FI R S T Y E A R MA T HE MA TI C S

BY

GE ORGE W . IEV A NS
‘ '
HE A D M A S TE R OF TH E C H AR L E S T O W N H I GH S C H OO L ,
B O S TON

A ND

J OHN A . MA R S H
M AS TE R I N M A TH E M AT I CS AT T H E E N G LI S H H I GH S C H OO L,

B OS TON

CH AR LE S E . ME RRI LL C OMPANY
NE W Y OR K A ND CHI CA GO
 C O P Y R I G H T , 1 91 6 ,

BY C HA R LE S E . ME R R ILL CO .
 P R EFACE

THI S b o o k is the re s ult of

twenty years o f pati ent experi
ment in actual teaching I t is i ntended to be co mplete d in
.

th e firs t year o f the hi gh s c h oo l I t p r es ent s algeb rai c

.

e quati o ns p r i ma r i ly a s a d e vice f o r t h e s o luti o n o f p r o blem s

s tat e d i n wo r d s and giv e s a c o mpl e te t r eatm e nt o f n um er ical

,

equati o ns s uch a s ar e u s ually i n c luded i n h igh s ch o o l algeb ra -

o n e l -
e tt e r a n d t w o —
l e tt er e quati o ns i nt e gr al a nd f ra c
,

ti o nal in clud in g o ne l ett er q u a d r a t i c s and t h e li ne a r quad

,
- -

rati o pai r So much o f a lgeb rai c manipulati o n i s i n cluded

.

as i s nec e ss a r y fo r t h e t r e atm en t o f th e se e quati o ns .

Th e ar ith me tic i n th e bo o k i s p r ese nted fr om a new p o i nt

o f Vi e w
— m m —
th at o f app r ox i ate c o putati o n a nd i s utili z ed
i n th e evaluati o n o f formulas and i n th e so luti o n o f e quati o n s
thr o ugh o ut th e s u c cee ding pa ge s .

Ge o met rical fact s a r e i nt r o duced a s th e b asis o f many

algeb rai c and arith metic p ro blems and W h erever they are
,

no t in tui tivel y acc e pt e d by the p u pi l s th e y a r e acc ompani ed

by ade quat e lo gi c a l d emo nst r ati o n P roo fs and pa rt s o f

.
,

p ro o fs a r e av o i ded W he n th ey s eem to the p u pi l s of an

,

u nne cess ar y a nd hai r s plitti ng ki nd

- .

All p r o blem s a r e ca refully gr ad e d fo r it i s by mea ns o f

,

pro ble m s that each s ucce ssiv e algeb r aic di ffic ulty i s in
tro d uc ed .

A gre at de al o f pains h as be en take n t o p r e sent new to pi c s

clearly an d c o n cr et e ly o ft en d ivi d in g the m i nt o s ub —
, t o pi c s
each o f W hich i s separ ate ly illu s t r at e d and a pp li ed to pra c
tice De fini ti o n s ar e gener ally p r e par ed fo r by s uch advan ce
.

wo rk as wi ll cau se t h e s tud en t t o fee l the need o f them ; and

W her e n o n e ed ex ist s the y ar e o mi tted
, To intro duce defi .

nit i ons o f c o ncept s that ar e alr ead y fami li a r to the stu dent ,

713 0 6 1 81
R
4 PRE FACE

s uch angle and r ight angle w ould in c r e as e th e fo rma li sm

as ,

o f t h e ex p o s iti o n a nd be o n t h e wh o le r e p e llant
, .

Th e b o o k h a s be e n u s e d i n manu s c ript a nd s ub s tantia lly ,

i n i t s p r e sent fo r m fo r fo u r ye ar s i n o ne o f t h e lar ges t h igh

‘

s ch o o l s i n Bo s t o n I t h as b een fo u nd wo rkabl e I t give s

. .

t h e p u pi l w h o h as but o ne y ea r fo r math e mati c s a s ub s ta ntial

kno wl edge o f th e me ani ng a n d pu r p o se of algebr a a nd m o re ,

t h an a hi nt of what geo met r y i s ab o ut N eith er o f th ese .

thi ngs c a n b e sai d o f th e c o nventi o nal fir st y ear ma th ematic s .

P u pi l s wh o go o n wi th mat h emati c s aft er t h e c o u r se c o v ere d

l
,

by t h i s t ex tb oo k e nt er up o n t h ei r se c o n d yea r wit h habit s o f

se lf r e lia n c e a n d o f s elf—
,

-
c r iti c i sm and c o mpl e te th e u sual
,

syllabu s e s o f c o ll e ge pr eb ar at i o n witho ut dupli c ati o n o f w o rk

o r l o ss o f ti me . Tea ch er s wh o have b egu n th e t ex t with

s o me di s t r u s t hav e fin i sh e d it wit h e n t h u s ia s m .

Ot h er fe at u re s o f t h e b o o k ar e :
1 Th e me t h o d o f s o luti o n o f e q u a ti o ns : t h e l o gi c al
.

e x plan ati o n o f e a ch s t e p i s n o t e d i n w r iti n g with a c l e ar a n d,

sy s t e mati c s y mb o li z a ti o n by t h e p u pi l h i mself
, T e ch ni cal .

t erms o f man ipulati o n s u c h a s t ran s p o si ng a nd c lear i ng

,
“ ”

o f f r a c ti o n s a r e r e pla c e d by b r i ef er s tat em e n t s o f th e a c tual

”
,

thin g d o ne t o ea ch o f th e e qual n umb er s .

2 App r o x imat e c o m putati o n i s made n o t o nly a tim e

.

s av er but a t ra i ni ng i n c o mm o n s e n s e .

3 Th e gr ap h i c al me t h o d i s u s ed n o t mer ely a s a p re pa r a
.

ti o n fo r ex aminati o n qu es ti o n s but a s a m ean s o f ex hibiti ng

t h e fu n cti o n al r elati o n o f t h e two l ett er s o f t h e e quati o n s
u s e d a n d a s a m e an s o f clarifyi ng th e s tudy o f elimi nati o n ;
,

it i s mad e a n i nt e gr a l pa r t o f t h e t r eatmen t o f t h at s ubj e c t .

4 T h e s o luti o n o f quad r ati c s i s t r eat e d by th e gene r al

.

m eth o d s of algeb r a i ns t ead o f u s ing a m et h o d p e culiar t o

,

hig h s c ho o l w o r k
-
“
.
”
C o mpl et i ng t h e s quar e i s r ega r d e d a s
a metho d of facto ri ng a quadr ati c ex p ressi on ; and th e s ign
:t fo r a s quar e ro o t i s d e duc e d fro m th e s o luti o n o f t h e
e quati o n x
2
n in s t ead o f t h e revers e Pr obl ems a re
, .

cho sen fir st to sh o w the answe r s distinct an d of equal si g

, ,
 P RE FAC E 5

ni fica nce , the n success ively to sh o w them ali k e apparently ,

differ ent but r eally alike and so o n The algeb raic negative ,
.

appe a r s h er e with i t s i nt e r pr e tati o n M eani ngless ans wers

,
.

a r e f o u n d which a r e t o b e di s ca r d e d ; i rr ati o n al a n s w e r s a re
,

e x emplifie d ; imagi na ry answer s a re menti o n ed a s an indi

c ati o n o f s o me i n c o n gr uity i n t h e s tat em ent of th e pr o bl em .

5 Two m eth o d s o f eli mi nati o n a r e given : by c o mbina

.

ti o n fo r li n ear pai rs a nd b y s ub stituti o n fo r linea r

“
,

quad ratic pai r s .

6 Th ro ugh o ut th e b o o k th e pupil i s r equi r e d to chec k all

.
,

h i s w o r k a nd so t o r ely up o n him s e lf fo r c er titud e o f h i s

,

a c cur acy .

7 The u n u s ual a rr an ge m ent o f t o pic s (see Table o f

.

C o ntent s) an d th e i nt r o du c ti o n o f m at er ial f ro m ar ithmetic ,

geo metry a n d eve n fro m trigo no met r y have b een fo u n d to

, ,

a ro u se an un u sual i nt ere s t i n th e pupil a nd to l e av e him at

t h e en d o f th e y ear wit h a feeli n g o f achi e v e m e nt that pupil s
n e v er get fr o m th e m er e man ipulati o n o f alg e b r aic ex p r es

s i o ns .

Fo r all th e fo r eg o i n g re a s o n s it i s b eli e v e d that thi s b o o k

will d isa rm m any o f th e attack s n o w b e i ng mad e o n th e
‘

t e achi ng o f algeb r a i n high s ch o o l s .

We are gr e atly i nd e bte d to t h e wi s d o m an d enthu s ias m o f

M r Hen ry M Wr ight an d M r Be rt r am C R ichar d s o n w h o
. . . .
,

have given i n valuable aid in w o r ki n g o ut t h e te ac h in g sys

t em e mb o di e d i n thi s bo o k M an y o ther Bo s to n t e ach ers
.
,

n o tably M r Walt e r F Do wn e y a n d M r P e t er F G ar tlan d

. . . .
,

have ge ner o u s ly c o op er at e d i n t e s ti n g th e var i o u s s tage s o f

t h e man u s cr ipt In o ffe ri n g t h e bo o k to a la r ger public
.
,

there fo r e t h e autho r s fee l warr ant e d i n clai m i ng that it i s

,

r e p r e se n tativ e o f a c o n sid e r able gr o up o f s ch o lar l y and

p o
r

g r ess i ve t e ache r s .

GE O RGE W E VANS
.

J OHN A . M ARS H
B O S TON , J u ne 1, 19 16 .
 C ONTE NTS
C HA P TE R

I . THE F I RS T U S E O F ALG E B RA
E quati ns o

R ati o .

M e as ur emen t o f Le n gth

Valuati o n Pr obl ems

D iff er ence of th e Unkn o wn N u mb ers Given
An gles and Angle R elati ons
M ul tiplication s
S h o rtages .

Th e S tudy o f a S i mpl e E quati o n

S um o f th e Unkn o wn Numb ers Giv en
C ir cl es

II . A TE C O M PUTATI ON
A PP R OX I M
M ultiplicatio n

I II . M E A S UR E ME NT F O RMU LA S

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

I mplicit Formul as

IV . ADDITI ON A L TY P E S OF P R OB LE M S .

Fr actio nal E quati n s o

S ubt actin g Fr acti o n s an d P a ren th es es

r

Th e C o n s tr ucti o n o f E quati o n s
T h e P ro bl e m o f t h e D igit s .

T h e P ro bl em o f Tw o Ve l o citi es
Th e Pr o blem o f Ability and Time
8 C ONTE NTS
CH A P TE R

V . TR A NS FOR M A TI ON S .

Ne gative N umb ers

A dditi o n
Par enthes es withi n P ar en thes es .

M ultiplicatio n .

Th e D i s tr ibutiv e Law
D is tr ib utive Fact o rin g .

M ultiplicatio n o f P o lyn o mials

D ivis io n

VI . I DE NTI TI E S A ND THE O R E M s ; FA CTO RI NG

Th e Pr oo f o f Theor ems
Quadr atic Pr o du c ts .

Facto r in g b y C r o ss M ul tiplicati on
C o mpl e tin g th e S quar e

Q UADR ATIC EQ U ATI ON S

Two An s wer s t o O n e Qu e s tio n
Bo th An s we s Alik
r e

Answers Appa en tly Difi e en t

r r

Th e M e a ni n g o f N e gativ e An wers s

An s w ers S ugg es tin g R elat e d P o bl ems r

M e aningl es s An swer s
E quati o ns I n v o lvin g I rr ati o n al Numb ers
Peculiar Quadr atics .

S O ME THE O R EM S O F G E OME TR Y
S o me R ati o s o f Ar e a
S imi l a r Figur es
S imilar R ight Tr ia ngles .

Pytha go r ean Theo rem .

An gl es o f a P o lygo n

IX . THE G R A PHIC A L M ETHOD

Th e A lgebr aic Di agr am
 C O NTE NTS 9
CH A P TE R

X . E LI M I NA TI ON B Y C OM B I NA TI ON .

Two Le tt er Pr o bl e ms
-

S o lvi ng f o r R ecip o cal

r s

Wh er e E limination Fails
No n—
.

Algeb r aic C o n diti o ns

XI . E LI M I N
ATI ON B Y S UB S TITUTI ON
Lin e ar Q uadr atic P ai s
- r

Algeb r aic Di a gr a ms
Th e E quatio n o f th e C i rcl e
O th er Q uadr atic Lo ci
Th e S ta n da r d P a r ab o la .

X II . S UPP LE M E NT ARY PR O B LE MS FO R P RA CTI C E A ND R E VI E W 2 18

FI E S T Y E A R MA T HE MA TI C S
'
CHA P TE R I

T HE F I RS T\ USE o r ALGEB RA

1 . Algeb r a is a meth o d o f ab b reviating the ex plana tio ns

o f a rithm e tic p r o bl e ms Thi s w as hi s t o rically i ts fir st use
.
, , .

I t is al so used fo r abb r eviating the statement of r ules in

arith m e tic and fo r t h e di s cus s i o n o f numbers in e very case
,

where the numbers ar e descr ibed in wo r ds in stea d o f bein g

e x p r e s s ed in figu r es .

2 . Thi s chapt er illu s tr ate s th e firs t use o f algeb r a : for

abbr e viati ng t h e ex planati o n o f p r o bl e m s in ar ithm etic .

In the p r o bl e m s which a r e her e giv en a s illu s t r ati o ns the ,

ans wer s ar e s o metime s evident at a glance Th e student i s .

no t ex pecte d t o s h o r t e n the ar ithmetical w o r k fo r h e can ,

n o t d o that he i s t o put d o wn th e ex planati o n b ri efly and

s ys t e matically Wh e n that is l e arn ed h e will find that he
.
,

c an d o c o mplicat e d p r o bl e m s with gr e at er e as e becau s e he ,

c an put d o wn in bla c k a nd white as h e go es al o n g the suc , ,

c ess i ve s t e ps o f h i s r e a so ni n g .

3 . M o d el A . A fath er i s 6 tim es as o ld as h i s so n and ,

th e ir unit e d ages ar e 42 yea r s . Fin d the age o f ea ch .

E X P LAN A TI ON
( 1) Th e father s age ’
th e
’
so n s age 42 years .

Th e f ather s age times

’
(2) th e
’
6 s o n s age .

6 times th e s on s years
’
(3 )
’
a ge th e s o n s a ge 42 .

(4 ) 7 times th e s o n s ’
a ge 42 years .

(5 ) Th e ’
s o n s a ge 6 y ears .

( 6) Th e f ather s ’
age 3 6 y e ars .

11
12 THE FIRST USE o r AL GE B RA

AB B R EV IA T E D E X P LAN A TI ON

Let 8 s tand for th e umb er o f year s

n i n th e ’
s o n s a ge .

Then 6 x 8 w ill s tan d f o t h e n u mb

r er o f yea rs in th e fath er s
’
age .

= 42
6) 6 X s + s

7 X s = 42

( 3) s 6
Q) 6 >< s = 36
Ans . Th e fathe r i s 36 y e ars ol d ; th e so n is 6 ye ars old .

E XE R CI S E 1

1 . J ohn istwice as o ld a s H enr y a nd t h e sum o f th ei r ,

age s i s 2 1 y e ar s Fi n d th e age o f e ach

. .

2 J o hn a n d Will wi s h t o divid e 3 6 c en t s s o that J o h n

.

s hall hav e twi c e a s muc h a s Will Ho w mu c h m oney will

.

e a c h b o y hav e ?

I pai d $ 2 2 0 fo r a h o r s e a n d s addl e a n d t h e h o r s e c o s t ,

te n tim e s a s m u c h a s th e s addl e What wa s th e c o s t o f

.

eac h?

4 A s id ewalk laid with a fl ags t o ne a nd a cur b s t o ne i s 6 fee t

.

wid e ; th e fl ags t o ne i s 1 1 ti me s a s wid e as th e c urb s to ne .

Wh at i s t h e width o f t h e flags t o ne a n d o f th e c u rb ?
5 Th e e l e ct o r al v o t e o f t h e s tat e o f New Yo r k i s 9 tim es
.

t h at o f t h e s tat e o f S o ut h Dako ta Bo th s tates to get h er .

h ave 50 el e cto r al v o te s Ho w m any vo t es d o es ea c h s tate

.

hav e ?
6 T h ere are 7 tim es a s many sh ee p a s lamb s i n a pas tu re
.
,

a n d i n all t h e r e a r e 9 6 Fi nd t h e n u mb er o f ea c h
. .

7 A p o l e 9 fee t l o n g i s par tly p e e l e d o f bar k ; th e bar k

.

par t i s twic e a s l o ng a s th e bar e p ar t Fi n d th e l ength of .

e ac h pa rt .

8 I t tak es a man fo ur times as l o ng t o r un th e firs t three

.

quar ter s o f a mea s ur e d mil e a s to run the las t quarte r He .

go es the who l e mil e i n s ix mi nut es How l on g d oes it take .

h im t o r im th e la st qua rt er ?
 E QUATION S 13

9 . M er cur y weigh s
tim es as much as wat er ; a quart
13
o f m e r cu r y a nd a qua r t o f wat er t o gether weigh 2 8 p o und s .

What i s the w eight o f e a c h ?

E Q U A T I ON S
4 . An e qu a ti o n i s a s tat e m en t that tw o n umb e r s are

e qual .

5 . alge b r aic abb r e viati o n fo r a ny n umb e r o r

Th e ,
fo r
a ny c o mbi n ati o n o f numbe r s i s call e d a n a lg e b r a i c , ex

pr e s si o n .

6 . I t tak e s t w o n umb er s t o
quati o n On e o r fo r m an e .

b o th o f t h e numb er s may b e a n alg eb r aic ex p r es s i o n T h e .

tw o numb er s w h ich ar e s aid t o b e e qual ar e call e d t h e fir s t

( l e ft ha n-d ) m e mb e r a n d the s e co n d ( r ight ha n d ) m e mb e r -

o f t h e e quati o n .

7 . Th e par t s o f an alge b r ai c ex p r e ss i o n se pa r at e d by th e
a nd s ig n s a r e call e d t h e t e r m s o f th e e x p res s i o n .

Th e tat ments n umb e d CD

s e reQ) i n M O D L A (pag e 1 2 ) a e
,
E r

equa ti o n b ecaus e each s tat es that tw o n umb ers a e qual In e quatio n

s, re .

th e n um b er o btain e d by addin g 6 X 8 t o s is s aid t o b e e qual t o

th e umb e 42
n r .

Ther e ar e three terms in thi s e quati o n : th e fi s t i s 6 X n d th e r 8, a

s ec o n d i s 8 Thes e t erms ar e s epar at e d b y t h ign

. e s

E ith r o f th es e t erms s e pa at ely as we ll as th e s um o f b o th is an

e r , ,

al geb r i c a x pr i one T h e s econ d memb er c o ntains o nl y o n e t e m a

es s . r ,

n umb er with o ut any l ett er .

8 I n o r d er t o fix t h e mi n d o n th e n atu r e o f the p r o c e s s es
.

by which h i s e quati o ns ar e o btai ne d it i s well fo r th e s tud en t ,

t o i n di c at e b es id e e ach e quati o n h o w it ar o se fr o m t h e pr e
c eding e quatio n s Wit h ve r y little t ro uble h e i s thu s abl e
.
,

to c o mple t e h i s ex pla n ati o n .

9 M o d el B
.
— I n a c e r tain c o ll e cti o n o f i n s e ct s th er e
.
,

a re twic e a s ma ny b utte rfl i es a s m o th s ; o f b o th th e re are

39 . Find the numb er o f e ach .

 14 THE F I RST US E o r ALGE BRA

Let a
: th e n umber of moths .

Then 2X x th e n umb er o f b u tte rfli es .

= 39
Q) 2 X x+ x

3 X 3: 39 ( Dsa me values
x = 13 -
3
(D 2 X x = 26
A ns . 1 3 mo ths ; 2 6 b ut terfli es .

In MODEL umb ers in e quati o n ( 2) a re o bta ined

B, the n

fro m ( D witho ut any change o f value Th e numb ers i n .

are o btain e d fro m the numb e rs in by dividing ea c h o f

them by 3 thi s fact being indicat e d o n th e ri ght o f
, by
th e hi s t o ry o f th e equati o n ()
2 3 T h e n umb e r s in ()
4 , .

a re o btain ed fro m th o se in C 3) by multiplying each o f them

by 2 the hi story being

, X 2 , .

10 Wh e n two numbe r s ymbo l s are writte n to ge the r

.

witho ut a ny s ign b etween the m multiplicati o n i s indicat e d ,

.

Fo r re p rese nti ng n u mb e rs o f w h i c h valu e s are no t s tat ed ,

so m e time s initial l etters a r e u s e d a s i n M O D E L A ; mo re

o fte n w e u s e a s m all l e tt er fr o m the latte r pa r t o f t h e alpha

bet s u ch a s x y o r z
, , , .

Th e se a r e matters o f ac c e pt e d c u st o m ( c o nv enti o n) amo ng

writer s a nd s tud ent s o f algeb r a .

11 . a ns wer i n M O D E L B i s readily veri fied b e c au se we

Th e
see at o n ce that t h e s tat e me nt s o f t h e p r o bl e m a re t r u e f o r

t h e n umber s o btain e d a s a ns we r s That i s 2 6 2 X 13 .

,

a nd 2 6 13 39 T h i s v eri ficat i o n i s c all ed c h e cking

. .

Answers s h o uld always b e ch e cke d by r efe r ri ng to t h e

'
wo rd s o f the p ro bl em it se lf no t t o th e firs t e quati o n ,
.

E E R CI S E 2

1 . One
man i s twice as h e avy as ano ther and bo th we igh ,

33 9 po und s Find th e w eight o f e ach

. .

2 Th e n umb er o f c o ws and s hee p i n a certai n far myar d

.

is 7 5 and ther e ar e fo ur time s as many s heep as c o ws

, Fi nd .

the numbe r of ea ch .
 E QUATI O NS 15

3 .d o cto r h as twice a s many book s as the mini s te r

Th e ,

an d they b o th have 2 1 00 Ho w many b oo ks has each man ?

.

4 . a do g s h o w th er e are 36 St Bernar d s twic e as many

In .
,

long hai re d as s ho rt-hair e d Ho w many o f each ki nd are

- .

th er e ?
5 A l o co mo tive w eigh s 6 time s as much as a car and
.
,

bo th weigh 14 to ns Fi nd the we ight o f each

. .

A man i s twice as h e avy as a b oy a nd bo th weig h

'

6 .
,

200 p o und s Fi nd the weight o f each

. .

A s h o u s e c o s t 2 % times as much as B s h o use and

’ ’
7 .
,

b o th c o s t $ 7 000 Find the c o s t o f e ach

. .

8 I p ai d $ 1 00 fo r two l o t s o f tiles ; o ne lo t c o s t 4 times

.

as much a s the o th e r What w a s t h e c o s t o f e ach lo t ?

