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46 views10 pagesIvil
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/ 10
SANITARY FITTINGS | PLUMBING SYSTEM | LCETED
DRAINAGE OF WASTE WATER AND SEWAGE
Wastewaters coming from the kitchen sink, washbasins and urinals are not
containing any solid matter. But sewage a solid material has to be treated
such that it also could be converted as wastewater.
Nearly 75% q i water supp St returns back In the form of wastewater. As
there is a need for a water supply system, there is an equal necessity to
dispose of the wastewater. The night- soil and urinary content of domestic
sewage (originating from residential areas) consists of potentially most
dangerous organisms. Such organisms are responsible for the occurrence
and spread of water-borne diseases.
Sewage treatment is meant by the various steps undertaken in the process of
transferring sewage into a harmless liquid. That is to render sewage
inoffensive without causing nuisance or odour and to reduce or eliminate any
possible contaminations of water supplies, bathing areas, etc., by the
untreated or un-disposed sewage.
Sanitary el nN appliances comprise traps, water closets, ushing
cisterns, etc., which are discussed below.
1. Traps
Traps are fittings that are installed in drainage pipes to prevent the passage
of foul air or gases through drains, waste or soil pipes. This is possible
because traps are equipped with water seals having a minimum depth of 25
mm. Higher the depth greater the effectiveness of the trap. Depth varies in
practice from 25 to 75 mm and 50 mm depth is quite common.
Qualities of good traps are:
(i) They should have adequate water seal at all times which is possible only
when they are non-absorbent.
(ii) There should not be any projections that may obstruct or retard the flow
of water. Further, it should be smooth.
(iii) They should retain a minimum quantity of water consistent with providing
deep water seals with a large area. ny (iv) Apart from self-cleansing, provision should be therefore cleaning
manually or otherwise.
Traps are classified based on shape as R-trap, Q-trap and S-trap and based
on use as floor trap, gully trap and intercepting trap.
The figure below of traps based on shape.
Water
seal
Water
seal
Trap S-Trep
Traps based on shapes (P-Q-S)
Traps based on shapes (P-Q-S)
Floor traps are intended to collect surface wash or wastewater from the
floors of the bath and kitchen. These are provided with cast iron grating at
the top so as to retain coarse solid matter. Thus preventing the matter to go
along with wastewater and thereby cause blockade - figure below
Cast iron grating
Access for
cleaning
waersoa |/ oN
ye
Floor trap
Gully traps are intended to receive sullage water from baths, sinks and
washbasins. Further, they are also used to receive rain or surface water from
house-tops or back yards. The water seal is 50-75 mm. Waste pipes and
rain-waste pipes are invariably connected to drains through the gully trap
(Fig. below) Cast iron grating
beck int |
STrap
To house drain
Guly trop
Gully trap
Intercepting traps or also called interceptors. These are installed at the
junction of the house drain and house sewer. The primary objective is to
prevent the foul gases in the public sewer from entering the house drainage
system (Fig. below)
2. Water Closets
The water closet is a water-flushed-plumbing figure designed to receive
human excreta directly from the user. There are two types of water closets,
viz., Squatting or the Indian type and pedestal or the European Type. Figures
below (a) and (b) show the two different types.
Be
Tight fiting plo
7 Rodding arm
From
house drain To public
sever
Intercepting drain High level
fishing cistekn
Ichain
em Low bvel
Flushing
45-80 em 34-40 oF
as
Meal ~ Water Soal50 mm
(@Indien type (©) European type
Water closets
(i) Indian Type
This has a squatting pan of 45-63 cm in overall length and 45-50 cmin
height. The W.C. is connected to soil pipe through a P-trap or S-trap.
(ii) European Type
It is a wash down water closet provided with a seat and cover and fitted with
P-trap and S-trap. It has a maximum overall height of 63 cm and a height of
34-40 cm.
Both the types of WCs are provided through flushing cisterns and flushing
pipes.
3. Flushing Cistern
This is a sanitary appliance that is used by flushing out water closets, urinals,
etc. There are two types one is the valveless siphonic type and the other is
valve-fitted siphonic type. The former is preferred and largely used in
practice.
4. Washbasins
The washbasin is also called as lavatory basin. It is made of the white-glazed
earthen wave, enamelled iron, etc. There are two types, viz., flat back and
angle back. Washbasins are fixed either on brackets secured to the walls or
on pedestals rising from the floor. 3. Two-Pipe System
In this system all soil appliances such as water closets and urinals are
connected to a vertical sol pipe. AllWasteWater appliances Such as baths,
washbasins, sinks, etc, are connected to a separate waste pipe which is
disconnected from the drain by means of a gully trap.
|
This system is the best
plumbing system which is most efficient in the conveyance of sanitary waste
and also largely favoured for adoption. However, this is the costliest of all
systems.
The following aspects have to be considered in the design and construction
of a drainage layout:
1. This layout should be simple.
2. All pipes should be laid in straight lines both in horizontal and vertical
directions.
3. Abrupt changes in the direction of the pipeline may affect the natural flow.
4. In the points of the intersection of pipes and wherever bends occur, it is
essential to provide inspection chambers or manholes.
5. The contained angle between the intersecting pipes should be less than
45° so as to ensure a gradual and smooth flow.
6. Sewers should not be ordinarily laid under a building. If it is inevitable a
cast iron pipe should be laid in straight reach with a uniform gradient.
