View Graphs

Contour M p
PGroeo ie a AB Geo raphical Pro i e alon CD
aphic

A B

lm-1Wm

2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK Surathkal, Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering
 CONTOUR MAP

Profile View Graphs

Co tou Geo a hi Profile a g B Geo ra hi al Pro i e alon CD

900
Geographical Profile along AB Direc0on

700

$00

400

200

i00

2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK Surathkal, Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering

Contour Geographical Profile along Geographical Profile along

Map AB CD

900
Geographical Profile along CD

700

600

400

300

200

lOO

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 JOOO 1100 i2OO 2300 i#00 i3 0
 CONTOUR MAP
Objective:
1. Draw ci oss-section along XY.
2. A Jam i s proposed outside the eastei n border of the map. A how izontal di ver sion tunnel is planned to
dived t the river water at an inver level (floo r) at 200m. upto the Western Valley in the area.
Pre-requisites:

Lst i ‘Ls

2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK Surathkal , Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering
CONTOUR MAP
STEP Mai k all the point s of XY line that is obtained by the intersection of the dotted line or the
solid line with this XY of the contour map.

Park Points

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 CONTOUR MAP
STEP Mai k all the points of XY line that is obtained by the intersection of the dotted line or the
solid line with this XY of the contour map.

PointsX-CoY-Co
a xl 500
b x2 400
c x3 300
d x4 200
e xb 200
f x6 300
g x7 400
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I h x8 300
a b c d e f g h i j k I m r
x9 400
j xl0 400
k xl1 300
xl2 300
m xl3 400
n xl4 SOO

« 2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK Surathkal, Department of Water resources & Ocean Engineering

CONTOUR MAP
STEP Draw a li ne pe rpendicrilar to x axis passing through Y’, Now the gi aph shall bound between
the y axis and the line throug h Y’. Joi n all the plotted points on the gi aph free hand

y k1 ' Join Points

X

•§• Direction Points X-Co Y-Co

a 100 300
7D.
b 200 400
c 300 300
d 400 200
e 500 200
t 600 300
g 720 400
h 820 500
930 500
1020 400
k 1130 300
1 1240 300
m 1350 400
n 1450 300

eg 2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK Surathkal , Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering
 STEP To find the index of the solid line.

Select a section from the co ntour

map

Sst Search for the first dotted line on both the sides of the solid line.
Let thei index values be M and N ( M < N) .

S be the number of solid lines between the obtained clotted lines.

T number of solid lines between the considered solid line and the line
with index M.

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STEP Choose P, g, R such that their y coordinate is the i ndex of the solid line a ncl the x coordinate
is ze ro.
Hi!Jt
Select P

Let, , , Inclex =((N- M)/(S+ 1))*(T+1) + N

• , Sst
Sh ’ y Enter M : 100

eg 2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK ' urathkal, Department of Water resources & Ocean Engineering
 CONTOUR MAP
STEP Choose P, Q, R. such that their y coordinate is the i ndex of the solid line a ncI the x coordinate
is zero.
Select R
Index = ((N - M)/(S + 1)) *(T+ 1) -r M

Enter M : 400
Enter N : 30 0
Enter S: 1
Enter T: 0

Calculate

Region | S il e
P(0,150) ||CongIomerite
Q(0, 250) ||Sandstone

CONTOUR MAP
STEP Choose P, g, R such that their y coo rdi nate is the i ndex of the solid line a nJ the x coordinate
is zero.

Region Soil Type

P(0, 150) Conglomerite
Q(0, 250) Sand stone
R(0, 450) Shales
Upper Region Limestone
 CONTOUR MAP
STEP Draw lines through P, Q, R parallel to X axis and below the curve. The drawn lines separate
the type of soil.

gy P0150)

D|rsrHon wQ(0,Zb0)
OOO

— Legend
T00 X R(0,430)
•
600
Upper Reg ion
¥•

Contour Nap
400

3OO

200 § p p p § p
o o e e o o
100 0 0 O O O O O 0 O O O 0 O O
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
C
0 0 0 0 0 0 O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O
0 100 2 O0 300 A00 5O0 604 700 BO0 9O 0 1000 2100 1 200 1300 1400 1

CONTOUR MAP
STEP Nark all the points obtained by the intersection of the dotted line with the line AB and CD of
the given contour map.

For AB: Points X-Co Y-Co

a x1 300
b x2 | 400
c x3 500
d x4 600
e x5 600
a bed efghijklmn f x6 500
q x7 400
h x8 300
x9 300
j x10 400
k x11 500
x12 500
m x13 400
n x14 300

2018 - 2021 SOLVE - The Virtual Lab @ NITK Surathkal, Department of Water Resources & Ocean Engineering
 CONTOUR HAP
STEP Mark all the points obtained by the intersection of the dotted Points
line with the line AB and CD of
the given contour map.

For CD:

.‘ .’ ,’““.--”. “”• , .’ ,’ .--. ’“, ’•

“*-. ’
ia i * i ’iefghijklmn
i i i i i i i i i *
ibed
"
X-Co Y-Co
a x1 200
b x2 300
c x3 400
d x4 500
e x5 500
I I f Dx6 400
a b c d e f g h p x7 300
h x8 200

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