.

9 . I walke d
time s as far in th e after no o n as I did in
4
t h e fo r e no o n ; I walke d 1 5 mil e s alt o ge th e r Ho w far did .

I wal k i n the fo reno on ?

10 I t c o s ts 4 times as much to go fro m New Yo r k to
.

C hicago a s fr o m Bo s t o n to New Yo r k ; fr o m Bo s to n to
C hicago by way o f New Yo rk it c o s t s 325
, Ho w much, .

d oe s it c o s t t o go fr o m Bo s to n t o New Yo rk ?
11 . p res ide nt o f a st o ck c o mpany o wn s twice as many
Th e
s ha re s i n it a s h i s b r o ther and b o th o wn 1 65 sha r e s
, Ho w .

ma ny s hares d o e s e ach man o wn ?

12 . A man
had a big bill i n h i s po cket and a s ked the ,

pr ice o f a h o u s e a nd bar n ; he fo und that th e h o u s e c o s t 7

times t h e valu e o f th e bill a nd t h e ba r n 3 time s th e valu e
,

o f t h e bill b o th c o ming t o $5 000

, Find the c o st o f h o u se .

a nd bar n .

13 . Th erethr ee times a s many bar re l s in o ne cellar

ar e

a s in an o th er ; i n t h e s t o r e ab o v e th ere ar e half as many ,

bar rel s a s in b o th cellar s ; alt o geth er t h er e are 2 16 b a rrel s .

Ho w many are ther e in each part of the buildin g ?

16 THE FI RST USE O F A LG E BRA

14 . A fort re ss
garri s o ned by 52 00 men ; and th ere
is
9 ti me s a s many i nfant ry and 3 ti me s as man y artille ry ,
,

c avalry Ho w many ar e there o f each ?

.

RA T I O

12 Wh en o n e quan tity c a n b e o btai n e d fr o m an o th er

.

multiplyi n g th e multipli er i s c all e d th ei r rati o

, .

Thu s i n E x 1 4 a b o v e t h e r ati o o f i nfant ry t o caval ry i s

,
.
,

t h at o f c a v al r y t o i nfan tr y i s Thi s i s o nly a no t h er way

s ayi ng t h at t h e n u mb e r o f i n fa n t ry i s 9 tim e s t h e mum

o f c aval r y ; a n d t h at t h e n u mb er o f caval r y i s 4 t h e n u m

o f i nfa n t r y .

13 . M o d el C . A li n e c en tim e t er s l o ng i s divid ed
530
i nt o t w o p o r ti o n s ,
a n d t h e r ati o o f t h e s e i s 4 Find t h e l ength
.

o f each .

ac umb er of centimet ers in o ne p orti on

th e n .

4x t h e n umb er o f c entim et ers i n th e o th er .

(D x 4x 530
5x 530 6) s ame valu es
x 106 5
Q) 4 2: 42 4 G
!) X 4
A ns . One p or ti on is 106 c m ; th e
. o ther 42 4

C H E C K : 106 X 4 42 4
106
5 30

E XER CI S E 3

1 . Divid e 7 8 p o u n d s of ch ees e i nt o tw o p o r ti o ns w h ic h
wil l h ave th e r ati o 2 .

2 . Divid e a fa r m of 81 0 a c re s i nt o two p o rti o ns with a

r ati o 8.

3 . Tw o parts of a line 90 feet l o n g have a ratio How

lo n g are the parts?
 M EASU RE M E N T OF LE N GTH 17

4 . Of a 200-a c r e
farm pa r t i s so wn t o o ne c ro p and the
,

r e st to an o the r Th e r ati o o f the two part s IS 4

. Ho w .

m uch la nd i s th e r e in e ach par t ?

Th e r ati o o f a n av er ag e man s w e ight to an aver ag e
’
5 .

te n y ea r o ld b o y s w e ight i s 2 S u c h a m a n a nd b o y wo uld
’
- -
.

to geth er w e igh 2 10 po u n d s What i s th e w e ight o f each ? .

6 . Divid e 2 8 int o tw o part s havi ng a r ati o 6 .

7 . Th e r ati o o f the w e ight o f a n av er ag e St Ber n ar d do g .

t o that o f a n av e r age Bl en h e im s pan i e l i s 1 5 In the do g .

s h o w t h er e w e r e 1 0 S t Be r n a r d s a n d 5 o f th e s e S pan i e l s and
.
,

alto geth er th ey w eigh e d 1 085 p o und s What i s the ave rage .

weight o f e ach do g ?
8 . Th e r ati o o f n o n vo t er s to vo t er s in a t o wn i s 4
-
If .

t h e po pulati o n is h o w many a re v o t er s ?
9 . The r ati o o f c o i n m o ney t o bill s i n a c o n duct o r s p o cke t ’

is 4; h e h as in all Ho w much o f h i s mo n ey is in
.

c o in ?
10 I n a c e rtai n t r a n s acti o n the gr o s s r e c eipt s wer e $ 7 2 0
. .

The r ati o o f t h e am o u nt inves t e d t o t h e am o unt received as

pro fit wa s 8 Ho w much wa s i n ve sted ?
.

M EA S U RE ME NT OF L E NGT H

14 . t aight li n e i s m e as u re d by mar king o ff o n it a

A s r

c er tai n s ta n dar d s tr aight li n e call ed a u nit o f len gth T hi s .

un it is i n m o d ern time s defin e d car e fully by n ati o n al go vern

ment s Th e u n its i n c o mm o nes t us e ar e th e foot and th e
.

meter but multiple s a n d s ubdivi s i o ns o f th e s e u nit s ar e al s o

,

fre qu ently u s ed .

Wh en th e las t mea s ur ement mar k c o m es exa c tly at the

end o f the s t r aight line we a r e m e as u r i ng , t h e len gth n umb er -

is a who le numb er o r an i n t e g er ; wh en it d o es no t c o m e
,

exactly at th e end o f the li ne th e meas u r ement is c o ntin ued ,

wi th subdivi s i o ns o f the unit Th e s y s tem o f s ubdivi s io n in

.
18 THE F IRS T U S E o r AL GE B RA

or dinary use fo r th e fo o t is c umb ro u s and is no t much used ,

in ca reful wo rk s uch a s engine er ing He re d e cimal s ub

,
.

d ivisi o n is alm o s t univers al .

15 . p r e ci s i o n o f mea s u r ement is indicated by the

Th e
numb er of figu r es r e qui r e d t o ex p r ess th e r es ult r athe r tha n ,

by th e n u mb er o f d e c imal pla ce s Thu s a l en gth o f .

i n ch es c a n b e ex p r es s ed with e qual accu r acy as , feet o r , ,

meter s o r ev en a s 001 39 mile s d e p ending up o n t h e

, .
,

u n it u s ed and no t up o n t h e car e o r skill with which th e

,

wo r k is d o ne T h ese fo u r numb er s r ep r esenting th e s ame

.
,

l ength are e qually a cc u r at e m e as u r em ent s alth o ug h i n o ne

, ,

o f th e m o nly o ne d e c imal place is u se d and in a n o th er fiv e ,

places .

M eas ur ements which are ex p res sed like th ese in th r ee , ,

figur es a r e s aid t o b e o f th r ee— figur e a cc u r a c y ; th ey may b e

mad e with o r di n ar y i ns t r u m ent s a nd s kill Five—
,

figur e .

accur acy r e qui res go o d in str um ent s and gr e at c ar e a s wh er e ,

a city building lo t is me as u r e d to th o u s an dth s o f a fo o t ; six

figu r e a cc u r a c y is p o s s ibl e t o ex p e rt s ; a n d e ight—figu r e

accu r acy is b e yo nd hu m an s kill at p re s ent .

In s o lvi ng ex ampl es with d e cimal data it is im p o ss ibl e ,

fo r th e r es ult t o have any gr e ater ac c u r a c y than the give n

quantity I f t h e m e as u r e d quantity is ex p res sed in three
.

figur e s it is u sel e ss t o e x pr ess t h e r es ult i n m o re than thr e e

,

figur e s ; h e n ce any answe r o btai ne d fr o m de c imal data

,

mu s t b e cut d o wn to the numb er o f figures o f the given data .

Fo r ex ampl e ft ,
X 1 2 in . in in . . .

E XE R CI S E 4

1 . A fl agp o le is
h e avy bas e and a
m ad e i n two pa r ts , a

lighte r uppe r p o rti o n ; t h e enti r e height is 7 5 feet Th e .

he ight o f t h e bas e b e ar s t o th e h e ight o f the uppe r portio n

the r ati o 2 How l o ng i s each p o rti o n ?
.
 M EASURE M ENT or LE N GTH 19

2 . large fact ory h as length and width in the r atio 3

A .

A belt c o u rs e of or name ntal te rr a c o tta ar o und the buildi ng

meas u re s 64 0 fee t What is the length o f the building ?
.

3 . A li fe -sa vi n g c o ils o f ro pe wh o se len gths

c r ew h ad t wo
were in t h e r atio 2 and neither o ne al o ne w o uld reach a
,

wrec k o ffs h o r e By uniting them e nd to e nd the entir e

.
,

length o f 4 80 yar d s car ried o ver the s hip Ho w much r o pe .

was the r e in each c o il ?

4 . S pu r tr acks we r e r un fro m the main line o f a r ail ro ad
to t wo fact o r ie s and r e quir ed t h e building o f 1800 fee t o f
,

track . Th e l ength s o f the t wo line s of t r ack wer e i n the

r ati o 5 . Ho w l o ng w a s each ?
5 . pi e c e o f gr o u nd 3 50 feet l o ng was divided in the
A
r ati o 6 fo r a f act o r y a nd a n adj o i n i ng po w er h o u s e Ho w .

l o ng was t h e p o w er h o u s e ?
8 .A li ne fee t l o ng is divid e d int o two parts tha t
have a r ati o 7 Ho w l o ng is e a c h pa r t ?
.

7 . Th e l ength o f a buildi ng lo t is twice i t s b r eadth and ,

it take s fee t o f ir o n fence to in c l o s e i t What a re the .

dim e ns io ns o f th e lo t ?
8 T h e width s o f t wo adj o ining e state s have a r atio 1 3
.
,

and th ey o ccupy a t o tal fr o ntage o f ft Ho w wide is .

each e stat e ?
9 . width o f the wago nway in a ce rtain st r eet bears
Th e
to the width o ccupi e d by b o th s id e wal ks t h e r ati o 2 Th e .

to tal w idth fr o m wall to wall i s feet Ho w wide is .

the wago nway ?

10 . ide s o f a t rian gle have the r atio 3 and the thi rd
Two s ,

side is i n che s l o ng T h e t o tal pe r imet er (the di stance

.

aro und the edge) i s inche s Ho w l o n g is each sid e ? .

11 A metal scale 389 ft l o ng i s divided int o two parts

. . .

with the r ati o 2 Find the len gt h o f each part in inches

. .
20 THE F IR ST U S E O F AL GEBRA

12 . A m et e r i n c h e s A m et e r s ti c k is di vid e d i n to
is .

two par t s wh o s e r ati o is 8 Fi n d th e l e ngt h o f e a c h pa rt i n fee t

. .

13 . A lit e r o f d r y a i r a t s ta nda r d p r es s u re an d t emp e r

atu r e we igh s gra ms W h a t is th e weigh t o f t h e two
.

p o r ti o n s o f t h i s a ir w h en it is divid e d i n t h e r ati o 6 ?
14 . A s h o r t pi e c e o f r ail r o ad is laid with h e avy r ail s
we ig h i ng 90 lb to t h e fo o t a nd light e r r ail s we ig h i ng 7 5 1b
.
, .

t o t h e fo o t Th e l e ngt h o f t h e r o ad is
. mil es a nd th e ,

di s tan c e laid with h e avy r ail s b e a r s t o th e di s t a n c e laid wit h

t h e light e r r ail s t h e r ati o 3 Ho w many r o d s o f e a ch grad e
.

o f r ail a r e laid ? Ho w m any t o n s of e a c h gr ad e o f ra il a re

u s e d ? (Two r ail s t o t h e t r a c k ) .

15 . Th e c h e m i c al e l e m e nt s i n a nth r a c it e c o al ar e m ai nly
c arb o n hyd r o gen a n d o x yge n with t h e we ight o f c ar b o n
, , ,

b e ar i ng a r ati o o f 3 8 t o ea c h o f t h e o th er tw o I n o f a t o n .

o f c o al h o w m a ny p o u n d s o f e a ch o f th es e c o ns tituents
,

wo uld b e fo u nd ?
16 . A kil o gr am ( 1 000 gr a m s ) is e quival e nt t o lb .

avo i r dup o i s E l e v e n kil o gr a m s o f c o pp er is divid e d i n to tw o

.

m a ss es with a r ati o 6 Ho w m a ny o u n c e s a re ther e in e ach

.

po r ti o n?
17 . T wo di s tan c e s have a r ati o 5 a n d t h e i r s u m is 1 39 .

miles Ho w m a ny r o d s a re t h e re i n e a ch di s tan c e ?
.

18 . I wi s h to divid e lh o f s ulp h u r i nt o two p o r tio ns

.

ha v i ng a r atio 3 Ho w ma ny o u n c es will t h ere b e in ea c h

.

p o rti o n ?
19 . A pi e c e o f r ibb o n yar d s l o ng wa s divid ed i nt o
t w o p o r ti o n s w h o se r ati o w a s 4 Ho w many in ch e s wer e
.

th e r e i n e a ch p o ti o
r n ?

2 0 . A b o o k c o ns i s ti ng o f two par t s h a s i n Pa r t II th ree

times a s many pages a s i n P ar t I Th e b o o k h as 14 36 pages . ,

a nd the thickn e ss b e tw ee n c o v e rs is i h Ho w many .

pages are th ere in each par t ? How thick is o ne page ?

 M E AS UR E M E NT OF AN G LE S 21

E XE R CI S E 5

Oral Wor k
Find th e l ength s o f th e pai rs o f lin es d es cr ib e d in th e fol
lo wi ng ex ampl es :
1 S um 1 2 in ch es ; r ati o 3
.
, , .

2 S um 4 0 c e ntim e t e r s ; r ati o
.
, ,
4 .

3 S u m 7 5 m e t e rs ; r ati o 2
.
, , .

4 S um 90 in c h e s ; r ati o 8
.
, , .

5 S um 1 44 fee t ; r ati o 1 1
.
, , .

6 S um 1 5 0 ya r d s; r ati o 5
.
, , .

7 S um 5 5 mil es ; r ati o 1 0
.
, , .

8 S um 3 fee t ; r ati o 5
.
, , .

9 S u m 2 inch e s ; r ati o 7
.
, , .

10 S um 4 ya r d s ; r ati o 1 1
.
, , .

11 S um 300 feet ; r ati o 5

.
, ,
.

12 S um 3 60 ya r d s ; r ati o 8
.
, , .

13 S u m 4 00 feet ; r ati o 9
.
, ,
.

14 S u m 1 2 00 m il e s ; r ati o 3
.
, , .

15 S u m 880 ya r d s ; r ati o 7
.
, , .

16 S um 9 60 kil o m e t e r s ; r ati o
.
, ,
2 .

17 S u m 540 fee t ; r ati o 8

.
, , .

18 S um 1 4 00 mil e s ; r ati o 1 3
.
, , .

19 S um 4 84 ya r d s ; r ati o 3
.
, , .

20 S um 1 1 1 1 fee t ; r ati o 1 0
.
, , .

M EA S U RE M E NT O F ANG LE S
16 . An an gl e is m e a s u r e d by mar ki ng o ff o n it a s tan dar d
angl e call e d a de gr e e .

17 . If on a u rf a c e y o u re vo lve a s t raight li ne ab o ut
flat s

o ne o f its e n d s as a piv o t y o u ge t o ne c o mpl e te r o tati o n

,

wh e n it retu rns to i t s s ta rting po s iti o n and y o u have passed ,

22 THE F I RS T U S E O F A L GE B R A

th e line th ro ugh 3 60 o f th e s tandar d angl e s or degrees A .

clo ck hand o r a watch hand makes s u c h a m o veme nt and

, , ,

th e l ength o f t h e han d h a s n o t h i ng t o do with t h e si z e o f th e

angle th r o ugh whi ch it r o tat es In a q uart er o f an h o u r
.

e v ery minut e ha n d d e s c r ib e s o r pa s se s o ve r a n a ngl e o f

, ,

a nd ev er y h o u r ha n d d e s c r ib es an a ngl e o f 7 wheth er th e
hand s are o n a lady s watch o r o n th e to wn c l o ck Th e si z e
’
.

o f the angle h as n o thing t o d o with t h e le ngth o f i ts s ides .

18 A
. degree is divided into s ix tieth s called mi nutes ; and
,

th en s ubdivid ed int o s ix ti e th s o f a mi nute calle d seconds

,
.

S ubdivi s i o n s o f a degree are exp ressed al so in the fo rm o f

decimal s ; that meth od will be gene r ally used in thi s b oo k .
 M EAS UR E M E NT OF AN G LES 23

19 . po int f r o m which the two s ide s o f an an gle are

Th e
d r awn i s call e d the vertex .

Th e m o s t c o nveni ent way o f m e asu r ing an angle i s to

plac e it with i ts v er t ex at th e ce n te r o f a ci r cle o f which the
e dg e is ma r ked o ff i n d e g r e e s S uch a mar ked ci r cle i s
.

call e d a pro tr ac tor .

On a lar ge ci r cle th e d e gr ee
marks a re f arther apart than
o n a s mall ci r cle j u s t as a,

large cl o c kface h a s l o nger

°
minute s pac es (6 each) than
a s mall o ne ; but th e c entr al
angle o f o ne degr ee will o f ,

c o u rs e b e the s ame whatever

, ,

th e si ze o f the p r o t r act o r .

20 . angl es are called c o mplements when thei r s um

Two
is Compl e me nts in ter c ept a qu adrant o n a p ro t r ac to r .

Tw o angles a re called s upplements when their s um is 180

°

S uppl e ments i nter c ept a s e mic ir cl e o n a p ro t r actor .

S e m ici r c l e

21 . p r e senting in algebr a the len gth num ber of a

Fo r re -

straight line it is advi s abl e t o us e o ne o f the small lette rs of

,

the alphabet Fo r the number of degr ees in an angle use

.
,

a capital letter .
24 THE FI R S T U S E O F AL GE BRA

E XE R CI S E 6

1 . Tw o s uppl em enta r y a ngl es a re in th e r ati o 8; find

th e an gl e s .

2 . a ngl e o f 1 69 is divid ed i nt o two p a rt s with th e

An
°

r ati o 1 2 Ho w many d e gr ee s a r e t h e r e in ea ch p art ?

.

3 Tw o a n gl e s a r e i n t h e r ati o 7 a nd t h ei r s um is
.
,

W h at is t h e si z e o f e a c h a ngl e ?
4 On e a ngl e is twi c e t h e si z e o f a no t h e r a ngl e a n d th e i r
.
,

s u m i s t h e s uppl e men t o f t h r ee tim e s t h e la r g e r o ne Find .

th e tw o a n gl e s .

5 An a ngl e i s t h e c o mpl e m ent o f 5 ti me s it self ; find

.

th e a n gl e .

6 T h e r ati o o f t w o c o m pl e m e ntar y an gl e s i s 3 ; w h at
.

a r e th e a n gl es ?
°
7 Ah a ngl e o f 1 04 i s divid e d i nt o tw o par t s havi ng a
.
,

r ati o 7 Ho w many d egree s a r e t h e re i n e a ch part ?

.

8 T w o s uppl e m enta ry a ngl e s hav e a r ati o 1 7 ; what a r e

.

th e a n gl e s ?

9 An a ngl e b e ar s t o i t s c o mpl em en t t h e r ati o 9 ; h o w

.

many d e gr ee s a r e th ere i n th e angl e ?

A m ar k o n a cl o ckfa c e i s s o pla c e d t h at at 4 o c l o c k it
’
10 .

di v id e s t h e a ngl e b etw een t h e h an d s i nt o tw o a ngl es that

h ave t h e r ati o 4 Ho w m a ny d egr ees are th ere in e ach o f
.

the se t w o a ngl es ?
E XER CI S E 7

Or a l Wor k
1 . Fi nd tw o c o mpl em e ntar y angl es wh o se r ati o is
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 8; 9 ; 1 1 ; 1 4 ; 1 9 ; 2 9 ; 44 ; t; 9; fi ;
7
9 3 .

2 . Fin d t wo s upplem entar y angl es wh o s e r ati o is

2 ; 4 ; 5 ; 8; 9 ; 1 1 ; 14 ; 1 7 ; 1 9 ; 2 9 ; 44 ; 5 9 ; 89 ; 1 7 9 ; i ; »
9;
 M EAS URE M E NT O F A N G LES 25

Find the pai rs o f angl es de s cr ibed as fo ll o ws

3 . S um , r ati o 6 , . 9 . Di ff er e nc e , r ati o , 6 .

4 . S u m , 63 r ati o 8 , . 10 . Diff er e n c e , r ati o , 10 .

5 . S um 1 05 ,
r ati o 2 0 , . 11 . Diffe r en c e ,
r ati o , 9 .

S um , Diff e r en c e 80
°
6 . r ati o 6 , . 12 .
, r ati o ,
17

7 . S um , 1 05
°
r ati o 14 , . 13 . Di ffer e n c e , r ati o ,
4 .

8 . S um ,
r ati o 2 7 , . 14 . Differe n c e ,
r ati o ,
14 .

22 Wh er e th e nu mb er o f d egr ees i n a n a ngl e i s r e p re s ent ed

.

b y a n algeb r ai c ex pr ess i o n it i s s o m e tim e s n e c e ss a r y t o ge t ,

a no th er alg e b r aic e x p re s s i o n t o re p r e s e n t the numb er of

“

d egrees in th e s uppl eme nt o r the c o m pl e ment .

Let u s tak e n u mb er s fir s t as a n illu s tr ati o n and fin d h o w , ,

many d e gr ees th er e are i n the s uppl e m en t o f an a ngl e o f

S in ce 47
°
1 33
°
47
°
is th e s u pp le ment o f 13 3 °
(that is , of
°
180
Li k ewis e 1 33 i s th e s upplement o f 47 (that is
,
° °
, of 1 80
°

H ence th e n umb er o f de gr e es i n th e s upplement

, of 7
°
i s 1 80 7; of

(c de gree i s ( 1 80 c
(1 ) s d) .

Th e n umb er o f d e g e s r e i n th e co mp le ment of (a 4) degrees is

( 90 a that i s (86 ,
a ) .

E ach of
fo ll o wi ng algeb r aic ex pr e s s io n s r e p re s ent s t h e
th e
numb er o f d e gr e es i n a n a n gl e ; s tat e i n e a c h ca s e t h e n umb er

o f d e g r ee s i n i t s s uppl e m e n t .