1. Pipes and Gradients
Pipe sizes for house drains and sewers are 100, 150 and 230 mm and in
some cases 300 mm. In order to avoid deposition of solid matter, the pipes
should be laid as per the recommendation of I.S. Code (IS: 1742-1972), Table
below. 5. Sink
It is a rectangular shaped receptacle used in the kitchen or laboratory for
draining water. It is to be located as far as possible near a window so as to
get adequate light. The height from the floor is about 90 cm to the top edge
of the sink.
6. Urinals
There are two types, viz., bowl type and the slab or stall type. Both the types
are flushed through a siphonic type of flushing cisterns. In the bowl type, the
cistern may be hand-operated and of 5 | capacity. In the stall type, automatic
flushing cisterns are used.
A plumbing system of drainage is one through which discharge from sanitary
fixtures or appliances is conveyed. The three principal systems are single
stack system, the one-pipe system and the two-pipe system.
1. Single Stack System
In this system, all waste matters such as from bath, kitchen and sink and foul
matter from urinals or excreta from water closets are discharged into a single
soil pipe. This pipe also acts as a ventilating pipe. In this system complete
reliance is built entirely on the effectiveness of the water seal with the
assurance that the entry of gases from sewers are blocked. The advantages
of the system are:
(i) Simplicity in design, layout and easy plumbing of sanitary fixtures.
(ii) Better external appearance of the building.
(iii) More compact system and
(iv) More economical.
The main disadvantage with this system is the easy breaking up of water
seals in taps.
2. One-Pipe System
In this system, separate vent pipes are provided. All the traps of water
closets, basins, baths etc., are adequately ventilated to preserve the water
seal. In this system, a caged dome is provided projecting above the rooftop
such that to allow a natural outlet to the foul gas. This system requires a
difficult arrangement of pipework and is also costlier than the single-stack
system. Recommended the gradient of sewer discharge pipes
SI. No. Diameter Gradient Sewer
(Pipe) Discharge
(A) 300 mm 1in 200 1.66m3mt
(B) 230 mm 1in 120 1.93m3mt
(C) 150mm 1in 65 0.42m3mt
(D) 100 mm 1in35 0.18m3mt
Source: IS: 1742-1972.
2. Positioning of Pipes
The following points shall be kept in view while deciding the positioning of
pipes:
(i) All soil pipes, waste and ventilating pipes should be conveniently grouped
in shafts or ducts with adequate capacity. This provision is needed to allow
for inspection and repair work.
(ii) All the pipes needed for different purposes have to be adequately
provided for during the construction stage itself at their appropriate
positions.
(iii) When pipes are not embedded it should run clear of the wall with a
minimum clearance of 5 cm.
(iv) Waste pipes are to be separated from the house drains by using gully
traps. This arrangement is essential to prevent the entry of foul air or gas,
vermin, etc., into the building.
(v) The soil, waste and vent pipes should be vertically carried above the top
of the building. They are to be covered by copper, plastic or galvanised iron
wire domes. The arrangement is needed to prevent the nesting of birds or
inadvertent falling in of objects inside the pipe.
(vi) Diameter of pipes used for various purposes are given below (Duggal,
1988) (a) Soil pipe 100 mm
(b) Waste pipe — horizontal 32-50 mm
(c) Waste type, vertical 75mm
(d) Vent pipe 50 mm
(e) Anti-siphonage pipe:
Connecting soil pipe 50 mm
Connecting waste pipe 40mm
Sedimentation is carried out with the object of removing such suspended
minerals and organic matter from sewage. Sedimentation tanks are units in
which sedimentation is brought about. The lighter organic sewage solids
which settle in the sedimentation tanks are termed sludge. The sewage that
has been partially classified by the settling out of the solids is known as the
effluent.
In a general set up the disposal of sludge can be done by adopting any one
of the following methods:
(i) Dumping into waste bodies
(ii) Shallow Burial
(iii) Lagooning
(iv) Mechanical dewatering and
(v) Drying in Beds
If such a general disposal system is not available one has to go in for a
sedimentation tank. Generally, the sedimentation tank adopted is a septic
tank which is a horizontal continuous flow sedimentation tank. A description
of the septic tank is explained in the next section. The putrescible and highly
odorous efficient from the septic tank requires to be properly treated and
disposed of sub-surface irrigation field method or discharging into other soil
absorption system such as soak pit and leading cell pool which is described
later.
1. Septic Tank
A septic tank is a horizontal continuous flow sedimentation tank. Here the
sewage is allowed to move very slowly so as to retain for a period sufficient
to develop 60-70% of suspended matter to settle in the form of sludge.
Lighter solids float to the surface and combine with grease and fat and form
floating scum. The scum and sewage are allowed to stay for a period of 7
months during which period complete decomposition takes place through a
process called sludge digestion. The volume of sludge is also gets reduced
for easy disposal. The effluent from the septic tank has a very bad colour.
is dark in colour with fine solid particles and has to be disposed of with Ww utmost care. A schematic layout of a septic tank is shown in Fig. below.
A septic tank is constructed in such a way so as to prevent direct current
between the inlet and the outlet. This provides a better sedimentation and is
achieved by using T-pipes
SO mm § Vent pipe
Operating hardo
C.C. Baffle 7.5 em
Penperener
Sectional Elvation-BB
Destudging chamber
oun on
ab
s| %