15 M . 18 ab 2 1 o + 8
. 24 2a + 3 . .

16 . K 19 . r+ s 22 . c + 24 25 . 6B
17 .
Q 20 . X + Y 23 .
f + 11 26 . 2 h + 15

Each fo ll o win g algeb r ai c ex p r e s s i o n s r ep r e s ent s th e

of th e
nu mb er o f d e gr ees i n an a ngl e ; s tat e i n e ach ca s e t h e numb er

o f d e g r e e s i n i t s c o mpl e m e n t .

2 7 . Z 30 . e f 83 . M+ 1 36 . 6a + 7
28 . S 3 1 . h + k 34 . c + 9 3 7 . 3 cd
29 .
g 32 . MN 35 . 11 + w 38 . m+ 5a + 4
26 THE F I RS T USE O F AL GE BRA

VALU AT I ON PR O B LE MS

23 M o d el D
. I s ettl e d an acc o unt o f $4 8 with $2
.

a nd $ 5 bill s u sin g twic e as ma ny 5 s as 2 s

,
Ho w many bills ’ ’
.

o f e a ch d e no mi nati o n did I giv e in paym e nt ?

Lt ex th e n u mb o f $ 2 bills er .

Then 2 x th e numb e o f $ 5 bills r .

2 x th e n um b er o f d llars i n $ 2 bills o .

10 x t h e n umb er o f d o llars i n $ 5 bill s .

= 48
6) 10 x + 2 z

12 x 48 (D sa me values
4 C)
2 12
2 x 8 6) x 2
A ns . F o ur 32 bills ; eight 35 bil ls .

CHE C K 4 $2 bills 3 8
2 x 4 or 8 $ 5 b ills 40
$ 48

E XER CI S E 8

1 . Th e c o al s upply fo r a s ch o o l was d elivered i n two ki nd s

of wago ns the lar ge r ho ldi ng 5 to n s a nd th e smaller 3 to ns ;
, 5 —

th er e w er e twic e as m any o f t h e lar ge lo ad s as o f th e s mall

o ne s a n d the e nti r e am o unt d e liv er e d wa s 1 82 t o n s
, Ho w .

many l o ad s we r e d elivere d by each ki n d o f wago n ?

2 A milk wago n c arr i e s c ert i fied m i lk in b o ttl e s at 14
.

c ent s a quar t and 5 tim es as mu c h milk in c ans at 9 c ents a

quar t Th e e nti r e l o ad i s wo r th
. Ho w m any quart s
o f e ach ki n d o f m ilk a r e ca rr i e d by t h e wago n ?

3 A s t o ck far m s o ld o ut i t s h o r ses a nd c o ws fo r 34 360

. .

The r e we r e t h r ee ti mes as ma ny c o ws as h o r s es T h e c o ws .

were s o ld at a u nifo r m p ri c e o f $ 1 1 0 a nd t h e h o r s es at a ,

unifo r m p r ic e o f $2 1 5 Ho w many o f e a ch were s o ld ?

.

4 Tw o ki n d s o f wago n s o ne ki nd h o ldin g twic e as mu c h

.
,

a s th e o th er w ere u sed in d eliver ing 220 t o ns o f br i c k Th e

, .

s mall er w ag o n s d e live r e d 1 6 l o ad s the larger 3 1 Ho w , .

many to ns wer e delivere d in e ach kind o f wago n ?

 V ALUATION PRO B LE MS 27
'

5 sh oe dealer s o ld o ne day a line o f sh oes at $6 a pai r

. A ,

and fo u r time s as ma ny o f a no th er line at a pair .

Th e re c e ipt s o n t h ese two line s o f s h oe s that day w er e $4 60 .

Ho w many pai r s o f e ach ki n d wer e s o ld ?

6 . I n paying an acc o unt of $ 68 , I u sed o nly $5 and $2
bill s ; and t h e numb er o f $ 5 bill s w a s three tim es th e numb er
o f $ 2 bill s Fi n d t h e n umb er o f bill s o f e ach d eno mi n ati on
. .

Ho w many bill s o f e ach kind mu s t I use to settle th e fo l

lo wi ng acc o u nt s in the man ne r d e s cr ibed fo r e ach acc o unt ?
7 . To pay $88 I , u se 35 a nd $2 bill s o nly , 3 time s a s many
’ ’
2 s as 5 s .

8 . To pay $7 2 I , use 5
’
s a nd 2
’
s o nly twic e a s many
,

5
’
s as 2
’
s .

9 . To pay $4 2 I ,
us e 10 s
’
and 2
’
s on ly twice a s many
,
2
’
s

as l0s
’
.

10 . To pay $ 80 I , us e 10 s
’
a nd 5
’
s on ly twi c e as ma ny
,

’ ’
5 s as 10 s .

11 . To pay $26 I , use 10 s

’
and 1
’
s o nly , 3 time s as ma ny
’ ’
1 s as 10 s .

12 . To pay $4 5 I , u se 2
’
s a nd 1
’
s on ly , 7 time s as m any
28 as Ps
13 . To pay $ 7 8 I ,
u se 5
’
s a nd 1
’
s on ly , 5 times as many
5s as Ps
14 . To pay $84 I , us e 10 s
’
a nd 2
’
s on ly ,
4 time s as many
’ ’
10 s as 2 s .

15 . To pay $ 7 5 I, us e 10 s
’
a nd 5
’
s on ly , 7 time s as many
’ ’
10 s as 5 s

16 . To pay $ 1 83 I , use 10 s
’
a nd 1
’
s on ly , 6 times as many
’ ’
10 s as 1 s .

17Five ho rs e s a nd fo u r d o nkeys we igh alt o gether 9600

.

p o u nd s E ac h ho r s e we igh s 4 time s a s much as a d o nkey

. .

Find the weight o f each animal .

28 THE F I RS T US E O F AL G EBR A

18 . we r e b o ug h t fo r 3 9 c ent s ; twice a s many red

Appl e s
o nes at 5 c e n t s api e c e a s gr ee n o nes at 3 c en t s api e c e Ho w .

many o f e a c h ki n d o f appl es w er e b o ught ?

19 . E ngi n ee r s ex ami ne d a b r idge that b r o ke d o w n u nd er
t h e w e ight o f a c r o wd o f p e o pl e a n d d e c id e d that t h e b r eak
,

i ng l o ad w a s 36 t o n s S u pp o s in g t h at t h e r e w e r e fo u r times
.

a s m a n y m e n a s w o m e n t h e av e r age w e ig h t b e in g 1 5 0 p o und s
,

fo r a m an a n d 1 2 0 p o u n d s fo r a w o m an what w a s t h e nu m
,

b er o f e a c h i n that c r o wd ?
20 . I b o ught a c er tai n quantity o f tea o f fir st quality at
60 c e nt s a p o u nd a nd 3 time s a s m u c h t e a o f s e c o n d quality
,

at 4 5 c e nt s a p o u n d Th e t ea c o s t me
. Ho w many
p o un d s o f e a c h quality did I buy ?
2 1 . M ul es at $4 0 api ec e a nd 7 ti mes a s ma ny h o rse s at
$ 1 2 5 api e c e c o st $ 2 7 4 5 Fi nd t h e nu mb er o f a ni mal s i n th e
.

d ro ve .

22 . L e ad we ig h s 4 tim es as mu c h a s marbl e ; 3 l e ad
gl o b e s a nd 2 m ar bl e gl o b e s all o f t h e s a me s i z e weigh 56
, ,

po u nd s W h at i s t h e we ig h t o f e a ch gl o b e ?
.

23 . A t e am i s mad e up o f o x en a nd m ul es o ne o x and ,

o ne mul e i n e a c h pai r ; s upp o s i n g t h at a n o x c a n pull 4

times as mu c h as a m ul e a nd t h a t t h e wh o l e t e a m i s u s e d to
,

pull 30 t o ns h o w mu ch o f thi s l o ad d o t h e o x e n pull ?

,

24 . I pai d 39 1 wit h $5 bill s and $2 bill s u s in g th e s am e ,

n u mb e r o f e a c h Ho w ma ny o f e a ch did I u s e ?
.

25 . T h er e ar e th r e e ti m es a s m any 5 s as 2 s i n a r o ll of
’ ’

bill s ; i n all 85 1 Fi nd th e n u mb er o f bills o f e a ch ki nd

. .

26 . I pai d a bill o f wit h quar t er s di mes a nd n i c k el s

, , ,

u s i ng twi c e as m any d im es a nd 3 ti mes a s m any ni c ke l s as

, ,

quart er s Fi n d t h e n umb e r o f e a c h t h at I u s e d
. .

27 .
I b o ught twi c e as m uch c o ffe e at 3 3 c ent s a p o u nd as
t ea at 54 c e n t s a n d I pai d in all
,
Ho w many p o und s
o f e a c h did I buy ?
 VALUATION PR OBLE M S 29

28 . I b o ught h o r ses at h e ep at $ 14 and chickens

$ 12 0 , s ,

at 50 ce nt s ; th r e e tim e s as ma ny s h ee p a s h o r s e s s even ,

tim es a s m any ch i c ke ns as s he e p All c o s t . Ho w

ma ny o f e ac h did I buy ?
29 . Th e c r e w o f a t o wb o at c o ns i s t s o f an e ngi neer 2 ,

fir emen 3 d eck h a nd s a n d a c o o k wh o se wage s a re r es pe c

, , , ,

t ively $ 2 , , 31 a n d , pe r day Fo r a c ertai n .

voyage t h e pay r o ll wa s -
Ho w many day s did t h e
?
vo yage las t
30 . A c e r tain mill e mpl o y s men at an ave r age wage o f
a day 5 time s as m a ny wo me n at an aver age wage o f
,

a day and twi c e a s m a ny c h ildr en (a s men) at an

,

aver age wage o f 62 c e n ts a day T h e wee kly pay r o ll o f .

-

thi s m ill i s Ho w many me n wo m en and child ren , ,

a r e e mpl o y e d i n i t ?

3 1 . I have thr ee time s as ma ny n ic kels as half— d o llars ; i n

all Fi nd t h e numb er o f e ac h .

32 . Th e r e ar e in a pu r s e th r ee tim es a s many n ickel s a s

di mes ; i n all Ho w m any n i c k el s ar e th e re ?
33 . Fo u r c o ws t h r e e c alves a nd te n s h ee p c o s t 81 68 ; a
, ,

c o w c o s t s fiv e ti me s a s m u c h a s a c alf a n d a calf c o s t s twic e ,

as mu c h as a s h eep Fi nd t h e c o s t o f e a c h
. .

34 . T h e r ati o o f t wo a ngl e s i s 6 Do ubl e t h e s mall er .

o ne i s t h e c m pl e m e n t o f t h e la r ge r Fi n d t h e a ngl es
o . .

35 . T h e diff e r en c e o f two l ength s i s 32 fee t a nd th e ir

r ati o i s 5 Fi nd th e le ngth s
. .

36 . Th e r ati o o f t wo a ngl es i s 6 a nd th e d o uble o f the ,

s mall er i s t h e s uppl e me n t o f th r ee ti mes t h e la rger Fi n d .

th e angl es .

37 . Five wo o d en p o st s and two ir o n o ne s o f ex actly the

s am e si z e a n d s hap e w e igh alt o g eth e r 81 0 po u n d s The r ati o .

o f th e w e ight o f i ron t o t h e weight o f this wo o d is 1 1 Find .

th e weight o f each po s t .
30 T HE FI RST U S E O F AL GEBRA

DI FFERE N C E or TH E U N KNO W N N UM B ERS GIV E N

24 . M o d el fat h er i s 5 0 p o u nd s h e avi er than h i s
E . A
so n , a n d b o th w e igh 24 8 p o u n d s What i s t h e weight o f .

e ac h ?
Le t a: th e umb ern of p o un ds th e s on weighs .

Then a: 50 t h e n umb e r o f p o u n ds th e f ather weighs .

a: x 50 2 48
2 9: 50 2 48 s ame values
2 x 198 50
a: 99 2
x 50 149 (D
!
50
A ns . Father , 1 49 p o unds ; s on , 99 p ounds .

C HE C K 99 50 1 49
99
248

E XE R CI S E 9

1 . Two
canno n ball s o ne b e i ng 6 p o und s h e avi er than
,

the o the r t o geth e r w e ighe d 5 0 p o u nd s What wa s th e

, .

we ight o f each ca nn o n ball ? '

2 I have ten c ents m o r e than my un c le a nd to gether we

.
,

have Ho w much h a s e ach ?

A mar ketma n s o ld 1 1 s he ep s ki ns a nd th en l o s t 32
’

3 .
,

o f the m o n ey h e r e c e iv e d ; h e had l eft Fo r h o w much .

did o ne s heep ski n s ell ?

4 A man o w e s 31 81 ; h e pays par t o f the acc o unt with
.

e qual n umb e r s o f $ 1 0 35 a nd $ 2 bill s a n d gi v e s a c h e ck f o r

, , ,

$ 2 8 f o r the r emain d er Ho w many bill s o f e ac h kind d o es

.

he giv e ?
5 Find fo ur c o ns ecutiv e number s wh o s e s um i s 94
. .

6 Two mule s a nd a h o r s e w er e b o ught fo r $4 00 and th e

. ,

ho rs e c o st $4 0 m o r e than a m ule What w a s th e c o st o f each ? .

7 Two buc k et fuls o f water fill a 15 gall o n tub all b ut 5

.
-

quart s How much d oes the buc ket h o ld ?

.
D I FFE RE N CE o r THE U NK NO W N NU M B E RS G I VE N 31

8 . gr o ce r mix es tea that c o st s him 20 ce nt s a p o und

A
with 3 tim e s a s much tea that c o sts him 38 cent s a p o u nd ,

a nd s e ll s the mixtur e fo r $ 1 0 cl e a r ing a pr o fit o f 62 cents

,
.

Ho w many p o und s o f e ach kind o f t ea d o es he use ?

9 . M y far m
th r ee t ime s as lar ge as th e o ne n ex t to i t
is ,

a nd b o th t o ge the r with a 1 0 ac r e lo t ac r o ss t h e r o ad j ust

,
-
,

make a q uar te r s ectio n ( 1 60 acre s) Find the si z e o f each .

far m .

10 . quar ters in o ne pile twice a s many dimes

Ther e ar e ,

in ano th er a n d be s id e s ; all thi s mo n ey am o unts to

,

Ho w many quarter s and dime s ar e the re ?

/ 1 1 T hir
. ty h o r se s and 4 0 mule s weigh 5 4 t o n s; o n an
ave r age e ach ho rs e we igh s 1 00 p o u nd s mo r e than a mule
, .

Find the ave r age weight o f e ach ki nd o f animal .

12 . I b o ught peas at cent s a peck and 1 peck m o r e

59 ,

o f b e an s at 3 0 c e nt s a p e ck ; al s o 2 5 c e nt s w o r th o f l e ttuc e .

I paid i n all 35 Ho w many p e cks o f p e a s and o f be ans did

.

I buy ?
13 . I b o ught s ugar at
ce nt s a p o und 3 time s as much
5 ,

c o ff ee at 5 0 c ents a p o und a nd paid fo r a ham

,
Th e .

wh o l e bill w a s Ho w much co ff ee did I buy ?

14 . I
ld a h o u s e ; th e n I s o ld 5 m o re h o u s es at d o uble
so

th e p r ic e ; th e n s o ld 3 5 t o n s o f c o al at $ 5 p er t o n I re .

c ei ve d in all What w a s t h e p r ic e o f t h e firs t h o use

s o ld ?

15 . A man h as th re e time s as many dim es a s d o llars ,

4 tim es a s many ce nt s as dim e s 5 tim e s as many nic k el s a s

,

c ent s . He h as in all Find t h e number o f nickel s .

16 . S upp o se
that e ach o f t h e 36 b o ys in a cla ss h as t h e
s ame s um o f m o ney a n d that the t e ach er h as 1 5 c e nt s m o r e
,

than all t h e b o ys t o geth er All the m o ney amo unts to

.

Ho w much has th e t e acher ?

 F IR S T GE B R A
‘

32 THE U SE O F A L

17 .Thr ee time s a s many $ 10 bill s as $2 bill s and ,

b e s ide s make a t o tal o f

, Fin d t h e n umber o f $2 bills .

18 .S e ven t i m e s a s m an y 81 bill s a s $ 5 bill s a n d ,

b es id es m ake
,
Fi n d t h e n u mb er o f $ 1 bill s .

19 .T h r ee tim es as man y 32 bill s as $ 5 bill s 4 times as ,

many $ 1 0 bill s as $ 2 bill s a n d b esid es make

, ,

Fi n d th e nu mb er o f $ 2 bill s

ANG L E S A ND ANG L E R E LA T I ON S

25 . li nes ar e call ed para llel w h en t h ey are o n th e

Tw o
s am e flat s u r fa c e a n d do n o t meet n o matt er h o w f ar th ey ,

may b e p r o l o nge d i n e it h e r di r e c ti o n .

T h e figu r e mad e by two par all el lin es i s call e d a s tr i pe .

A s tr aig h t li n e that c r o ss es two o r m o r e s t r aig h t li n e s i s

called a tr ansve r s al .

FIG . 1 . FI G . 2 .

26 W h en a t r ansver s al c r o ss es a s tri p e it m akes two

.
,

s et s o f f o u r a ngl e s eac h I f we n u mb er each set with

.

s uffix es b e gi nn i ng e ac h tim e with th e u pp er a n gl e o n th e

,

r ig h t h a n d s id e it will be s e e n that
,

A ll th e o d d a n gles a r e equ a l .

A ll th e e ven a n gles ar e equ a l .

Th e odd a ngles ar e th e s u pp le ments of th e even a ngles .

Th e angle A I is re ad “
A o ne .
”
 AN GLE S AND A N G L E RELATI O NS 33

27 . I n the trian gle A BC ( Fig .the sum o f the an g le s

at the b ase is equal to th e s uppl e ment o f the angle at t h e

v er te x That is
.
A , (j 1 80 B .

Pr o lo n g CB an d draw thr o ugh B a line par allel t o CA W e no w

,
.

have one s tr ip e with t wo tr ans vers als On th e t r ans vers al A B A and .

,

X ar e ev en an gl es an d ar e e qual O u t h e tr ans vers al CB C and Y ar e

.
,

o d d an gl es an d ar e e qual That i s .
,

(D A = X
C = Y
But (3) 1 X + Y = 1 80 -
B
H ence , ( 9 A C 1 80 B S ub s titut i ng 6) an d Q) in 6)
S ince thi s e quation may b e writt en
A + B + C = 1 80 ® + B

We have th e fo ll owin g th eo re m

Th e su m of th e a ngles o f a tri a n gle i s

28 . M o d el F .
— In a c er tain triangl e ,
t h e tw o ba se angles
have a r ati o 2 and th e ,

r ati o o f th e vertical angl e

to th e lar ger ba s e a ngle i s
3. Find the a ngl es o f th e
triangle .

Le t C th e n umb er o f d e grees in th e s maller bas e an gle .

Then 2 C t h e n u mb er o f d e gr ee s in t h e lar g er bas e an gl e .

an d 6 C th e n u mb er o f d egr ees i n t h e v er tical an gle .

C 2 C 6 C 1 80
9 C 1 80 6) sa me valu es
C 20 ( 2) 9
Q) 2 C 40 6) x 2
6) 6C 1 20 Q) x 3
°
A ns 1 20
20
2 x 20 40
3 x 40 1 20
1 80

A th eorem is any general stat ement whi ch ex p ect to

fin d a proo f .
34 THE FI RS T US E o r A LGE BRA

E XERCI S E 1 0

1 . In t h e figur e
mad e by a s tr ip e and its t r an sve rs al th e ,

o dd and e v e n a ngl es hav e a r ati o 3 How ma ny d egrees a r e .

t h ere i n e ach angl e ?

2 .In t h e s am e ki nd o f figur e e a c h o bt u s e a ngl e i s 24 ,
°

gr eat er than any acut e a ngl e What are th e int er i o r angl es .

o n o ne s id e o f t h e t r a ns ve r s al ?

. In
t ip e s h o wn i n Fig l
3 th e s r .
,

t h e a ngl e A i s 2 1
°
gr e at er than
d o ubl e th e a ngle B How many .

d egre es ar e th er e i n e ach ?
4 In the s am e ki nd o f figur e
.
,

an gle A i s 5 m o r e than th r ee °

times a ngl e E Find th e two

FI G 1
.

a ngl e s
. .

5 . In t h e s am e ki n d o f figur e a ngle A i s mo r e than

,

twice angl e B Ho w many d egr ees are th er e in e a c h a ngl e ?

.

6 . I n th e s am e ki nd o f figur e a ngl e A i s m o r e tha n

,

fo ur times angle B Ho w m any d egre es i n e a ch a ngl e ?

.

7 . Th r e e o f th e o d d angl es i n a s tr ip e make a t o tal 40 °

l ess than o ne o f th e even angle s Ho w m any d e gree s ar e .

th er e i n e ach angl e ?
8 . One angl e o f a t r ia ngl e i s a n d t h e o th er t wo a ngl e s

have a r ati o 7 What i s th e larges t angl e ?

.

9 . Th e two ba s e angle s o f a t riangl e have a r ati o 3 and ,

t h e s mall er i s 1 5 l es s than t h e v er ti c al angl e

°
What a re .

t h e a n gl e s ?
°
10 Th e v ertical angl e o f a t r iangl e i s 1 0 gr eat er than o n e
.

o f t h e ba se a ngl es a nd t h e o t h er ba s e a ngl e i s e qual t o t h e

,

s um o f t h e t w o Fi nd th e ver tical angl e

. .

11 Th e ba s e a n gl e s o f a t r ian gl e a r e e qual and th e i r

.
,

s um i s 1 8 le ss than t h e v e r tical a ngl e What ar e t h e base

°
.

angle s ?
 AN GLES AND AN G LE RE LATI O N S 35

12 . I n the t r iangl e A BC ( Fig . the exter i o r angle at A i s

equal to a nd t h e r ati o o f B to C is Find the three
angles of the t r ia n gl e .

FI G . 2 .

13 . I n the s ame k ind angle A is 5 mo re than

of figur e ,
°

angle B and 7 m ore than angle C Ho w many degr ees are

°
.

th ere in ea ch angle ?
14 I n th e same kind o f fi gu r e angle A is 3 times angle
.
,

B and angle C i s 30 m ore than angle B

,
°
Ho w many de .

gree s ar e th ere i n A B a nd C? , ,

15 I n th e s ame kind o f figur e angle A i s

. more_th an ,

B a nd B i s 5 time s a ngle C
, Ho w many degree s are there
.

in each ?

FIG . 3 . FIG . 4 .

16 . I n Fig . 3, angle B is m o re than an gle A . Find

angles A a nd B .

I n Fig
17 . . 4, an gle C is m or e than an gle D . How
many degr ees are ther e in the an gl es C and D?
36 T HE F I RST U S E O F AL GE BRA

18 . In t riangl e M N0 angl e M i s
th e ,mo r e than
an gl e 0 a nd angl e N i s
, mo r e than angl e 0 Find t h e .

n u mb er o f d e gr e es i n e ac h a n gl e .

19 . I n tr ia n gl e A BC a ngl e A angle B
, a ngl e C and ,

A is m o re t h an B Fi nd t h e numb er o f d e gr e es i n
.

t h e a n gl es A B a n d C , , .

20 . An an gl e A a n a ngl e B a nd a ngl e A

tim es angl e B Fi n d angl es A a nd B . .

Le t x n umb e r o f d e g rees i n a n gl e A ; a: n umb er o f de gre es

i n an gl e B .

2 1 . I n a tr iangl e E FG, E F G
'
. Fi nd angl es
E , F, a nd G .

MULT I P LI C AT I ONS
29 . Co ns id er th e p ro bl e m : A is twic e as o ld a s B; 22
year s ago h e wa s th re e ti mes as o ld a s B . What ar e their
age s no w ?
Let a: th e n u mb er of years i n B s age no w
’
.

22 years ago A was 2 x 22 y ars ld a n d B was

e o , a: 22 ye ar s o ld .

So t h e e quati o n i s 2x 22 3 (a: 22 )

Be f o r e lvi ng thi s e quati o n we mu s t u nd er s tand ex

so ,

pr es s i o n s like 3 (x
S upp o s e a fa rm e r c o nt r a c t s t o d eliv er 3 bu s h e l s o f o at s
a n d 2 bu s h el s o f ba r l ey e v e r y day To get t h e n umber o f .

bu s h el s o f gr ai n d eliver ed i n s ever al days h e multipli es ,

no t o nly t h e quan tity o f o at s but al so t h e q ua ntity o f ba r l ey

by t h e n um
,

b er o f day s .

S upp o s e a f a r mer r ecei ve s daily 23 bus h els o f gr ain a n d d elivers daily

3 bu s h els Th e in cr e as e o f gr ai n in his s t or e fo r , s ay, 7
. days is fo und
thus :
23bus hels da ily for 7 days ived 7 x ;
r ec e

3 bus h e ls dai ly f o r 7 day s delivere d 2 1 .

S ubtractin g th e a mo un t delive ed from th e amo unt r eceived (7 x

r

we fin d W hat th e daily in cr eas e o f a: 3 amo unt s t o i n 7 da ys .

 ‘

S H O RTAG ES 37
‘

30 . Wh enever a n expres si on o f .
two or mor e terms i s mu l
ti pli ed , ea ch ter m f
o th a t expr es si on mus t b e multi p li ed
s epar at e ly .

E XE R C I S E 1 1

1 . 2 (x —7) 5 . 7 5 ( 2 X + 4 0) 9 . 125

2 . 1 1 (3 x 1) 6 . 50 (8 a 1 60) 10 . 13 —
( 180 7 B)
3 . 1 8 (3 x + 5) 7 . 2 0 (5 A + 7 0) 1 1 .
—3 m)
4 . 25 x +28 ) 8 . 4 0 (2 5 x + 1 2 5) 12 . 2 3 (2 3 x )
S H O R TA G E S
31 . Th e
equati o n 2 x 22 3 (x 2 2 ) i n S e cti o n 2 9
may no w b e change d to 2 x 22 3x 66 which i s a ,

chang e o f f o r m but n o t o f valu e Thi s e quati o n di ffers .

fro m th o s e we hav e b een u s i ng i n that it h as ne gati ve

te rms o n e ach s id e o f t h e equati o n that i s t er m s t o b e , ,

s ubt r act e d .

Th e l eft s ide i s no t e q ual t o 2 m but j u s t 22 s h o r t o f i t , .

I n the same way th e r ight s id e i s 66 s h o rt o f 3 x

, .

If 22 i s add ed to e a c h s id e o f t h e e quati o n the s h o rtage ,

o n the l e ft s id e will di s ap pe a r but t h e r ight s ide will s till

,

b e 44 sh o r t o f 3 it That i s t h e e quati o n will be

.
,

2 x = 3 x — 44 .

Thi s ho rtage di s app e ar s wh en 44 i s add e d t o each s id e

s ,

givin g 2 a: 44 3 m an e quati o n like man y we hav e b ee n

,

s o lvi ng Th e value s o n e a c h s id e have b ee n chang e d but

.
,

t h e r e s ulti ng n u mb er s a r e e qual .

But i f 66 i s add e d at fir s t we hav e ,

2 x — 22 + 66 = 3 x

2 x + 44 = 3 x

The e nti re s ho rtage o n th e r ight i s made up ; and on th e lef t

o nly 2 2 o ut o f t h e 66 i s n ee d e d t o m ak e up that s h o rta ge ,

leavi ng 44 to b e added to the c o mplete value of 2 x .

38 THE FI R S T U S E OF AL GE B R A

Th e h o r te st way t h en when ther e are two s imilar s ho rt

s , ,

ages i s t o add th e la r ger Th e numb ers that wer e s tat e d as

,
.

e qual i n th e e quati o n 2 x 22 3 x 66 have e ach b e

c o m e great er ; t h ey a r e now di ffer ent i n valu e fro m th e
o r igi nal n u mb er s but a r e s till e qual to e a c h o t h e r
, .

32 . M o d el G .
—A is twic e a s o ld a s B ; 22 y e ar s ago he
was thr e e times a s o ld a s B . What ar e the ir ages no w ?
Let x th e be
n um r of y ea s i n B s ge now
r
’
a .

Th en 2x t h e n umb er o f y e ars i n A s a ge n o w
’
.

t h e n umb er o f y e ar s i n B s a ge 22 y e ar s
’
a: 22 ago .

x t h e n umb e o f ye a rs i n A s age 22 y ears

’
2 22 r ago .

Q) 2 x — 22 = 3
(x — 22 )
C2) 2 x — 22 = 3 x —66 ® sa me val ues
=
C3) 2 x + 44 3 x

44 a: —2 x
88 = 2 x

A ns . A i s 88 ye a r s o ld ; B, 44 ye ars o ld .

CH E CK B
’
s a ge : n o w , 44 ; 22 yea s r a go , 22 .

22 y e ars 3 X
’
A s a ge : n o w, 88; ago , 66 . 66 22 .

E XER C I S E 1 2

S o l v e fo r t h e v alu e of th e l ett er
1 . 5 (A —7 ) = 3A — 9 6 . 8 (X — 3) = 5 X -
3

2 . 7 ( x — 3) = 5x — 3 —4
— 20
—5 9 . 13 (x
5 . 6 (B — 2)
11 . A is no w 5 times a s o ld as B ,
and 5 ye ar s h en ce h e will
be on ly 3 times a s o ld a s B . What ar e th e i r ages no w ?
12 . A is 3 time s as o ld as B ; 1 5 ye ar s a go h e was 5 times
as o ld a s B . What are thei r age s no w?
13 . A is 3 tim es a s o ld a s B ; in 8
yea rs he will be on ly
2% times as o ld as B . Find the ir p re sent ages .
 S HOR TA GE S 39

14 ; Ais 7 t imes a s o ld as B in 2 5 years the r ati o o f their

ages will be 2 W hat are th e ir ages no w?
.

Th e di ffe r e n c e b e twee n a f ath er s age a nd h i s s o n s

’ ’
15.

age i s 28 y e a r s Ho w o ld w as th e fath er wh en the s o n was

.

4 o f t h e fath e r s a
’
g e ? H o w o l d w a s t h e s o n when t h e f athe r

wa s 9 time s as o ld ?
16. Th e r ati o o f t wo angl e s i s 2 a nd their c o mplement s ,

diff er by Fi nd th e angl es .

17. Of th e e ight a ngle s fo r m e d b y th e t r ans vers al o f a

s t r ip e t h e fo ur o d d o n e s hav e a s um j u s t 1 2
°
,
l ess than two
o f the even o n e s Fi nd th e angle s
. .

18. Two a ngle s o f a t r iangl e a r e e q ual and e ach i s ,

less than the s upple m ent o f the thir d angle What a re the .

angl es ?
19. Th ere are fo u r steel gi r d ers t o be u sed e nd to end ;
i f they were e ach 6 feet sh o rt er they wo uld j u s t do and if
, ,

they wer e e ach 6 fee t lo n ger 3 o f th e m wo uld do Ho w

,
.

l o ng a r e th e y ?
20 . Th ere ar e fo u r i r o n pip es to b e plac e d end to end ; if
they were e a c h feet lo nger th ey wo uld be j u s t l o ng
,

e n o ugh a n d if th e y w e r e e a c h
, feet s ho r t er it wo uld ,

take 5 pip es t o fill t h e s pac e Ho w l o ng ar e th ey ?

.

2 1. I paid 39 c ent s with n ick els a nd c ent s u si ng mne

r
,

mo re c ent s than n ickels Fi n d t h e n u mb er o f c o in s o f each

.

d e no min ati o n .

22 . I pai d 85 ce nts in nicke l s and dim es u s ing 2 m ore nic kel s ,

than dim es Fin d th e numb er o f c o i ns o f e ach deno minati o n

. .

23 . I pai d i n quar t er s a nd n i c kel s u s ing 1 fe wer ,

nick el s tha n quart er s .F ind the n umb er o f c o in s of e ach

deno minati o n .

24 . I paid i n quart er s a nd half d o llars u s ing 5 -

,

fewer q uarter s than half-d o llars F i nd the number of co in s

.

o f each d en o minati o n .
40 T HE F IR S T US E O F AL GE B RA

25 . I paid in q uart e r s a nd dimes u s ing , 4 m or e

dim es than quar ters . Find th e n umb er o f c o i n s of ea ch

d eno mi natio n .

26 . I b o rro wed a c er tai n

umb er o f quart er s and pai dn

ba c k th e d ebt with 4 fewer half—

,

d o llars I r e paid 2 5 c ent s .

t oo much Ho w many c o i n s did I b o rr o w ?

.

2 7 . I b o rr o we d so paid ba c k 5 fe wer c o i ns
m e c o ms , a nd

o f a no th er s o r t ; t h e c o i n s b o r r o we d w er e qua r t e r s th o s e ,

r e paid w e r e halv e s I s till o we 50 c ent s Ho w many c o ins

. .

did I b o r r o w ?
28 . Ri c e
c o st s 2 c ent s a p o u nd m o r e t h an s ugar ; 3 p o u nd s
of s uga r a n d 1 0 po u n d s o f r ic e c o m e t o Find th e c o s t
of e a ch p e r p o u nd .

29 . I walk 3 m il es m o r e in t h e fo r enoo n than in th e

afte r no o n ; a nd b etw een M o n day n o o n and Fr iday night I
walk 7 5 m il es . Ho w fa r do I walk i n o n e a fte r no o n ?
30 . A t 680 feet lo ng h a s o n o ne s id e 1 0 h o u s e l o t s ;
t
s re e

3 a re narr o w l o t s all o f t h e s am e width ; t h e o t h e r l o t s a r e

,

e a ch 2 0 fee t wid e r than t h e fir s t l o t s What i s t h e width o f .

e a ch o f t h e l o t s ?

3 1 . A wall feet h igh i s built with 7 c o u r s es o f fo und a

ti o n s t o ne and 4 1 c o u rses o f b r ick ; e ach co u r s e o f s to ne i s
9 i n ch e s thick er than o n e o f b r ick What i s th e thickn ess .

o f t h e f o u n dati o n s t o n es ?

32 .wall i s laid with b r icks of two thickn es s e s 3 inche s

A ,

a nd 5 in c h e s ; th e r e a r e 3 m o r e c o u r s e s o f t h e thick er ki n d

t h an o f th e thi nn er a nd th e wall i s 9 feet 3 i n ch es high

, , .

Fi nd the n u mb er o f c o u r ses o f e a c h ki nd o f br ick .

33 hallway i s laid with r o ws o f til es o f two widths

. A ,

2 5 inche s and 3 3, i n c h e s Th ere a r e 4 mo r e r o ws o f th e

-
1
.

wider kind o f til e ; and t h e hallway i s 5 fe et 2 inch es wide ,

.

Find the number o f ro ws o f each kind o f tile .

 THE S TU DY OF A S IM P LE E QUATI O N 41
‘

THE S TU D Y OF A S I M PLE E QUA T I ON

33 . ith er m e mb er o f a n e quati o n o r i n b o th we may

In e , ,

fin d t e r m s with l e tt e r s o n ly t e r m s wit h figur e s o n ly o r t er m s

, ,

with b o th T er m s t h at h av e t h e s am e l ett er s ar e c all e d

. .

s i milar te rms ; th e t er m s h er e that hav e n o l e tt e r s a r e al s o

c alle d s imilar t er m s Thu s i n th e ex p r es s io n 7 2 x 4 5
.
,

5x 1 5 t h e t er m s 7 2 x a n d + 5 3:a r e s imilar ; a nd t h e t er m s
,

4 5 a nd 1 5 a re s i m ila r .

S imilar t er m s c an b e u nit e d Thu s 7 2 x 5 x i s th e .

s ame valu e a s 7 7 33 Ou t h e o t h er han d t er m s that a r e no t

.
,

s imila r ca nn o t b e unit e d 7 2 a: 4 5 is no t t h e s am e as
.

1 1 7 x ; it i s n o t t h e s a m e as 1 1 7 ; it canno t b e s i mpli fied .

34 . ca s e wh er e a n umb er may b e s e par at e d i n t o

In a ny

two fact o r s e ith e r o f th e s e fa c t o r s i s c all e d t h e c o e ffi c i e nt

,

o f th e o th e r Thu s th e t er m 34 a: m ay b e se par at e d i nto

.

tw o fact o r s i n s ev e r al way s ; fo r ex am pl e it i s the s am e as ,

1 7 X 2 x a n d c o n s e qu en tly 1 7 i s t h e c o effi ci ent o f 2 a: in

,

thi s ter m and 2 a: i s th e c o effic i ent o f 1 7

, .

I n a ny t er m t h e fact o r t h at i s e x p r e s s e d i n figur e s i s o f
,

e s p e cial imp o r ta n c e ; w e call it t h e c o e ffi c i e nt o f th e te rm .

Thu s th e c o effi c ient o f the t er m 34 x i s 34 .

35 . i m i s a g en er al s tat e m en t n o t r e q ui r i n g
Ah ax o

p roo f Th e fo llo wi ng ax i o m s ar e u se d as auth o r ity fo r any

.

changes i n valu e that we make in th e memb ers o f any s imple

e quati o n .

36 . If equa l nu mb ers are i ncreased or decr eas ed b y th e sa me .

a mou nt the ,
r esu lti ng nu mb ers ar e equ a l .

37 . If equa l n u mb er s ar e mu lti p li ed or di vi ded b y th e sa me

a mou nt the ,
r es u lti n g n u mb er s a re equ a l

38 . ax io m s s p e cify fo ur diff er ent things

Th e se ad ,

diti o n s ubt r acti o n multiplicati o n and divi s i o n

, ,
that can , ,

b e d o ne t o the numbe rs o n each side o f an equatio n .

42 THE F IR S T US E OF AL GE BRA

There are o th er thi ngs s uch as u niti ng s imilar t er m s and

, ,

pe rfo r ming i ndi c at ed multiplicatio n s t h at d o no t change th e

,

valu e o f t h e e qual numb er s at all th o ug h th ey do change

,

t h e fo r m o f t h e algeb r ai c e x p r e ss i o n s .

In o r d er t o avo id c o nfu s i o n t h e s tud ent i s advi s e d t o

,

apply th ese c hanges s y s t emati c ally i n t h e o r d er indicated by

th e fo ll o win g
Ru n :

( 1 ) Per f o r m a ny i n di c a t e d mul tiplic ati o n s .

(2 ) Uni te s i mil ar t e rm s i n e a c h me mbe r .

( )
3 I f t h ere a r e a n y t e r m s with minu s s igns befo re th em ,

a d d to ea c h m emb er e no ugh to make up t h ese s h o r tage s .

( )
4 S u b tr a c t f r o m e ach m e m b e r t h e s mall e r u n kn o w n te r m
.

( )
5 S u b t r a c t f r o m e ach m e mb e r a ny kn o wn te r m that
s ta n d s b e s id e a n u nkn o w n t er m .

( )
6 D i v i d e e a c h m e mb e r by t h e c o ef ficie n t o f t h e unkn o wn
t er m .

Thi s r ule h a s int er es tin g asso ciati o n s with the his t o ry o f

o u r s ubj e ct Th er e w er e i n an ci ent tim es two great text
.
, ,

b oo k s o f algeb r a : th e firs t wr itt en in Gre ek abo ut 1 600

,

y e ar s ago gave t h e s ubs tanc e o f t h e r ul e ; t h e se co nd

, ,

wr itt en in Ar abic mo re than 1 000 year s ago had fo r its title ,

th e n ame by whi c h t h i s r ul e w as th en kn o wn Th e fir s t .

wo r d o f that title i s o ur m o d ern wor d a lgeb r a ; it means

“
r e s t o r ati on a nd signi fies th e o per ati o n called for in
paragr aph (3) o f the r ul e .

E XE RCI S E 13
Unite Simi lar t er m s
1 . 3x — 5 + 4x + 2 — 5x + 7 — x

2 . 7 — 7 x + 3 — x — 1
3 . 3 + 5x 8x
- — 2 + 7 x — 10 + x + 15
4 . 13 x — 2 x + 17 — 5x — 11 — x 7 :v -

5 . 1 + x + 6 — 3x — 10 + 7 x — 5x + 4
 THE STU DY OF A S IM PLE E QUATION
'

43

Perfo rm indicated multiplicati o n s an d u nit e s imilar terms

6 .
—3) + 5 x — 4
7 .
— 3) + 1 1 x — 19
8 . x + 5 + 3 (2 x -
) + 10 x
5 x

9 . 3 + 4 (a: — 3 x) + 1 1
10 . 4 (x — 5 x)

S o lve the fo ll o wi ng equati o n s fo r a:

3 (x — 11 16 . 7 (x
12 .
—6 17 . x + 6 = 7 1 —
( 0 x)
13 . 2 x + 5 = 3 x 18 . 8x —1 = 5 x + 41
14 . 5 x —4 19 .
= x + 32
20 .
— x) 1 —3 x
2 1 .

22 .
—8
23 . 1 00 ( :t
— 1 0)
25 . 3 (x —2 2
26 .

2 7 . 3 x +4 (x —3)
28 . 19 (x — 5)
29 . 3 (3 x

30 . 1 5 (5 x

81 .

32 .
—1 2
33 .
— x) -
2
34 . 2x = 5 (x — 1) — 2x
35 . 17 (x
36 .

5 x —8 = 6 —
(x 3 )
44 THE F I RST US E O F A L GE BRA

38 . 3 (2 x

39 . 25 —4 ) — 3
—x (
= 3 4 — x) + 1
4 1 .
— x) + x —3
4 + x + 4 (5 — x)
2 x + 5 = 5 (x — 2) + 2 x -
10
1 + + 3 (2 — :)
x
t
45 .

46 .
—1 )
4 7 . 5 (x
3 (x — 3) — 17

50 . 1 5 (7 x — 20

T H E U N K NO WN N UM B ER S GI V E N
SU M OF

39 M o d el H
.
— A m er ch a nt h as g r ain wo r th 9 cent s
.

pe r p e ck a n d,o th er g r ain w o r th 1 3 c e n t s per p e c k I n what .

p ro po rti o n m u s t h e mix 40 bu sh el s o f gr ai n so that th e

mix tu re may b e wo r th 4 0 c ents pe r bu s h el ?
Le t x umb er o f bus hels at 3 6 ent s p er b us h el
th e n c .

Then 40 a: t h e n umb er o f b us hels at 5 2 e nts p er bus hel c .

36 x t h e n u mb e o f cen t valu e o f o n e g ad e
r s r .

5 2 ( 40 x) t h e n umb er o f cent s valu e o f t h e o th e r gr ad e

—
.

=
6) 3 6 x + 5 2 ( 40 x ) 1 600
3 6 a: 2 080 52 x 1 600 Q) s a me values
2 080 16 x 1 600 s a m e v al ues

2 080 = 1 600 + 1 6 x ® + 16 x

C5) 4 80 1 6 3; Q) 1600
G) 30 x 6) 16
10 40 x 40
A ns . 30 b u . at 36 95per bush el ; 10 b u . at 52 93 p er b us hel .

C H E CK 30 x . 36
1 0 x 52 .
 S UM OF THE U NKN OW N NUM B E RS G IVE N 45

E XER CI S E 1 4

1 . Th e
to tal r ent o f tw o h o u se s i s $ 7 5 per mo nth One .

o f th e s e wa s idl e fo r th r e e m o nth s ; the aggr egate r ental

re ceiv e d fr o m bo th h o u s e s fo r that yea r wa s 8801 What .

was th e ren t o f e ach h o u se ?

2 . Twenty c o ins q uart ers and half—

, d o llar s amo u nt , to
Fi n d th e n u mb er o f e ach k i n d .

3 . c o ins dimes and c ent s amo unt to

1 08 , Find the ,

numbe r o f e a c h ki n d .

4 Fo u rt een c o ins nicke l s and quarters amo unt to

.
, ,

Find the number o f e ach kind .

5 . 1 00 c o ins quar ters

, and dimes ,
amo unt to
Find umb e r o f e ach
th e n .

6 A br idge b ro ke d o wn und er a p r ess u r e o f

.

po u nd s cau sed by a c r o wd o f 2 00 peo pl e I f th e aver age

, .

weight o f a man i s 1 5 0 lb and that o f a wo man i s 1 2 0 lb

. .
,

h o w many men w er e th er e i n thi s c r o wd ?

7 . I b o ught
p o und s o f s ugar o f t wo gr ade s fo r
30
th e b ette r gr ad e o f s ugar c o s t 1 0 c e nt s per p o u n d and t h e ,

po o rer 7 cent s Ho w many p o u nd s o f each gr ade d1d I

.

buy ?
8 I b o ught 1 5 appl es fo r 59 c ent s ; r ed o ne s at 5 c ent s
.
,

green o nes at 3 c ent s Ho w man y o f e ach ki n d did I buy ?

-
.

9 . gro cer was o ff er ed 31 5 fo r 50 p o u nd s o f tea ; h e

A
furni s h e d 2 5-c ent t ea with 3 5-c e nt te a so a s to make 31 o n
t h e tr ans acti o n Ho w man y po und s o f each gr ade o f tea
.

did he s ell ?
10 A mer chant has o ne gr ade o f gr ain wo r th 1 1 cents
.

per peck and a no ther gr ade o f gr ain w o rth 1 5 cents per

,

peck In s elling 2 0 bu s hel l o t s h o w many bu s hel s o f each

.
-
,

grade mu st he f urni s h in o rder th at each lot may aver age

4 8 cents pe r b u shel ?
46 THE F IR ST USE OF ALGEBR A
‘

11 . A s to rek ee p er h a s 31 9 7 in bill s o f $2 , $ 5 , and $ 10 ; 3

as many two s as fives He h as 4 0 bills in all Fi nd the
'

times . .

n umb er of each .

12 . Th e c o mplement o f an angle add ed to five times the

a ngle is e qual to i ts s uppl e m e nt Ho w lar ge i s th e angle ?
.

13 Three tim e s th e c omplement o f an angl e add e d to the

.

s uppl em e nt o f t h e a ngl e give s twice t h e angle it s e lf How .

many d e grees ar e ther e i n t h e a ngle ?

14 . li ne 5 feet l o ng i s divided i nt o two u nequal part s
A .

S e v en line s e q ual to t h e s h o r t er pa r t a nd 2 lin es e qual to

t h e l o nger par t wo uld c o v e r a di s tan c e o f 1 8 ft 9 i n How . .

m a ny i n ch es a re th ere i n e a c h par t o f t h e li ne ? '

15 . ectangular plo t o f land fr o nti ng o n a s treet i s

A r

divid ed into 6 h o u se lo t s by li nes r u nni ng back fro m th e

s tr eet E ach h o u s e lo t h a s t h e s a me fr o ntage a nd h as a
.
,

p er imet er o f 24 1 fe et Th e wh o l e pl o t h as a p er imeter o f
.

7 4 5 fee t Fi nd th e dimens i o n s o f e a c h lo t
. .

16 . A t
k ee pe r h a s
s o re i n d o llar s di me s , , a nd cent s ;
44 c o i ns i n all He had 9 ti mes as m a ny di mes
. as d o llars.

Find the numb er o f c o i ns o f each d en o minatio n .

C I R C LE S

40 . A c ir c le i s a figu r e on a
u rfac e mad e by a cu r v e d
fl at s

li ne e v er y p o i n t o f which i s at th e s am e di s tan c e fr o m a
p o i n t withi n call e d th e c e nte r Th e cu r v e d li n e o f the .

ci r c l e i s s o m e tim es call e d t h e cir cu mf e r e n c e .

Any c i r cl e may b e s upp o s e d to be m ar k e d o ff i n t o d egree s

like a p r o t r a c t o r A c ent r al angl e will i nter c e pt a po r ti on
.

o f t h e cir cumfer en ce c o n tai ni n g t h e s am e number o f d e

gree s as the angle whateve r the si ze o f the cir cl e ; but i n a

,

large cir cle thi s po rti o n o f th e cir cumf erence will o f c o ur se , ,

be lo nger than in a small cir cle .

 C I R C LES 7

41 The di s tan c e f r o m th e c e nt er to t h e ci r cumfer en c e

.

o f a ci r cl e i s c all e d t h e ra d iu s .

Any li n e d r aw n b e tw e e n two p o i n t s o f a ci r cum f er en c e

a n d pa s s i n g th r o ug h t h e c e n t e r i s a d i a mete r .

Any p o r ti o n o f t h e ci r cumf er e n c e i s call e d a n ar c Tw o .

°
r adii that mak e a n a ngl e o f 3 0 i n t er c e pt a n a r c o f

Ina c ir cle havin g a circum fe ence o f 30 inches an ar c of 30 wo uld

r ,
°

b e 2 % in c h es l o n g ( 33; o r 1 ; o f t h e cir cum fer en ce ) whi l e o n a cir cle o f

3 1
3

1 00 inc h es cir cu mf e e nce th e s a me an gl e wo uld int er cept an ar c 83

r ,
1
,

inch es long .

42 . a r c s ar e co mple men tary wh en th ei r s um i s

Tw o
j u s t a s i n th e ca s e o f angl e s Two a r c s a r e s uppl e mentary
.

when thei r s um i s

E XER CI S E 1 5

1 If each d egree o f a ci r cl e i s i n l o n g h o w l o ng i s a n .
,

a rc of i n t h at ci r cl e ? Ho w many fe et a r e th er e in t h e
c ir cumfer en ce of
ci r cl e ? th e

2 Tw o a r c s o f a c er tai n ci r cl e di ffer by
. o n e o f them

i s 6 5 i n l o nger than t h e o th er
. What i s th e l ength o f an .

a r c o f 90 i n that c i r cle ?
°

3 Two ar c s o f a c ertain cir cl e a r e c o mpl e m e ntar y and

.
,

e ach i s 1 1 ft 3 i n l o ng . Ho w l o ng i s a d e gr ee o f that ci r cl e ?
. .

Ho w l o ng i s th e entir e cir cumfer en ce ?

4 Two ar c s o f a cer tain cir cl e ar e s uppl e m entar y ; o ne
.

i s 7 ft l o ng th e o th er 2 8 ft
.
,
Ho w many d e gr ees ar e th er e
.

i n e ach ar c ? Ho w l o ng i s th e ci r cu mf er en c e o f that ci r cle ?

5 One ba se a ngle o f a t r iangl e i s th ree tim es th e c o mpl e
.

°
ment o f th e ver tical angl e and th e o th er bas e angle i s 2 0
,

l ess than th e ver tical angl e What are th e angl e s ? .

6 One s id e o f a r ail r o ad t r ack laid i n a ci r cular arc o f

.
,

r e q ui re s t o ns o f r ail s s o me o f them weighi ng 4 0 ,

lh to the foo t the res t 4 8 lb

.
, E ach r ail is 30 ft l o ng and
. .
48 THE FIRS T U S E O F AL GE BRA

ex tend s o v er 1 Ho w many r ail s o f e ach kind are needed

fo r thi s s ide o f th e tr a c k ?
7 I n th e figure fo r m e d by a stripe and a tr ansvers al
.
,

thre e o f th e e v en angle s h ave a sum 1 5 gr e ater than two o f °

th e o dd a ngl es Fi n d the angl es and d raw th e diagr am

. .

°
8 In Fig 1 X Y i s par all el t o CA t h e a ngl e Q i s 4 0
. .
, ,

gr eat er than A and i s twice as large a s C Fi nd th e angle B

, .

FIG . 1 . FIG . 2 .

9 . I n Fig . 2 , P Q is parallel t o ZX , A an dX
Fi nd th e angl e Z
°
10 . An ar c o f 30 i s 1 7 in . lo ng . What i s th e length o f
th e ci r cumfer en c e ?
11 W h at i s th e c entral angl e o f an ar c 3 ft lo ng o n a
. .

ci r cl e wh o se c i r cumfer enc e i s 4 5 f t l o ng ? .

12 With a cir cumf er en ce o f 36 ft what i s t h e s upple

. .
,

ment o f an arc o f 1 7 ft ? Wh at i s t h e c o mpl ement o f an ar c

.

of 7 ft ? .

°
13 . An a l ength o f 84 ft Find th e length
ar c o f 4 2 ha s .

o f a quadr a nt a nd t h e c ent r al a ngl e o f a n ar c o f 1 00 f t

,
.

14 If the q uad rant o f a cir cle i s 7 ft l o ng h ow l o ng i s an

. .
,

a rc o f

15 . If an ar c o f 17
°
i s 2 ft 1 0 i n
. . lo ng , h ow lo ng is th e
cir cumf erence ?
 C I R C LES 49

16 . If an ar c o f 9
°
is in . l o ng h o w l o ng is its c o mple
,

ment ? It s
supplem ent ?
17 If a central angl e of 7 2 inte r cept s an are 2 1 in l o ng
.
°
.
,

h o w l o ng i s a qu ad r a nt o f that ci r c l e ?
18 If a central angl e o f 22 i nter cepts an ar c 8 in l o ng
. .
,

h o w l ong i s th e c o mpl em ent o f that ar c ?

19 Ou a ci r cumfe r ence o f
. mil e s h ow l o ng i s an ,

a rc o f Of
20 . If an ar c o f 3i r
°
i s 1 ft lo n g , h o w
. lo ng is the semi
ci r cl e ?
2 1 . If an ar c o f 1 i s 88 ft l ong h ow l ong i s a q uad rant ?
.
,

22 . I f a centr al angle o f 9 in ter c ept s an arc o f 5 5 in

°
1
1
.
,

h ow l o ng i s th e
wh o le ci r cumfer ence ?
23 On the o uter edge o f a p ro t r acto r ma r ke d to half
.
,

degre e s the s uccess ive marks a re 01 2 5 i n apart Ho w l o ng

, . . .

i s the semici r c umf er ence ?

24 A r ail ro ad t r ac k i s laid so that the line half way b e
.

tween the r ails is a ci r cul ar ar c o f ea ch degr ee being

30 ft l o ng
. A to tal o f 3 82 ties ar e used o n thi s cu rv e t h e
.
,

firs t pa rt o f th e m b e ing s paced 1 5 in o n cente rs t h e r es t .

,

3 ft . How many d egr ee s o f the ar e are in the par t wh ere

the ties are cl o s e s paced ?
-
 CH AP TE R II

APP ROX I M AT E C OM PU T AT I ON

43 . C ertai nm eth o d s in ar ithmeti c ar e o f es p e cial valu e in

wo r ki ng w ith numb er s that ar e o btai ned by mea s u rem en t .

S u c h numb er s as h as b een s h o wn i n S e c ti o n 1 5 d e p en d f o r
, ,

th ei r a c cu r acy up o n t h e p r e c i s i o n o f th e i nst r u ment s u s ed

a n d th e s kill o f th e p e r s o n u s in g th e m Co mputati o ns base d .

u po n s uch n um ber s may i n v o lve a gr e at d eal o f t e di o u s a nd

u s eles s labo r The meth o d s d es cr ib e d in thi s chapter will

.

p revent that wa st e .

MU LTI PLI CA T I ON
44 . M o d el A . M ultiply 7 854 by .

We b e gi n t o m ultiply fr o m t h e lef t side o f th e

mu ltipli e in st e ad o f fro m t h e ight
r, r .

T o btain t h e fir s t partial p ro duct we ar e r ea lly

o ,

multiplyin g by 30 n ot by 3 Th e multiplican d is
,
.

app o imat ely e qual t o 8 Now 30 x 8 wo uld b e

r x . . .

10 x or 24 .

Us ing co mmo n s ens e then ins t e ad o f a mech ani

, ,

cal r ule we fi t h e d ecimal p o int aft er 23 in th e

, x

firs t par tial p o duct r .

Th e o th er par tial p ro duct s s ucc ee d e ach o th er as in th e o th er meth o d

o f multiplyi n g e ce pt that e ach s u c ces ive p o duct i s dis pla c e d o n e
, x s r

co lumn t o th e ri ght ins t e ad o f to th e left ; b ec aus e th e valu e o f e ach

,

place in th e mul tiplier decr e as es by th e r atio 1 3 ins t ea d of in c eas ing 1

,
r

by th e r atio 10 .

Th us th e 4 o f th e s eco n d par tial pro duct is di s placed o n e co lumn t o

th e r ight o f th e 2 i n t h e fir s t partial p ro duct ; an d t h e 8 in t h e thir d
partial pr o duct is dis place d two columns to th e right once for th e 0 an d ,

o n ce f o r th e 7 in t h e multipli er .

One r ea son wh y thi s l eft-hand o r n atu r al o r d er o f par tial

pro duct s is p r eferable i s that the fir st partial p ro duct s o
,

50
 M U LTI P LI C ATION 51

o btained is always th e larges t and fu rnishes a s ort o f trial

,

p roduct to which t h e
,
o th e r pa r tial p r o ducts are added a s

s ucc e s s ive c o rr e cti o n s .

Th e s tud ent s h o uld alway s use the firs t par tial p r o duct ,

th erefo r e as a r o ugh c h e c k up o n h i s wo rk and e s p e c ially

, ,

s h o uld fix th e deci ma l p oi n t i n it b e fo r e w r iti n g t h e s e c o n d

‘

par tial p r o duct ; a nd he s h o uld make s u re that the n umber

thu s o btained as a t r ial p r o duct i s what might re aso nably b e
expect e d .

45 . Th e
greate st advantage in u s ing t h e natu r al o r d er o f
partial p r o duct s i s in the s avi ng o f labo r by di s car ding un
ne c ess a r y figure s .

I n MOD E L A fo r in s tan c e at lea s t the la s t fo ur figur es ar e

, ,

d o ubt ful I f by m o r e car eful m ea s u re ment s th e multiplier

.

c o uld b e carr i e d o ne place far th er we might find it to be ,

or a n d thi s w o uld cha nge the la s t f o u r c o lum ns .

Al s o t h e decimal 7 854 migh t hav e any valu e between 7 85 36

. .

a nd

The e ffe ct o f thi s d o ubtful ne ss at the end o f each facto r is

illu s t r at e d h er e by u s i ng a s tar i nst ead o f th e p o ssible addi
t io nal fig ur e .

* fact that the Th e

r e i s a s ta r r ep r es e nti ng
7 854
.
,

a n u nk no wn figur e i n th e fo u rth decimal

,

2 3 562
,
* c o lumn s h o ws that e ver ythi ng b eyo n d the
7 854 *
firs t fi ve figu r es in th e p r o duct i s value
*
5 4 97 8 le ss and s h o uld b e r ej e cted I t cann o t b e
,
.

a s s ume d that th e d o ubtful figures w o uld

24 4 02 3 7 8
incr e a se th e p ro duct fo r i f th e m ea su rem ent,

had be e n carr i e d o n e plac e far th er th e valu e might have ,

b een less ; 7 85 36 i nst e ad o f 7 854 o r

. i nstead o f
.
,

M oreo ver ,
quan titi es are ex p re ss ed in but fo ur
as th e
figures , the re s ult s sh o uld be cut t o fo u r figures that is to , ,
52 A PPR OX IM ATE C O M PUTATI O N

46 . d er to s ho r ten the wo r k o f multiplicati o n much

In or
,

o f thi s r ej ectio n c an b e d o n e in each pa r tial p ro duc t We .

mu s t ho wever b e car eful t o avo id err o rs o f r ej e c ti o n To do

, , .

this we add 1 to th e las t figur e we wr i te do wn whenever

, ,

th e figur e r e j e cted amo unt s to m o r e tha n half o f that 1 .

47 The wo rk o f multiplicatio n as thu s amended is

. no w
given step by s tep :
7 854
One par tial p ro duct
2 3 562

here are o btained fro m those i n th e data ; th ere may b e a

All figur es
little do ubt ab out th e las t figure but no figures app ear in t h e do ubt ful
,

co lumn .

7 854
Two partial p ro ducts 3 1 07
2 3 562
7 85

Th e las t figure of th e multiplicand (4) i s mark ed o ff t o i ndicat e that

n umb ers d e riv e d f r o m that figur e i n thi s par tial p r o duct wo uld app e ar

i n t h e d o ubt ful co lumns No te that in this cas e th e figu r e which we

.

r e j e ct i s l es s than 5 C o nse quen tly W e may r e j ec t it with o ut addin g

.

1 to th e figur e i n th e next place t o t h e l ef t .

7 854
3 1 07

T hr ee par tial p ro ducts

7 85
55

or

Th e t two figures are now marked 0 6 as there is a zer o in th e

nex ,

multipli er Also in multiplyi ng we s ay 7 X 9 s ince 7 854 is nearer 7 9

.
, ,
. .

than 7 8 7 x 9 63 ; hence carry 6 Th en 49 + 6 55

. .
, . .

S ince one figure of th e multipli er is zero we get onl y th ree partial

,
 M ULTI PLI CATI O N 53

Th e c o mputati o n is no w c o mplete it is fai r to assume that

o ur r esult i s accur ate to fo u r figu r es as the given numbe r s ,

ar e ex p r e s sed to fo u r figure s .

A ll figures of th e mu lti p li er s h ou ld b e us ed i n the compu ta ti on .

Th e near e s t valu e o f the rej ect e d fig ur e s h o uld be u sed fo r

multiplicati o n ; 9 fo r 85 4 ; 5 fo r 5 4 , e tc .

Th e ucces s ive s tages o f th e work in this example are s eparate d and

s

r ep ea te d h er e f o r t h e pur p os es o f s tudy o n ly Of c o urs e n o o ne a f t er

.
,

fin ding t h e firs t partial p r o duct wo ul d b eg in o v er again an d put d own

,

th e firs t t wo partial p r o duct s an d s o o u All o f th e actual wo r k is s h own

.

in th e las t s tag e o f th e mo d e l p r o blem .

Ch eck thi smultiplicatio n by u s i ng ro und number s (30 X 8 .

and i f de s i r able b y i nter changing multiplier and mul

tipli cand as f o ll o w s :
3 1 07.

. 7 85 4

2 4 86
1 55
12
or

48 . M o d el Ho w much h o u s e c o al weighi ng
B
.
-
lb ,
.

to the cubic foo t ca n b e s to r ed i n a s pace 32 ft 2 in lo ng

,
. .
,

2 1 ft 5 i n wid e a nd 1 2 f t 1 0 i n high ?
. .
,
. .

In re ducing th es e me as ure ment s t o feet and t enths o f a fo o t it i s ,

convenient to mak e a table o f e qui val ents as fo llows : ,

Inches 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Tenths 1 2 2 3 *
4 5 6 7 8 8 9 *

Th e s tarr ed n u mb ers o ccur W h er e t h e me a s ur ement in inch es is just

half way b e tween two meas ur ements in t enth s Here it i s cus t omar y .

to ch o os e t h e e ven nu mb er S in c e th er e ar e j ust as man y e ven num

.

b ers as o dd numb ers we s hall b e gainin g in t h e lo ng run as much as we

,

ar e l o s in g .This p rincipl e is t o b e ado pt ed i n all o ur co mputation wher e

th e figur e rej ecte d i s exac tly 5 .

Th e workin g o ut o f this pro bl em is l ef t t o th e s tu den t .

54 APPR OX IM AT E C OM P UTATION

E XERCI S E 1 6
M ultiply
1 . by 6 by .

2 . by 7 by .

3 7 03 by
. . 8 01 88 by 0037 9 . . .

4 .7 85 by. by 2 88 9 . by 34 89 . .

5 . by 10 by by 0052 3
. .

11 What is th e weight o f 32 8 s t ee l b eam s each

. ft , .

l o ng weighi ng
,
lb pe r l i n e ar fo o t ?
.

12 A s t ee l b e am i s
. ft l o ng a nd we igh s . lb per .

foo t Find i t s we ight

. .

13 A fo o t o f wi r e w e igh s 1 09 lb
. Ho w m u c h will a mile
. .

o f thi s wi r e w eig h ?

14 A m et er i s
. in Ho w many s quar e inch es are
.

ther e i n th e s u r face o f a wi nd o w o ne m et er s quar e ?

15 A city lo t m e a s u res
. ft fr o nt by f t depth. . .

Fi nd i ts valu e at per s quar e fo o t .

DI V I S I ON
49 . I n l o ng divi s i o n ,
t h e n umb er s
ubt r acted are pa rtial s

p ro ducts o btai ne d i n multiplyi ng th e divi so r by th e s ucces

s iv e figur es o f t h e qu o ti e n t b e gi nni ng at the l ef t
, Th es e .

s ucc e s s iv e pa rtial p r o duct s may b e cu r tail e d a s i n multipli ,

cati o n when th ey p r oj ect i n to t h e d o ubtful c o lumns

, .

50 . M o d el C . Divid e by 2

One par tial p rod u c t :

Two partial p ro ducts

 D IV IS ION 55

Here we have marked o ff th e 9 in th e divis or s ince when multiplied , ,

by 2 it wo uld come in t o th e do ubtf ul co lumn t o th e right of th e last

,

given figur e o f th e di viden d Bu t there is a 2 to ca rr y fr o m t h e d o ubt f ul

.

columns (s ince 2 x 9 18 which i s n e arer 20 than 10 in value ) making

, ,

th e seco n d partial p r o duct 5 6 ins t e ad o f 5 4 .

Th r e e par tial p ro ducts

Two figures ar e mark ed 06 ; 5 is carri ed fro m th e do ubt ful co lumns .

(Wh y ? )

Fo u r partial p r o duct s

A ns .

Thr ee figu r es ar e m ark e d o ff . Onl y what is

ca rr i e d fr o m th e do ubt ful co lu mn s c an no w ap
p ear in th e partial p r o duct Th e n ext figu r e in
.

t h e qu o ti en t mus t b e ch o s en s o as t o e n abl e u s
t o carr y 2 . 7 X 27 9 1 9 53 a n d 8 X 2 7 9
,

2 2 32 ; e vidently 7 i s m o e n e a ly c rr e c t than 8
r r o .

S in c e i s n ear er than i n valu e we mu s t in cr e as e by ,

1 th e las t o f t h e thr ee figu r es w hich it is all owabl e f o r u s t o r e tain i n

th e qu o ti ent . Th e an swe th en i s r, ,

Ch eck thi s div i s i o n by th e u se o f r o u nd n umb er s (60

30 Fo r a m or e th o r o ugh ch e c k multiply th e qu o ti ent ,

by th e divi s or no t t h e di v i s o r by th e qu o ti en t
,
.

M ultiplyin g th e di vis o r by t h e qu o tient is n o t quit e so go o d b ecau s e

,

th e par tial p r o du ct s thu s o btain ed Will b e t h e same as th e s ubtr ah en ds

us e d in t h e p ro cess of divis ion .
56 PPR OX IM ATE C OM P UTATION
‘

51 . In
called I talian metho d o f divi s io n the sub
th e so - ,

tra h ends are no t wr itten d o wn ; t h e c o mput er p erf orm s the

multiplicatio n a nd th e s ubtr actio n at th e s ame time a s fo l ,

l o ws
Two nines an d five are twenty thr ee ; two s e v ens ,
-

27 9 .
W an d two it
ar e s x e en , an d s even ar e twenty thr ee ;
-
t wo
7 5 twos an d t wo ar e si x , a nd ze r o ar e s i x ; an d s o o u .

g here r equires th e co mputer to emphasi e th e number

1
h op metho d o f s ubt r a c tio n w hich is us ed
Th e
“
s ,

0 , z

that h as t o b e adde d t o th e s ubt ah end to give th e r

minu en d Thi s i s al s o call e d t h e I t alian meth o d o f s ubt acti on

. r .

S tu den t s W h o ar e ambiti o us e n o ugh t o acqui r e this t ick will fin d it r

e co n o mi c al wh en th er e i s much dividin g t o d o .

E XER CI S E 1 7

1 . A meter i s
d efi ned by Unite d Stat es law a s i n che s .

A ca ref ully s u rv eye d li ne i n Fr anc e i s me ter s lo ng h o w

many feet lo ng i s thi s li ne ?
2 An ar c o f 3 9 3 is
. feet lo ng How long is o ne de
°
.

gree o n thi s a r c ?

Divid e
3 . by . 5632 7 . by . 1 17 7 by 3561.

4 . 7 08 . by 8 . . 35 0 by by
5 . by . 7 854 9 . . 309 by . 7 07 by
6 . by 10 . by by 885 .

P er f o r m t h e o p er ati o ns i ndicate d
5 .

16 . X
17 . X X
18 . X X
19 . X X
20 . 7 29 X 5 33 X 7 2 9 X 533
. . . .
 S QUARE R OOT 57

S Q UARE R OOT

52 . p r o duct o btai ne d by multiplyi ng a number b y

Th e
its elf i s call e d the s quar e o f that numb er ; and the numb er
which i s multiplied b y it s el f i s call e d the s qu ar e root o f the
p r o duct .

If a numb er i s divid e d by its s q uar e r o o t the qu o tient is ,

the s ame as th e divi so r If eith er t h e qu o ti ent o r the divi so r

.

i s s maller than t h e s q ua r e r o o t t h e o th er mu s t be la r ger , .

Th e s quare r o o t th en mu s t be s o mewher e b etween the

, ,

qu o tient a nd th e divi so r .

53 M od el D
. . Find the s quar e ro o t of
S in ce this n umb er isb etween 49 and 64 , i ts s quar e roo t will b e be
twee n 7 an d 8 ; l et us guess an d t ry i t .

Th e s quare r oo t of m us t b e be twee n
an d Let us try a n umb er halfway b etween ,

say

To four then th e s quar e roo t o f

figur es , , is
a res ul t which can b e verified by multiplica tion
(or by divi si on as b efor e) , .

E XER CI S E 1 8

Fi n d the sq uare ro o s o f
t
1 . 4 . 7 .

2 . 94 864 . 5 . 8 .

3 . 6 . 9 .
58 A PPR OX IM ATE C OM P U TATION

Fi n d , to fo u r figure s t h e , s qu are ro o s of t
13 . 2 16 . 6 19 . 8
14 . 3 17 . 7 20 . 12
15 . 5 18 . 10 2 1 . 45

C o m par e th e res ult s o f Ex s 1 3 . a nd 19 . Al s o c o mp are th e

resu lt s of E x s 14 . and 20 . E xs 1 5 . a nd 21 . E x s 18 . a nd 22 .

Ex s 1 5 . and 23 . Exs 1 7 . and 24

54 . It
metime s happ ens that th e data o f a p r o bl em can
so

b e s tat e d ex actly i n figu r e s Fo r ex ampl e i f th er e a r e j u s t .

,

a d o z en men w h o s e a ggr egat e we ight i s 1954 p o u n d s th e

, ,

n umb er o f me n i s ex a c t t h o ugh t h e t o tal w e ight i s an a p ,

p rox i m at e numb er In th e s ame w ay th e n umb er o f d egrees

.
,

i n t h e th r ee a ngl es o f a t r ian gl e i s e x actly 1 80 N umb er s .

t h at ar e thu s th eo r etically ex a c t a re ex p ress e d with a s many

figu r e s ( z er o s ) a s may b e ne c ess ar y t o match the p r eci s i on
o f t h e o th er data .

Th e weight of th e me n might vary an o un ce or s o from th e amo unt

s tat e d with o ut th e f act b e i n g d et e ct e d by th e mo s t car e f ul we igh er ;
,

co n equen tly thi s numb er i p o p e ly regar de d a s app o imate Th e

s s r r r x .

n u mb e f m en o f c o u se a n d t h e n u mb e r o f d eg ees i n all t h e an gles

r o ,
r ,
r

of a t ian gl e a e n u mb ers that a e n o t o btain e d by meas ur e ment an d

r ,
r r ,

th ey cann o t ad mit o f fractio nal e ro r r .

55 . It some ti mes happ ens agai n that o f sever al data , ,

in a
p ro bl em o ne ,
m ay b e mu ch l ess ac c u r at e t h an th e r es t
Fo r .

e x a m pl e

On a c a re fully s u r v eye d r ight o f w ay fee t i n l ength , ,

r ail r o ad t r a c k s a r e laid wit h r ail s we i ghi ng p o u n d s p er

fo o t Ho w m uc h st eel i s r e qui re d fo r th ese r ail s ?
.

H er e if w e m ultiply by
lumns af t er th e third all th e co

will b e d o ub t f ul An d if w multiply . by all pa tial p ro d

e r

u c ts af t r th e thi d wi ll b e mi in g l e avin g t h e s ame co lumns i n d o ubt

e r ss ,

as b ef o r e .
 S QUA RE R OO T

94 300 .

56 . Th e
c o n s ider ati o ns that apply in additi o n ar e s lightly
differ ent Thu s i f thr ee weight s a r e to b e add e d t o geth er
.
, ,

s uch a s lb .lh an d 005 632 lb the th r ee num

, .
, . .
,

bers will have figur es in n ine di ff er ent c o l

umns Th e la s t t wo numbe rs will hav e
.

00563 2 fi u r es in c o lum ns that ar e d o ubtful o n ao

g
7 86 3 - c o unt o f th e limited p r e ci s i o n o f th e firs t
n umb e r C o n s eq uently th e la s t we ight will no t affe ct th e
.

r es ult at all a nd the s ec o n d w e ight might j u s t a s w e ll hav e

,

be en r e po rted a s lb The sum o f the th r ee i s

. lh .

57 . Thi s p ri n ciple th en i s to b e c o nsta ntly b o r ne in mind

, ,

Th e a cc u r ac y of a r esu lt i s n o gr ea ter th an th e accuracy of i ts

leas t a ccu r a te da tu m .

E XER CI S E 1 9

1 . line A feet lo n g i s divided int o two parts which

have th e r ati o h o w l o ng i s e ach part ?
2 Tw o s uppl e m enta r y a ngle s hav e a r ati o o f
. How
ma ny degree s a r e the re in e ach a ngle ?
8 Tw o s uppl e mentary a r c s di ffer b y
. and their sum
is fee t lo ng Ho w man y fe e t a re there i n each a rc ?
.

4 A mete r i s
. inch es l o ng ; ex p re ss that length in
feet to th e s am e n umbe r o f figures .

5 A mile i s 5 2 80 feet l o ng
. Ho w man y feet are ther e in .

mile s ?
6 Th e bedplate o f an en gine lathe is
. feet lo
ng Ho w .

many i n che s i s that ?

‘
60 A PPR OX IMATE COM PUTATI O N

A gall o n i s liters and a lit er o f d ry ai r weigh s

‘

7 .
,

gram s . What i s th e weight i n gr ams o f a gall o n o f dry ai r ?

8 . A
gallo n i s lite r s and a lite r o f d ry car b o n di o xide
,

we ighs gr am s What i s th e we ight i n gr am s o f

.

gallo ns o f carb o n dio x ide ?

9 One ac r e i s e quival ent t o
. hectare s How many .

he ctares ar e th er e in ac re s ?
10 One po u nd i s e quival ent to
. kil o gr ams Ho w .

many kilo gr am s ar e th er e in po und s ?

11 One r adian i s e quival ent t o 5 7
. Ho w many de
gre es are there in r adian s ?

12 One cubic m eter i s equivalent to

. c ubic yard s .

An ex cavatio n o f cubi c m eters i s paid fo r at p er

cubic yar d Ho w much d o e s it c o st ?

.

13 One hectar e i s e quivalent to

. acre s Ho w much .

wo uld a Fr en c h far m o f hectar es c o s t at $ 7 2 per acre ?

14 The two ba se angle s of a t riangl e hav e a r atio
. a nd

th e ve rtical a n gl e i s great er than th e differ en c e o f th e

base a ngl e s Fi nd t h e thr ee angl es
. .

15 Two o f t h e a ngl e s mad e by a s t r ip e a nd i ts t r a ns v ers al

.

have a r ati o Ho w man y degr ees are ther e i n e ach acute

angl e ?
16 I n the figure made by a strip e and its tr an sversal i f
.
,

each o btu se angl e were gr eater than e a c h acut e angl e ,

h o w many d egr ee s w o uld th er e b e i n e ach o f the t wo int eri o r

a ngl e s o n the s ame s id e o f the transver sal ?
17 . angl e at the vert ex o f a t riangle bea rs t o th e angles
Th e
at the ba se th e r ati o s an d Fi nd th e thr ee angles
o f t h e t ria ngl e .

18 Th e angle s at th e ba se o f a t r iangle have the r atio 62 5

. .
,

°
and th e angl e at th e v e rt ex i s 4 m o re than thr ee t ime s thei r

d ifference Find e ach angle o f the tr ian gle

. .
 S QUAR E R OOT 61
”

19 . c er t ain rail road t rac k c onsists of a st rai ght tr ac k

A.

2 7 5 ft l o n g and a cur ve o n which each degr ee i s

. ft .

lo ng ; it r e q ui re s 800 ft o f r ail s Ho w many d egre es a re

. .
‘

ther e in the cu r ve ?
Th e curve o f a r ail ro a d t r ack is a line halfway b e twee n th e two r ails .

Th e o uter r ails mak e an ar e which is r eally lo n ger than that o f th e inn er

r ai ls but t h e t o tal l en gth i s c o mput e d as if b o th r ails wer e laid o n th e
,

c ent er line mi dway b etwee n t h e actual p o s iti o ns o f t h e r ails

,
.

20 . I n the bas ket of a balloo n

men weighing as
are two ,

they s tan d 1 60 lb and 2 10 lb ; p ro visi o n s weighing 8 lh ;

. . .

maps weighing 1 1 o z ; and inst r uments wei ghin g

. lb .

What is the to tal l o ad in the bas ke t ?

2 1 .A mi s cellaneo u s b ill o f go o d s pu r chase d fro m a mail
o r d e r h o u s e c o ntain e d a wash ing machine weighing 1 2 5 lb ; .

3 bo lts o f cl o th w e i g hi ng 9 lh each ; 3 s po o l s o f thr ead

.

we ighing 1 o z e ach ; 2 s t o v e s weighing 360 lh and 1 58 lb ;

. . .

a n d a pa c king ca s e w e ighi n g 40 1b What was the frei ght at

.

55 cent s per hu n d r ed p o und s ?

A man s r eal e state h o ldin gs c o n s ist o f two farm s o f
’
22 .

230 ac res and 15 7 ac r e s ; two village pl o t s o f 3 a c r e s and 2 4

acre s ; a r anch o f 1 7 00 acre s ; and a city lo t 50 by 85 ft .

What is the to tal ar ea o f h i s ho ldings ?

23 .A lar ge c o r p o r atio n o wned a mill emplo ying 3500 men ,

an o th er mill emplo yi ng 2 800 men a machi ne s ho p emplo ying

,

1 2 5 men a n o tfice fo r c e o f 56 men and an ex pe rimental plant

, ,

o f 1 2 tech n ical ex pe rts Ho w many men were there o n the

.

pay r o ll ?
-

24 .On a vacati o n t rip o f five days a t r aveler used an ,

auto mo bile the fir st da y and c o vered 2 90 miles and a bicycle ,

th e sec o n d day fo r 32 mile s He tr amped up and do wn a

.

mo untain the thir d day mile s Th e fo urth day he S pent

,
.

at the h o tel and wa lked o nl y 1 50 y a r d s Th e fifth day .

he too k a t r ain h o me a nd t r av eled 368 mile s What was :th e .

to tal di s tance c o ver ed o n his vacatio n ?

62 A PP R OX IM ATE C O M P UTATI O N

58 . M od el E . S o lv e (x x .

Q)
( 2) + 43 1 3: 6) s ame values
( 3) C)
2 — 17 . 2 x

Q) x (3)
CH E CK
1 01 .

1 05 . 1 05 .

Re j ect no figures until t h e actual wo k o f co mputati o n b egi ns r .

In c h eckin g e a mpl es s o lve d in t h i s w ay th e valu es f o u n d f o r th e t wo

x ,

memb er s o f th e e quatio n may n o t b e e actly e qual but o r din a ily they x ,

r

s h o ul d n o t di fl er by mo r e tha n o n e p e r c ent if thr ee fi gur e s ar e us ed .

So lv e t h e fo ll o wing e quati o ns
25 . x
26 .
( x

2 7 .
(a:
28 .
(a: a:

29 .
(x 5 13 x
30 .
(x 56 x
3 1 . . 36 (a: . 2 3) 24 . x

32 .
(x x
33 . x x )
34 .
(x . 77) . 56 (x 83)
35 . x
36 . a: (x
37 .
(x x
38 . a
: so

39 . . 37 ( x . 3 8) . 49 (a: . 57 )
a: x . 0052 5)
4 1 . . 04 38 x)
42 . x (a:

43 .
( x 0
44 . a: . 145 (23
 CH AP TE R III

M E AS U R EM EN T F OR M U L AS
59 . b ei ng u s ed fo r abb re viati ng t h e ex planati o n o f
Bes id e
p ro blem s in a rithme tic algeb r a i s u sed al s o fo r abb reviati ng
,

the statement o f a r ithmetical r ule s .

R E C TA NG L E S

60 . Th e — mb
ar ea nu er of a r ectangle i s th e pr oduct f
o the
len gth -nu mb er s f two a dja cent si des
o .

In th e p r e c e di ng s tat em en t th r e e numb er s ar e menti o ne d ;

e ach ca n be r e p r e s en t e d by a l e tte r a s fo ll o w s :

S t h e a r ea n umb er o f t h e r e ctan gl e
-
.

a t h e l en gt h n umb er o f o n e s id e
-
.

b the length number o f th e o the r s id e

-
.

Th en th e r ul e can b e s tat e d by the f ormu l a

S a b .

61 S uppo se we find , by
. mea s ur i ng that a r ectangular ,

buildi ng lo t i s feet lo ng a nd feet wide Th e area .

will b e t h e numbe r o f s q uar e f eet and d e cimal s ubdivi s i o n s

,

o f a s qua r e f oo t that c o uld b e ma r k e d 0 6 o n t h e s ur f ac e o f

,

t h e lo t . We kn o w that thi s are a i s fo un d by multiplyin g th e

t wo l e n gth n umbers t o gether but it is inter es ting t o p r o ve it
-
,

i n t h e fo ll o wi ng way
A s t r ip ex actly a foo t wide al o ng the s ho rt s ide o f the r ec
tangle c o uld have a square fo o t mar ke d 0 6 o n it fo r every
wh o le foot in the len gth o f the s id e (64 o f th o s e) and a te nth
o f a s qua re fo o t fo r eve r y additio nal t en th o f a fo o t in length

( 2 o f tho se) ; and a h und redth fo r every additi o nal hundredth

63
64 M E AS UR E M E N T FO R M ULAS

(5 o f th os e) A tenth o f a s quar e fo o t h er e i s made by mark

.

i ng o ne s q ua re foo t c ro ss wi s e into ten e qual st r ips 1 ft l o ng , .

a nd 115 f t wid e . A hund r e dth o f a s quare foo t i s made by

.

s plitting e a c h o f th e s e n a rr o w littl e s t r ip s int o te n v er y n a rr o w

s t r ip s each m e a s ur in
, g 1 ft by “h, ft . .

No tice that th e area numb er o f thi s unit-wide s tr ip is the

-

same as i ts le ngth numbe r - .

Th e foo t-wide s tr ip al o ng th e s h o r ter s ide o f the lo t then , ,

h as a n ar e a o f ‘

s quar e fe e t ; and o ne o f th e s e s t rip s can

be mar ke d o ff o n the r ectangular lo t fo r every wh ole foot in

t h e length (93 o f them) .

If we s plit o ne of th ese foo t-wide s trip s into ten equal s trips ,

o ne o f the s e nar r o w s t r ip s can b e ma r k e d 0 5 o n t h e s u rfac e

o f the lo t fo r eve ry t e nth o f a fo o t i n i ts l ength ; a nd a h un

d red th o f a s t rip in t h e s ame way fo r ever y hu nd re dth o f a

, ,

foo t i n its length So that there will be i n the wh o le lo t

.

s t r ip s e ach havi n g a n a r e a o f s qua r e f eet

m
.
,

S ince the sa e r easo n ing may be applied to an y rectangl e ,

it i s e vident that th e ar ea number o f a r e ctangle is th e p rod

-

u ct o f the l ength numb e rs o f t wo adj ac e nt s id es

- .

E XER CI S E 2 0

1 .Fin d the area o f a r ectangular br ass plate i n wide .

a nd i n l o ng. .

2 .A r ectangular city lo t h as ft fro ntage and i s .

,

inclo sed by j u s t 2 1 7 ft o f fen ci ng What i s the value o f th e

. .

lo t at p e r s qua r e foo t ?
3 .A s tr ip o f land r u nnin g back fro m a city s tree t the wh o l e
d e pth o f th e lo t i s in di s pute be twee n adj o in in g o wn ers Th e .

width o f th e strip i s in and t h e ar ea in di s put e i s

.
,

sq f t Ho w d ee p i s the lo t ?
—
. .

4 .The f r o n t o f a l o t i s ft and the a r ea numbe r ex

c ee d s the o ther len gth -numbe r by 2 1 56
'

Find th e depth o f
.

th e lo t .
 RE CTA N GLES 65

5 . Th e perimeter of a s quar e is ft . W hat is the

area ?
62 surveyo r a s will b e s h o wn here aft er
. A , , can d et er mine
the r ati o s between di ffer e nt li n es with
o ut actually mea s u r ing the lin e s them

s elves .

Fo r ex ample in the acc o mpanying ,

figur e t h e angle X c o uld b e m e as u re d

,

i n degr ee s a nd th e n by referr ing t o ,

tabl es th e s ur veyo r c o uld find the r ati o

of b to a .

E XER CI S E 2 1

|
1 . ati o o f two s id es o f a r e ctangle i s
Th e r an d th e l o n g

s id e i s what i s th e a r ea ?
On dr awing s 5 ft 4 i n is co mmonl y wr itt en 5
'
. .
,

2 Th e r ati o o f tw o s id es o f a re ctangle i s
. and the
sh o rt s i de is What i s the ar e a ?
3 T h e r ati o o f two s ide s o f a buildi ng lo t i s
. and the
lo ng s id e is it What i s the a r ea ? .

4 Th e r ati o o f two s ide s o f a building lo t i s 4 7 2 and the

. .
,

sh o rt s ide i s ft What i s th e area ? .

5 Th e r ati o o f twos ide s o f a fl o o r is

. and the ar ea i s
301 s q ft What i s th e pe r im eter ?
. .

We h ll have in this exampl

s a quation cons is tin g o f x so me e an e 2

n umber Thes e equatio ns w ill b e s tudied lat er i n o ur wo k but fo r th e

. r ,

pr es ent it is quite co rrect for th e s tudent t o find th e s quar e r oo t o f th e

n u mb e r f o r t h e valu e o f x .

6 The r ati o o f two s ide s o f a re ctangl e i s

. and the
pe r imete r i s 1 3 7 i n What i s the ar ea ? .

7 Th e r ati o o f two s ide s o f a r ectangle i s

. and the two
s id e s differ by j u s t 83 ft Fi n d t h e ar e a . .

8 Th e r ati o o f t wo s ide s o f a r ectangle is 7 85 and the a r ea

. .

i s 1 02 5 s q in What i s the sh ort side ?

. .
66 M E ASUR E M E NT FO R MULAS

9 . Th e r ati o of
id es o f a r e ctangl e i s 024 3
tw o s .
, a nd the
perimet er i s 500 ft Fi nd t h e ar e a
. .

10 The r ati o o f two s id es of a r e c tangl e i s 335

. .
, a nd the
two s id es di ff er by in Fi nd the a r ea . .

RHOMB OIDS

63 The p r o o f giv en i n S e c ti o n 6 1 i s valid fo r th e ar e a s o f

.

recta ngles b e cau s e th e u n it s qua r e s a n d th e i r s ubdivi s i o ns

,

fit ex actly at t h e c o r n er s o f th e figu r e Thi s i s d ue to

.

th e fact that a r e cta n gl e i s f o r m e d by tw o s t r ip e s p er p en

d i c u lar t o e ach o th er T h e p r o o f d o es n o t h o w e v er a p
.
, ,

ply to a figu r e f o r m e d by tw o s tr ip es i n cli ne d to each o th er .

S uch a figur e i s call e d a rh o mb o i d .

64 I n t h e r h o mb o id r e p r es en t by a t h e l e ngt h n umb er o f
.
,
-

e ach o f t h e t w o s id es that li e a l o ng o ne o f t h e s t rip e s ; a nd b y

p l t h e b r e adth o f t h e s t r ip e .

Draw two lines s t r aight acro ss th e s trip e f r o m th e end s o f o n e o f th e

lines called a Th is mak es t h r eespaces withi n t h e s t rip e ; two o f them
. ,

which we call X and Y are t r ian gles an d t h e o th er is an irregular figure

, ,

that w e r ep r es ent by Q Thes e l ett ers are unders t o o d to r epres ent th e

.

are a numb ers

-
of th e diff erent s paces .
 R HOM BOID S 67

Q X is a r ectangle ,
of which th e s id es ar e a an d p1 . C ons e qu en tly
Q X 0 17 1

A t r acin g o f t rian gle X will e actly x co ver th e t rian gle Y . C o ns e

quently C) 2 X = Y
=
Q + Y a p1 ® s ub s t . in ®
B ut Q Y is o ur o r igin al ho mb o id ;
r so we have a co nvenient ex

press ion fo r t h e a ea r

6) S 8p1 .

65 . TO s tat e t h i s w o r d s w e n ee d n ew t e c h
b r i e fly i n ,

ni cal t er m s : A figu r e i s s aid t o b e i n s c r ib e d in a s tr i p e wh e n

all i ts v er tic es ar e i n th e s id e s o f that s tr ip e .

Wh e n a figur e i s i ns c r ib e d i n a s tr ip e a s id e o f th e figur e ,

that li e s i n o n e s id e o f th e s t r ip e i s call e d a b a se o f the

figu r e a n d t h e b r e adt h o f t h e s t r ip e i s t h en the a ltitu d e o n
,

th at b a s e .

We hav e th en th e r ul e
, ,

Th e area n u mb er of a rh omb oi d i s th e p r oduc t of th e length

-

nu mb er s of a b ase a nd th e a tti tud e on i t .

66 S i n c e t h e
.

s id e s o f a r e c ta n gl e

are p er p endicula r ,

t h e ba s e i n o ne
s t r ip e i s th e alti

tud e i n th e o th er
s o that which e v e r

s id e w e tak e a s a

base we m ultiply
,

th e s am e n umb ers
fo r the a r ea Bu t .

t h i s i s no t th e ca se
with th e r h o mb o id .

Re pr es en t no w by b th e l en gth numb er o f o ne o f th e bas es o f th e

-

r ho mb o id i n t h e o th er s t r ip e ; a n d by 19 t h e b r e adth o f that s t r ip e
2 .

Dr aw t wo lin es s t aight ac o s s th e s trip e fr o m th e en ds o f b It

r r .

happ ens here that we have fo ur s paces within th e strip e ins tea d o f three ,
68 M EAS URE M E NT FOR M ULAS

as ction 64 Two of them a e tr iangles which we call R and Q ;

in S e .
“

r ,

and th e o th er two we call X a n d Y .

Q X is a r ectan gl e o f whi ch t h e s id es ar e b and p C o ns e qu ently 2.

Q X b pz
A t r acing of th e tr ian gle X R will j us t co ver th e triangl e Y R .

H ence , X + R = Y+ R
X Y C2) R
Y =
Q) Q + b pg ® s ub s t . in ®
But Q Y in thi s figure i s o ur ori ginal rhomb o id ; so we have for th e
ar ea h ere
6) S bps

67 . every r ho mb o id th ere ar e two fo r mulas fo r th e

Fo r
ar e a ; t w o pai r s o f n umb er s s uc h that the p r o duct o f e ith er
pair will give th e ar e a o f t h e r h o mb o id .

S ap l = b z
p

68 . A par allel o gr am i s a ny figu r e f o r m e d by t wot ip es

s r

i g e ac h o th er w h et h er th e s tr ipe s ar e
c ro s s n , pe r pe ndi c ular o r
i n c line d R e ctangl e s a n d r h o mb o id s a r e
. b o th c lassed as
par all el o gram s .

E XE R CI S E 22

69 . M o d el A . Th e ar e a o f a r h o mb o id i s sq . ft .
,

an d l en gth s o f th e
th e two altitud es a r e ft . a nd ft .

Wh at a r e th e base s ?
S in ce th e figur e is a r ho mb o i d , we s hall us e th e homb oi d formula
r .

6) S 0 19; Q) S b pg Formula (S ectio n 67 )

Q) S ()
2 S Given
( 3) pl 292 Given
ON 9 G) 1 23 = 2 7 4 b
)
I
I
» . .

()
5
I
I
Q G) » 449 = b
.

H ence with , p1 1 02,

. a 1 21 . . With 192 b . 44 9 .

Find a and b fo r t h e r h o mb o id s havi ng th e fo ll o wing data

1 . S 2 8, pl 2, pz
2 . S 360, pl 12 , 192 15 .

3 . S 2 560, 291 32 , pg
 R HOM BOID S 69

4 . S p. p.
5 . s p. p2
6 . S . 389 , pl . 1 07 , pg ” 839

70 . M o d el B . Th e altitud e s of a r h o mb o id di ff er by
7 2 3 ft
. the ba s es ar e ft . an d ft Fi n d the altitudes
. .

Let p1 th e umb er o f fee t i n th e s mall er altitude

n .

Then p; t h e n u mb er o f fee t i n t h e lar g er altitud e .

S in ce th e
area is th e s ame with e ither s ide tak en as th e bas e , th e
s h o rt er altitud e m us t b e t h e o ne o n t h e l o ng er bas e .

6) ap bp l Form ula z

( 2) a

b Given
G)
2 9 7 pl + 2 1 5
.
® s am e valu es
pl 2 15 G)

p. + 7 2 3 .

With a with b pg
CH E CK by ar eas .

Fi nd p l , p2 , a n d S fo r r h o mb o id s a s f o ll o ws
7 . a 60, b 72 di ffer en c e o f altitud e s
, 10 .

8 . a b
9 . a b
10 . a b
11 . a . 5 88, b . 96 1 , . 1 02 .

71 . M o d el C . Tw o id es o f a r h o mb o id di ff er by
s

ft . th e altitud e s ar e f t an d . ft Fi nd th e p e r im e t er
. .

Le t a b an d th e lar g er altitud e mus t b e tak en with th e

s mall er s ide .

Q) a pr b pz Formula
pl Given
pa Given
( 9

S o lvin g , b and b then th e p er imet er , 2 a

2b
70 M E AS UR E M E N T FOR M ULAS

F ind a, b, S, and p er im et er fo r h o mb o id s a s fo ll ows

r

12 .
p1 36 , p2 4 8, differ en c e o f s id es 20 .

13 .
pl 4, pg 5,
14 .
pl pg
15 .
pl pg
16 .
pl . 49, p g . 73 , . 26 .

72 . M ode l D . Th e l o ng e r ba s e and l o n g er altitud e

th e
of a r h o mb o id ar e ft a nd . ft .
,
r e s pe c tiv e ly ; t h e pe r im

e t er i s ft Fi n d the ar e a
. .

Since th e p e imet e r r 2 a 2 b, a half p e imet e

b r r .

Then b f ro m whi ch b
,

G) S bp s F ormul a
( 2) pg 18 2 . Given (longer alt with s h ort er s i de) .

(9 b Given
()4 S ( 1 8 2) .
( ) and
2 s ub s t i n ( D .

Q) » S 24 Q) s a me values
To fin d th e o ther altitud e

S p a l Fo rmula
6) 2 42 pl s ub t s . in

Fi n d are a s and mi s s i ng s id es an d altitud es o f t h e fo ll o wing

,

r h o mb o id s

17 .L o nger ba se l o nger alt 5 per imet er 2 7 .

, .

18 .S h o rt er ba s e 5 6 s h o r t e r alt = 4 9 ,
p er i met er 2 88 .
, .

19 . S h o rt er ba s e s h o r t e r alt p er ime t er .

20 .L o nger ba s e l o n ger alt p e rimet er 1 38 . .

2 1 . L o nger ba s e 7 2 8 l o ng er alt .4 1 8 pe r im et er
,
. .
,

TR I A NGLE s

73 . As t h e f o ll o wi ng
h o w a tr iangl e can b e i n
figure s s ,

scr ib e d i n th r e e di ff e re nt s tr ip es There will b e th r ee ba se s .

,

and c o rr es p o ndi ng to th em th ree altitudes

, ,
.
 TR I A N G LES 71

If we take a ny t wo of
th r ee st rip es b el o n gi ng to a tri
th e
angl e (fo r ex ampl e th e two having ba s es a a n d b ) w e find
, ,

th e s pa c e c o m m o n t o th e two s t r ip e s i s a par all el o gr am .

Thi s par all el o gr am i s c o mp o s e d o f two t r iangl es and w e ,

s hall fin d that a t r aci n g o f o ne o f th e m b e i n g r o tat e d o n t h e ,

figu r e with o ut o v e r tu r n i n g c a n b e m ad e t o c o v er t h e o th er
,

e x actly But o ne o f t h e t r ia ngl e s i s t h e o ne we s tart e d with ;

.

if w e r e p r e sent i t s a re a by S th e ar e a o f th e pa r all el o gr am
,

will b e 2 S .

Let p res ent th e altitud es

us r e on th e bas e s a, b, an d c , by p l, 392, an d

173 , r es p e ctiv e ly Th en .

2S = a p1

S = -
a p1 —2
ame w ay S
I n th e s b p ; an d if w e tak e t h e t ip al n g ins t e ad
z s r e o 0

o f that al o n g it i s eviden t that S é p

a, c g .

74 . We hav e th en , ,

as ul e fo r t h e a r e a
th e r

of a t r ia ngl e
Th e ar ea— nu mb er of

a tri a n gle i s h a lf th e

pr odu ct of th e k n gth
nu mb er s of a b ase a nd

th e a tti tude on it .
72 M EASU RE M E NT FO R M ULAS

75 . I t is evident t h at if
par allelo gr am s a re i ns cribed
, two
i n the same s t r ip e and hav e e qual ba se s ther eo n th ey wi ll ,

have the s am e are a .

I f two t r iangl es are ins cr ib ed i n th e s ame s tripe and have

e qual ba se s th er eo n t h e t wo t r iangl es a r e e qual
, .

I f a triangl e and a par all el o gr am are ins cr ib ed in th e s ame

s t r ip e and have e qua l ba se s th e r e o n t h e t r iangl e will b e e qual ,

to hal f t h e par allel o gr am .

Thu s i n th e ab o ve figur e X
, ,
Y, but X Z a nd in th e
1
figure b el o w Q R a nd Q ,
P .

Th e s ign m e an s is not e qual t o .

”

E XER CI SE 2 3

1 . A triangle a nd a re ctangl e are i ns cr ibed in the sam e

t ip e
s r , a n d hav e e qual ba s e s t h er eo n ; their a r e a s di ffer by

7 83 sq . ft What i s t h e ar ea o f e ach ?
.

76 . M o d el E . t r ian gl e h a s tw o base s that d iffer by

A
ft .
,
a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n di ng altitud es ar e f t an d .

ft . Fi nd th e ar e a .

Let umb er of feet in th e s hort er bas e

a th e n .

Then a t h e n umb er o f f eet i n t h e o th er bas e .

Als o t h e lo n ger altitu de mus t b e tak en with t h e s h o rt er bas e .

 TR IA N GLE S 73

G
) S 3 0 7
2 21 t b pz 5 017 3 F o rmula
0 27 1 b pz G) X 2

pl Given
6) 27 2 Given
1 5 00 a.
(0 + 5 5 5)
15 00 a ® s ame valu es
—10
.

4 41. a . 59 a

Then t h e t wo bas es are an d th e ar e a 5

100 s q f t . .

CH E CK by pr o duct , 100 .

Fi nd two s id e s and the ar e a of th e fo llo wi ng t r iangle s

2 .
p l
= 1 5 i n .
, p a in .
, di ffer en ce o f a and b 1 3 in .

3 .
p 1
= 4 8 ft .
p2 = 2 0 ft b 1 9 ft .

4 =4 7 in = 7 3 i n b in
.
p1 . .
, p2 . .
, .

5 .
pl cm .
, pg cm a b cm .

6 = 04 87 in in b in
.
pl . .
, 132 .
, .

77 . M o d el F — T h e ba s e
a tr iangl e b e ar s to t h e
. of

a ltitude the r e o n a r ati o o f a n d th e a r e a o f the t r ia ngle

is s q ft Fin d ba se and altitude

. . .

Let p1 b
nu m er o f feet in altitude .

Th en pl n umb er o f f ee t i n ba s e .

6) S % p a 1 F ormula
( 2) S Given
5 p ) (p ) s ub s t i n Q)
1 1 .

G) . 7 65 (p ) 6) s ame valu es
l
2

(5) (p1 ) 2
Q) . 7 65
6) pl S quar e ro o t of
8 66 = 1 53 p1
. . X
A ns . Al titu de , in ;
. bas e , in .

C H E CK by ar ea formula S , % ap1 .
74 M EAS URE M E NT FOR M ULAS

Find base a nd altitude fo r t h e fo ll o wi ng t r iangle s

7 . Ar e a 24 sq . in .
, r ati o of ba s e to altitud e
8 . 140 s q f t . .
,

9 . sq . cm .
, . 83 .

10 . sq . in .
,

11 . . 2 60 s q f t . .
, . 87 3 .

78 . M o de l G .
—Tw o altitud e s a tr ian gl e a r e
of

in . an d in .
, an d th e c o rr es p o nding ba ses differ by
i nch es . Fi n d t h e tw o ba s es .

Let bl n umb e o f in ches in o ne bas e ;

r

bl 3 28 n u mb er o f i n ch e s i n o th er ba s e .

(D S 5 p a 5 bp l 5 cp For mul a z s

a pi 0292 X 2
pl Given
() 4 pg Given
= 23 7 b1
( 5) .

15 3 b 1 + 50 2 = 2 3 7 b 1
. . .
® s ame value s

b1 6)

A ns . B a s e s ar e in . a nd ih .
,
r es p ectively .

CH E CK by are a fo rmula .

Fi n d t wo bases fo r e a ch of th e fo ll o wi n g t r iangl es
12 . Altitud e s , 1 5 i n . a nd in ; . di ffer en ce of c o rr e
S po ndi ng ba ses 3 ,
in .

13 . Altitude s ,
ft . an d ft ;
. differ enc e of c o rres p o nd
i ng ba s es 80 ft , . .

14 Altitud es
.
, . 2 55 i n . an d . 4 3 1 in ; . diff er en c e of c o rre
s po n di n g ba s e s ,
. 2 87 i n .

Fi n d t wo altitud es of th e fo ll o wi ng t r iangl e s
15 . Ba ses , 1 6 ft . and 25 ft ; . differ en c e of corre sp o nding
altitude s ,
ft .
 TRAP EZOID S 75

16 . Ba ses , 7 7 . cm . a nd . 61 cm .
; di ff e r enc e o f c o r resp o nding
altitud es 1 1 cm ,
. .

17 Ba s e s
.
,
ft . a nd ft ;
. di ffer en c e o f c o rr es po ndi n g
altitud es ft ,
.

TRA P E ZO I D S
7 9 :A t r ap e z o id h a s o nly o ne pai r o f s id es par allel I t can .

b e i ns c rib e d th er efo r e i n o nly o ne s t rip e ; and th e ba s es i n

, ,

that s t r ip e ar e o f di ffer ent l ength s Th er e i s but o ne altitud e . .

Represe nt th e length— numb e r s o f th e t wo bas es by b an d b an d that l 2,

o f t h e altitud e by p .

Th e t ap e o id c an b e divi de d in t o two t riangl es b y dr awi n g a line

r z

fr om co n er t o corner (a diag onal )

r .

R e p r es ent t h e a e as o f t h e t wo t rian gl es by X an d Y
r Th e y hav e .

th e s ame altitud e p a n d ba s es b a n d b r es p e ctiv e ly

, ,
Their ar ea s ar e
l 2, .

6) X 5 191 1?
Y 5 b zp
H en c e , C3D X Y 5 51 27 5 b zp 6)
Q) X Y 5 p (b l b 2) ( 3) s ame values
Thu s fo r t h e
a r e a o f t h e t r ap e z o id w e hav e the r ule
Th e ar ea —
, ,

nu mb er of a tra p ezoi d i s h a lf th e p roduct of th e length

n u mb er s of th e a lti tu de a n d th e s u m of th e b as es .

E XER CI SE 24

80 . M o d el H . The ba s e s o f a t r ap e z o id ar e in .

an d in .
, and the altitude is in Fi nd the a r e a . .
76 M EASURE M E NT F O R M ULAS

5 29 (b . b z) Fo rmula
Given
Given
Given
4 ( a) , an d G) s ub s t . in (D
( 5) ame values
s

s a me valu es

Th e ar ea i s sq . in .

th e fo ll o wi ng t rap e z o id s
bl 4 8 ft b2
bl b2
bl m .
, bz
bl in .
,
bz
bl . 5 53 cm .
,
b2

81 . M o d el I . In a s tr ip e i n wid e a t r ap e z o id .
,
is
i ns c r ib e d wh o se ba ses hav e a r ati o 834 a nd wh o s e a re a ,
is
sq in . Find th e
. base s .

Le t b l numb er o f inches in o ne bas e ; and . 834 b l n umb er of

in ches in o th er bas e .

6) S 5 2 (b b ) ? l e Formula
S Given
6) p Given
Q) 1
2 . 834 b 1 ) ()2 an d s ub s t . in (D
So lving ,
bl an d . 834 b ;

CH E CK by ar e a fo r m ula .

Find th e bases of th e t r ape z o id s with the fo ll o wi ng data

6 . Width of s r t ip e 1 2 ft .
,
r atio o f ba s e s 2 ,

ar ea 2 88 s q f t . .

7 . Width of s r t ipe in r ati o o f ba se s

ar ea 9 sq i n . .

8 . Width of s r t ipe in rati o of ba se s

ar ea s q in . .
 TRAPE ZOIDS 77

9 . Width of s r t ipe ft r ati o o f bas e s

are a 932 00 s q ft . .

10 . Width of s r t ipe . 428 cm .

, rati o o f bases
ar e a 4 09 s q cm
fi . . .

82 . M o d el J . In a s tr ip e 7 00 f e e t wid e a t r ap e z o id
,
is
i ns cr ib e d wh o s e base s diff er by feet and have a r ati o
,

Fi nd the are a .

Let b l n umb er o f feet in one bas e ; bl n umb er o f f ee t in o ther

bas e .

bl b1
6 83 b 1
.
6) s a me valu es
bl 6)
7 83 b 1
. X
S 5 9 01 b2) Formula
S 3 6 4). ub s t
an d Q) s . in 6)
S 350 x s a m e valu e s

S :
1 4 400 . s a me valu es

T h e ar e a is sq . ft .

Fi nd th e are a s of th e fo llo wi ng t r ap e z o id s
11 . Width o f s t r i pe , 30 in ; . su m of ba s es , 120 in ; . r ati o
of bas es ,
2 .

12 . Width of s r t ip e , 6 ft ; . differe n c e of ba s es , 6 ft ; . r ati o

of base s ,

13 Width o f s t r ip e
.
,
in ; . di ffe r en c e of bas e s , in ; .

r ati o o f ba s e s ,

14 Width
. of t ipe
s r ,
cm .
; su m of ba s e s ,
cm .
;
r ati o o f ba s es ,

15 Width o f s t r ip e
.
, . 2 94 ft ; difi er ence
. of bases , . 06 1 1 ft ; .

r ati o o f bases 838 ,

. .
78 M EASURE M E NT FO R MULAS

T HE N U M B ER 7r

83 . len gth of th e c i rc u mfe r en c e of a cir cle c an alway s

Th e
b e fo und by multiplying i t s di a met er by a c er tain f amo u s
n umb e r wh o s e ex act valu e i s r ep rese nt e d by th e Gr eek l e tt er 7 1
,
"

( p r o no u n c e d p )
i

T h i s ex a c t val u e c anno t b e ex p r esse d in o r dinary figures ,

a ny mo r e th a n c an but it can b e ex pr es s e d a ppr o xi

mat ely a s 35 , et c a cc o r di ng .
,

t o t h e r e qui re m ent s o f th e p r o bl e m i n whi ch it i s t o b e u se d .

84 . Th e area of a c i r cle c an alway s b e f o u n d by multiply

i ng t h e
a re a o f t h e s qua r e wh o se s id e i s e qual t o t h e r adiu s by

thi s same number 7 r .

If e le ngth o f t h e c i r c u mfere n ce o f th e ci r c l e r r adiu s

th e , ,

2 r diamet er S ar ea o f th e ci r cl e a nd r
,
2
are a o f s qua re
,

wh o se s id e i s r then we h ave two fo rmula s

,

c = 2 nr ’ '

S = nr
2 ' '

Th e t woth eo rems repr es ent d by thes e fo rmulas have b ee n

e kn o wn
for man y c en tur ie s an d wi ll b e p ro v e d i n n ext y ea r wo k
’
s r .
,

E XE R CI S E 2 5

1 . adius o f a ci r c l e i s
Th e r ft Fi nd t h e ci r cumf er e nce
.

and t h e ar ea .

2 The cir c umf eren ce of a ci r c le i s 2 83 in Fi nd th e r adiu s

. . .

3 The ar ea of a cir cle is

. sq in Find the diamete r . . .
 T HE NUM B E R '
11 79

4 . a re a o f a ci r cl e i s 2 88 s q ft Fi n d the ci r cum ference

Th e . . .

°
5 . What i s the l ength o f a n ar c o f 2 1 3 o n a cir cle wh o s e
r adiu s is ft ? .

6 . a ci r c l e wh o se r adiu s i s
On in .
, how many d egr ee s
are th er e i n a n a r c i n lo ng ? .

7 What i s t h e r adiu s o f a c i r cl e i n which a quadra nt i s

.

i n l o nge r t h an t h e r adiu s ?
.

8 Th e r adiu s o f a ci r cle i s 7 07 ft
. Fi nd t h e ci r cumfer en ce
. .

a n d t h e ar ea .

°
9 Ah a r c o f 3 8 i s 16 i n l o ng
. What i s th e l ength o f the
. .

r adiu s ?

10 An a r c o f
. is f t l o ng What i s the l ength o f . .

th e r adiu s ?
11 One ba s e o f a t r ap e z o id i s 1 ft l ess tha n d o ubl e t h e
. .

o th er a n d t h e altitud e i s 4 f t
, T h e t w o t r ia ngl e s i nt o W hi c h
.

t h e diago n al divid es t h e t r ap e z o id di ffe r by 1 2 s q f t Find . .

th e ba s es o f t h e t r ap e z o id .

12 . On e ba s e
a t r ap e z o id i s i n l ess tha n 3 tim es t h e
of .

o th er a n d t h e altitud e i s
, in Th e t wo t r iangl e s i nto .

whi c h th e diago nal divid es th e t r ap e z o id di ffer by 2 1 7 s q i n . . .

Fin d t h e ba s e s .

13 . ba s es o f a t r ap e z o id di ffer by 4 ft a n d t h e altitude
Th e .
,

is ft T h e t w o t r ian gl e s i nt o whi c h t h e t r ap e z o id is
.

divid e d by th e diago nal have a r ati o Fi nd the bas es

a nd t h e a r e a .

14 . Th e
bas es o f a t r ap e z o id di ffer by ft an d t h e alti .
,

tude i s in Th e diag o nal divid es t h e t r ap e z o id i nt o two

.

tr iangl es that h a v e a r ati o Fi n d t h e ba s e s a nd t h e area .

15 Th e t w o ba s e s o f a r h o mb o id a re 24 f t a n d 1 5 f t ; the
. . .

altitud es differ by 3 ft Fi nd t h e a re a . .

16 . bases o f a r h o mb o id a re
Th e t wo ft and . ft
th e altitude s di ffer by ft Find the area . .
80 M EAS U R E M E NT FOR MULAS

17 . Th e two
altitud es o f a r ho mb o id ar e ft and .

ft and the s ide s differ by

.
, ft Fi nd the sides and . th e
a re a .

18 . Th e tw o altitud es o f a r h o mb o id ar e 0394 i n and 02 88 . . .

in .
, and th e s id es di ffer by 01 1 3 i h Find th e sid es a nd th e
. .

a r ea .

19 altitud es o f a t r iangl e a re 8 1 0 a n d 1 2 th e
. Th e
l o nges t a nd s h or te st s id e s di ffer by Fi nd th e thr ee s ides
a n d t h e a r ea .

20 Th e altitud es o f a t r ia ngl e ar e
. 1 89 a nd

t h e l o nges t a nd s h o rt e s t s id e s di ffer by Fi nd th e th r ee
s ide s a n d the a r e a .

I MPL I C I T Fo R MU LA s
85 fo r mula which d o e s n o t ex p r es s di r e ctly th e value
. A
o f t h e l e tt e r so ught but giv e s a n e quati o n f r o m which t h at
,

valu e c an b e d et er mi ned i s c all ed an i mpli c it fo rm ul a , .

A f o r mula which giv es t h e valu e o f t h e r equi r e d lett er

di r e c tly up o n s ub s tituti o n i s an e xpli c i t f ormu l a Thu s .
,

t h e f o r mula
5 5p ( b l + b 2)
is a n ex plicit fo rm ula fo r S a n d an i mplic it fo r mula fo r p,b l,

and b2 .

86 . M o d el K . In th e f o r mula S 5 p (b l b z) , find
1? wh en S bl b2

p (2 36 3 52)
f
. .

5 P ( 5 -88) s ame valu es

P Q) s a m e valu es

E XER CI S E 2 6

1 . I n the fo rmula S 5p ( l
b b z) , find b l wh en S
p 15 , b2 55 .

2 . I n the fo rmula S 7 ri
’ ’ z
,
find r wh en S 600 .
 IM PLI C IT FO R M ULAS 81

3 . I n the fo rmula S 5 p (b l b z) , find p when S

bl b2
4 . Info r mula 0
th e 2 fl fin d , T when 0 1 000 .

5 .Th e a r e a o f a t r ap e z o id i s sq . ft ; . o ne o f
ba ses th e
is in a n d t h e altitud e i s
. in . Fi nd th e o th er bas e .

U s ing t h e valu es giv en evaluat e ,

th e fo ll o wi ng fo r mula s :
d = 5; L = 30; n = 2 55 .

lwL
7ra

— r) R = 25 r = 2o = 3 14
; ; 7r . .

2 291 )

p 1 0, P 12 .

p + P

Rr
m — 2, r = 14
,
R = 84 .

2 dnm d = 1 7 32 6 ; n = 1 44 0; m = 12 6 . .

d h
=
f 87
X
30
f . 37 2 , d h 29 .

W —3 — ' —
I c
°

7
R 1 00 R 21
R + R
1

Q '

—
4 7
2
W
Q 1 10 ,
r 5, 1r

2 2 _ 2

a = 1 0; c = 21 .

1 a
= 002 ; b 01 5 ; n = 6
n —a
a . . .

1 T = 8; R = 75; t = 10
t
. .

R 2

Rr + R r +RR ’
R = 1 00 ; r = 1 2 0; R = 1 000 .
I
RR r

15 ; b = 2 8; = 41
G :
c ;

K = I Z6 .
82 M EAS URE M E NT FO R MULAS

r
—
W (i z 2 ti + t)

Z G -
q) s <r

x (T — t)
'

W (Q — T)

—
25 .

% (q t)
 CH AP TE R I V

ADDI T I O NAL T YPE S OF P R OBL E M S

87 . An algeb r aic ex p r es s i o n that fo r m s o ne e nti re member

o f a n e quati o n may hav e i t s valu e cha ng e d p r o vided the ex ,

p ress i o n that fo r m s th e o th er m emb er o f t h e e quatio n h a s

i ts valu e c h an ge d i n t h e s am e w ay .

Fo r ex am pl e if a ny t wo numb er s a r e equal w e ca n i n
, ,

c re a se th em b o th b y 5 1 0 o r 1 7 o r any o th er n umb er ; o r
, , ,

we c a n multiply th e m b o th by a ny n u m b er o r i n a ny o th e r ,

way apply t h e ax i o m s o f S e cti o n s 36 37 (page , Th e

r e s ult s will b e dtfier en t fr o m t h e o r igi n al n u mb er s i n valu e ,

but t h e e quati o ns o btai ne d will b e t r ue b e cau se the new ,

n umb er s wi ll b e e qual .

I n s h o rt t o re du c e a n e quati o n we may cha nge t h e valu e

, ,

o f t h e t wo e qual n u mb e r s if o n ly we k ee p th e m e qual ; but

,

i n r educi ng a n ex p re ss i o n whi c h i s no t a m e mber o f an e q ua

tio n we ar e no t pe r mitt e d to cha nge i t s valu e
, .

FRA C T I ONA L E Q UA T I ON S

88 . When equati o ns a r i se that c o n tai n fr actio ns it is ,

n e c es s a r y t o multiply b o th s id e s o f t h e e quati o n by n umber s

which will change th e fr a c ti o n s t o who le n umb ers as in the ,

fo llo wing ex ampl es .

89 . M o d el A . S o lve the equati o n

?
E

S
2
O

R = 6
84 ADDITI O N AL TYPE S o r PROBLE MS

90 . M o d el B . S o lve the e quati o n

2y 3
3 5
9
5
10 y = 9
= 9
y -

CH E CK 5 x fiy = §

One lin e o f th e wo rk in M ODE L B co uld have b een s ave d if we had

multipli e d b o th s ides o f by 15 at o nce inst ead o f fir st b y
, 3 a n d th en
by 5 .

x x a: 1
91 M o d el C S o lv e th e e q u a tl o n
2 3 4 2
x x a: 1
2 3 4 2

2 x 11:
1
3 2

3 2:
3 c
c 2 x
2

3 2;

2
3 s ame values
6) 2 x 3x 6

2 a: 6 3x

6) 6 2:

H ere if we had multiplie d 6) by 1 2 , th e leas t co mmon multipl e

t h e d en o min at o r s we s h o ul d hav e had
,

x x x 1
2 3 4 2

6 x —4 x = 3 x —6
G)
s 2 x = 3 x —6
=
Q) 2 x + 6 3 x
 FR ACTIONAL E QUATI O NS 85

E XE R CI S E 2 7

Find th e value o f x in the fo ll o wi ng equatio ns

4: x —
7 ar 6 3: —
3 13 5
+
5 3 2
x 1 —7 3
a:
3 —1 x

4 11 2

x —l x
'
a:
g x
. 2 513 — 10
3 7 6 4 5
x a: 1 x +2 x + 1 x + 3
x 2
3 3 2 4
a: x x x + 3 x + 5
2 3

9— 3 2 x + 1 4 x
—
. 2 3
7 4 7 6
2 x 5 x —8 x + 5 x —5 3 x

36 3 2 4
2 x —1 1 3 x 5x —2
5 + x + + 2x + 4
3
.

2 2 9

x —2 3 —x
3 x + + 2 x
2 3
x —l 3 23 — 1 1 —3 x
+
7 5 7 5

x + 2 5 x —1
3 x + 5 +
2 3
—3
— 3 x 1 15 x
—1
_

10 x + + 7 x
2 7
x +2 5x —2
2 l . 3x + 5
2 3

2 3x
m
‘

24 1 z
86 ADD I T I O N AL TYPE S OF PRO B LE M S

92 M el D
.
— od
I b o ught a c er tai n n umb er o f pictu r e
.
.

p o stcar d s at 2 fo r a nickel and the s am e n umber at 3 fo r a

.
, .

ni c k el I s o ld th em all at a u nifo r m p r i c e o f 2 c ent s api e c e

. .
,

a n d by d o i ng s o l o s t 2 5 c ent s , Ho w many did I b uy ? .

Let x th e n um b er o f car ds o f e a c h kin d b o ught .

Then 2 a: t h e n umb er o f c ar ds o f b o th kin ds s o ld .

th e n umb er o f c en t s paid f o r car ds at 3 f o r 5 cent s .

5 2:

2
th e umb e
n t paid fo c a ds at
r o f c en s r r 2 fo r 5 cent s .

4 x t h e n u mb e r o f cen t s e ce ive d f o r all

r .

5” x
Q) — 4x 25
3
= 24
10 x + 15 x x + 1 50 ® x 6
25 a: 24 a: 150 s ame valu es
6) x 1 50 24 x

A ns . 1 50 c a d at each price
r s .

CH E C K : 1 50 at 2 fo r 5 300 at 2 cent s
1 50 at 3 fo r 5 Lo ss . 25

E XER C ISE 28

1 . m er c h ant i nv est e d $ 3000 mo re i n o ne s ho p than i n

A
ano th er In t h e fir s t h e l o s t 3; o f t h e capital i nvest ed an d
.
1
.
,

i n t h e s e c o n d t h e p r o fit s were 4 0 p e r c en t o f t h e capital ih
vest e d Oh b o t h s h o p s h e m ad e a ne t gai n o f $2 080 HOW
. . .

mu ch did h e i nve s t i n e a c h s h o p ?
2 . Two li n es h av e a r ati o 7 a n d o f th e la r ge r li n e e x ,

c ee d s d o ubl e t h e s mall er lin e by 1 2 i n c h e s Fi nd t h e l ength s .

o f t h e li n e s .

3 . Two s id e s o f a r e ctangl e ha v e a r ati o

. a n d t h e p er im

et er i s m et er s Fi n d t h e a r e a . .

4 . TWO a ngl e s hav e a r ati o 2 a n d t h e s mall er angle i s ,

t hr ee time s th e co mpl em ent o f th ei r s um Fi nd th e angl es . .

5 . Two angl es hav e a r a t i o 3 a n d d o ubl e t h e small e r

.
,

angl e i s the c o mplement o f i o f the lar ger Fi nd the angl es . .

6 . A B and C shared a s um o f mo ney so that A had $30

, ,
 FRACTI O NAL E QUATION S 87

mo re than half B had $33 m o r e than a fo u r th and C had

, ,

th e r emaind er which w as $ 1 6 Fi n d t h e s ha re s o f A and B

, . .

7 . had $ 107 an d B h ad 34 5 B gave A a c er tai n s um

A .

a nd th en had o nly a s m uch a s A Ho w much did B giv e .

A?
8 Fr o m a c as k o f wi ne
.
,
3
5 5 had l e ake d o ut 5 h ad b ee n ,

dr awn o ut a n d t h er e w er e
,
11 gall o ns l e ft Ho w much wi ne
.

w a s th e r e at fir s t ?

9 . A
d e al er b o ught pi neapple s at t h e r at e o f $4 fo r 7
d o z en a n d so ld t h e m at t h e r at e o f $2 fo r 3 d o z en gai ni ng
, ,

$4 . Ho w m any pi n e appl e s did h e b uy ?

10 . I h ad a h er d of s
h ee p an d so ld a half i nt er es t i n t h e
h er d a n d a half i nt er es t i n o ne s h e ep b es id e s Th en I
, .

fo u nd that I o wn e d 1 7 s h ee p m o r e than o f t h e h er d Ho w
,

m any s h e e p did I o w n at fir s t ?
1 1 .w o man had a ba s ke t o f e ggs a n d s o ld o f th em
A , ,

wit h o f a n e gg b e s id e s ; what s h e had l e ft w e r e th r ee m o r e

‘
'

tha n half o f what s h e had at fir s t Ho w ma ny egg s had s h e .

at fir s t ?
12 . O ne angl e ex c ee d s hal f o f a no th er by and ex

c ee d s th e c o mpl em ent o f the i r sum by Fi n d th e

angl es .

13 .a s t r ip e 1 5 i n c h es wid e two t r iangl e s ar e i ns c r ib e d ;

In ,

th ei r ba s es di ffer by feet a n d th e ir a r ea s hav e a r ati o

,

2. Fi n d th e are a s .

14 . ta t d t o get h
Tw o men a l g di s tan c e bicycl e
s r e er o n on -

r id e At n o o n o n e o f t h e m had go n e
. o f t h e di s ta n c e ,

w h il e t h e o th er had go ne of it ; a n d th e y w e r e th e n 3 0

mil es apar t Ho w far h ad th ey pla e d t o r id e

. nn ?

15 .B star t e d e as twar d fro m Palmer At n oo n A

A and .

had go ne o f the di stan ce to Bo st o n B had go ne o f i t a nd , ,

they were 2 mile s apar t Ho w far fr o m Palme r to Bo s t o n ?

.
 88 A DDITIONA L T YPE S OF PR O BLEM S

S U B T RA C T I NG FRA C T I ON S A ND P ARE NT H E S E S

93 . M o d el E . In so lvi ng th e e qu ati o n
15 —3 3 23 — 1
23
+ 7 x —1
7 2

no ti c e c ar efully t h at wh en we multiply by 1 4 , th e fr a c tio n

15 cc 3
b e c o mes a wh o l e n umb er whi ch mu s t be s ubtracte d
7
,

fro m th e p r e c edi ng t er m of th e e quati o n .

140 x — (30 sc —7 + 98 :v 14 .

H er e we have 30 x 6 t o s ubt r act fr o m 14 0 x .

I f w e h ad t o take 30 x fro m 14 0 x th e re maind er wo uld ,

b e 1 1 0 33; no w h o w ev er s i n c e w e ar e taki ng 6 l es s than 30 23

, , ,

o ur re mai n d er will b e 6 m o r e o r 1 1 0 x 6 , .

Th e e quatio n i s the efor e

r so lv e d as fo llows
—3 —
3 23 1
+ 7 x —1
7 2
-
7 + g8 x
1 10 2: 6 1 19 2: 21 ()
2 s ame valu es

1 10 x + 2 7 = 1 19 x

27 = 9 x -
1 10 x
3 = x -
9

15 33 + 3
If m emb er o f t h e equati o n wer e 1 0 a:
th e fir s t ,

7
‘

we s h o uld apply s imilar r e a s o ni ng .

Wh en w e m ultiply by 1 4 t h i s ex p r es s i o n ,
re duc es to
14 0 2:
To take away fro m 14 0 2: give s a r emai nd er o f 1 10 23
30 x .

But we ar e to tak e away 6 m o r e than 30 as s o t h at t h e ,

r e mai nd er will b e 1 1 0 x 6 .

O ur c o nclu si ons may be exp r e ssed i n the gener al s tat e

ment
 S U B TRACTIN G F RACTI O N S AND PA RE NTH E SES 89

94 . In re movi ng a parenth es i s wi th th e mi nus si gn , a ll ter ms

wi th i n th e p ar enth esi s a re to b e ch anged i n si gn .

When w e s p eak o f “
c han gi ng th e s ign s
”
, we m e an c hang
ing all t h e p lu s s ign s to mi nu s ,
a nd all th e mi nu s s ign s to
p lu s .

Wh en no s ign i s ex p res se d b efo r e a t er m th e plu s s ign i s ,

u nd er st o o d .

Ter m s c o ntai ni ng th e s am e r adi c al facto r a nd di ffer i n g o n l y

by a n umer ical c o effi ci ent s uch a s 2 V 3 and 5 V 3 are s imilar
, ,

t e rm s .

X
E ER C IS E 2 9

R emo v e th e par enth es es an d s implify

1 . 5 x + 7 7 . 9 x — V3 — ( x/3 — x)

2 . 3 23 — 5 —
1 2)
-
8 .
x/ 3 — 92 — (x — x/3)

3 . 17 x + 13 — (3 x — 5 ) 9 . A — 35 — A)

4 . ll —
m 3 — (2 x — 1) 10 1 1 98 -
32)

5 .
—2 —4) — 1)
— 13 — 2 33) —B — B)
13 . 180 —A)
-l
mB — 1 80 -
(A — 90)
— A) — C)

16 . 360 — A — B)
17 .

18 .
— 5)
19 . 3 — x/2 — (5 x/2 — x/3)
20 . x — V 2 — ( V 2 — y) 23 .
— 23)
2 1 . 3 x/2 — x/ 2) 24 . 75 — ( x/2 — 1 1 )
22 . 25 . 56 + 3 x /2 ( 13
 ADDITIONAL T YP E S O F P R O BLE M S

E XER C ISE 30

Fi nd th e valu e of x in e a ch of th e fo llo w in g e quati o ns

2 5 5
5 23 — 4 3x +2 x —4
7

4 5 x

5 90 +

55 x —5 x —8
4 3 4
x —4 x —5 x + 5
2 8 7
x + 5 x + 1 x + 3
6 8 4

x + 7 3 x + 1 — 11
1
15 25 45

. 5 x + 20 — 4 (x -
1 5)

—3x

— 2 (:c — 5 )
5 (x
l 3 (x — x)
. 2 00 — 1 1 ) — 1 00
. 50 x — x)
27 4 ( 2 v
: — 1 0) -
48 x = 0

7 x —1 03 (x
 THE C O N S T R U C T I O N OF E Q UAT I O N S 91

3 24 1

—5 3 — 31 '

—7 x
17
x

2 4
x + 17 7 x —2 8 55 — 13
2 3 9
3 x 11 x + 17
5 6
5 (x + 1 ) a: 10
6 3
11 x + 19 6 23 — 5 6 x + 1
6 3 6
—3 4 33 — 7
5 50 — 13
7 5
7 23 — 11 6x + 5 9 55 —5
5 22

2 x + 7 3 x +4 _

a: 5
3 5
x + 3 2 513 — 13 a:

5 11 3

THE C O N S T R U CTI O N or E Q U A T I ON
,

95 . c o ns tr u c ti ng a n e quati o n f o r a pr o ble m s tate d i n

In
w o r d s th e fir s t thi ng t o d o is to m ake a c ar eful li st o f all
,

th e n u m b e r s that a r e r e fer r e d to i n th e p r o bl e m a n d are n o t

actually giv en i n figur es .

Th e n ex t s t e p i s t o pi c k o u t o ne o f th ese n umbe r s t o r epre

se nt by x a n d f r o m t h at a s a s tar ti n g p o i nt t o c o n s t r uct
, .

abbr eviati o ns fo r th e o th er n u mb er s in t h e li st .

Wh en thi s h as b een d o n e it will b e fo und eith er that ,

( )
1 o n e s tat e m e n t i n t h e p r o bl e m h a s n o t b een u sed i n maki n g
t h e abb r e viati o n s ; o r that (2 ) the r e are t wo abb re viati o n s
for the s am e numb er .
92 A DD I T I O NAL TY PE S OF P ROBLE M S

I n the fir st c as e th e unu sed statement may be ex pre ssed

,

a s a n e q uati o n I n t h e se c o n d c a s e t h e two abb r eviati o ns

.
,

fo r t h e s ame numb er will fo r m an e quati o n .

96 . Fo r th e pu r p o s e o f illu s tr ati ng t h e c o ns tr u c ti o n o f
e quati o n s ,c er tai n typ es o f pr o bl ems have b een u s ed i n
s c h o o lb o o k s fo r m a ny y e a rs Th ey ar e i nt eres ti ng a s a
.

s o r t o f pu z z l e but th e y hav e r e al adva ntag e s al s o f o r t h e

,

math ematical student ; no t th e l e as t o f th e se advantages

be i ng t h e p r acti c e th ey fur ni sh in picki ng o ut separ ately th e
material fact s in a narr ativ e par agr aph .

—
In Ex er ci s es 3 1 34 t h e s tud ent i s ex pected to c o n st r uct
the equati o ns but no t n e c essar ily to s o lve them
,
.

Th e P r ob le m of th e Digits

97 . pr o bl e m o f th e digit s i s based o n o ur no tati o n

Th e
f o r n umb er s A nu mb er o f tw o figure s (o r digit s) i s e qual
.

t o ten ti mes th e fir s t di gi t p lu s th e s econd Thu s th e n um

,
.

a s i n a t el e p h o ne call ) m e ans
“ ”
b er 5 7 (re ad it five sev e n -
,

In th e ame way if 2: w er e th e fir st digit an d 5 t h e se c o nd

s , ,

t h e n u mbe r w o uld b e 1 0 3: 5 Th e s am e digit s i nt er .

c h ange d w o uld giv e th e n umb er 5 0 x .

I nter cha ngi ng th e digit s o f a nu mb er may b e b ro ug h t ab o ut

by addi ng ano th er n u m b er ; fo r ex ampl e 5 7 18 75 ,
.

98 . M o d el a c er tai n n umb er o f tw o digit s th e

F . In ,

firs t digi t i s d o ubl e t h e se c o n d ; a n d if 2 7 i s s ubt r acte d fro m

th e n umbe r t h e o,
r d e r o f t h e digit s i s r e v e r s e d Find t h e .

n umb er .

Let a: unit s figure

th e .

Then 2 x th e t ens figure .

Th e valu e o f t h e n u mb er i s 1 0 ( 2 x ) x .

Th e valu e o f t h e n umb er with digit s i nt erchan ge d i s 10 (x ) 2 x .

 THE C O N S T R U C T I O N O F E QUATION S 93

G
) 20 x + x

21 x — 27 = l2 x

21 x = 12 x + 27
= 27
Q) 9 x
= 3
6) rc

Ans . 63 .

CHE C K :
-
27

X
E E R C IS E 3 1

1 a c ertain numb er o f two digit s th e first digit i s

. In ,

three tim es th e se co nd ; a nd if 36 i s s ubt r act e d fr o m the

numbe r the digit s are in t er change d Fin d t h e n umber
, . .

2 .a c er tai n n umb er o f t w o digit s th e se co n d digit i s

In ,

th r ee time s t h e fir s t ; adding 54 i nt er change s th e di git s .

Fi nd the nu mb er .

3 .a c er tain n umber o f two digit s t h e fir st digit i s

In ,

fo ur tim es the se c o nd ; s ubtr acting 54 i nter changes the

digit s Fi nd th e nu m b er
. .

4 . a c ertai n
In n u mb er o f two digit s t h e fir s t digit i s
,

twic e th e s e co nd ; s ubt r acti n g 36 i nt er cha n ges t h e digit s .

Fi nd t h e n umb er .

5 . Th e su m of the two digit s o f a ce rtai n n umber i s 1 1 ,

a nd if 2 7 i s add ed to th e numb er the digit s ar e i nt er ch anged

, .

Fi n d th e n u mb er .

6 . Th e fir s t digit of
a c er tai n n umb er l es s than 100 i s 1
l ess than d o ubl e th e s e c o n d digit ; and if 1 8 i s tak en fr o m th e
numb er the di git s ar e i nt er changed Fin d the n u mb er
, . .

7 . Th e su m o f the two digit s u mb er i s 9 ; a nd if 4 5

of a n

is added to the numb e r , the di git s are inter changed Find .

th e n umb er .

8 . Th e su m o f th e two digit s o f a numbe r is 1 1 ; and su b

tracting 45 inte r chan ges the di gits ; Find the n umb er .
94 ADD I T I O N AL TY PE S or PR O BLE M S

9 . Th e
differ en c e of th e tw o digit s o f a numbe r i s o ne l es s
’
than th e u nit s figur e ; a n d if 1 8 i s taken fr o m th e numb er ,

th e digit s ar e i n t er change d Fi nd th e n umb er

. .

Th e f act that s ubtr action int e changes

r t h e di git s s hows whi ch di git
i s th e l ess .

10 . mall er o f t h e tw o digit s o f a n umb er i s 5 less

Th e s

than 3 times th e lar ger digit ; and if 9 i s add e d t o t h e numb er ,

t h e digit s are i n t e r c ha n ge d Fi nd t h e n u mb er
. .

11 Th e d ifl er en c e o f t h e tw o digit s o f a n umb er i s o ne
.

l ess th an 3 tim es t h e s mall er digit ; a nd if 4 5 i s a dd e d to th e

n umb er t h e digit s a r e i nt er c ha n ge d
,
Fi nd t h e nu mb er
. .

12 T h e s u m o f t h e digit s o f a n u mb er i s 1 1 l ess than 3

.

ti mes t h e lar ge r digit ; a nd if 2 7 i s add e d to th e numb er th e ,

digit s a r e i n t er changed Fi n d th e n u mb er
. .

13 In a c er tai n o dd n umb er whi c h i s a multipl e o f 5 th e

.
,

fir st o f th e th r ee digit s i s 3 l e s s t h a n 4 tim es t h e se c o n d
digit ; a n d if 16 ti mes th e s um o f th e di git s i s s ubt r acted fr o m
t h e n u m b er t h e r em ai n d er i s 3
,
Fi n d t h e nu mb er
. .

14 In a n umb e r b e twee n 300 a n d 4 00 th e las t two digit s

.
,

d iffer by 4 ; an d if th e fir s t two digit s a re i nter ch anged th e ,

n umb er i s i n c r e a s e d by 90 Fi nd t h e n umb er
. .

15 A n umb er b e tw een 1 00 a n d 200 h a s t h e middl e digit

.
!

1 gr e at er tha n t h e la s t digit ; if t h e n umbe r i s divid e d by th e

s um o f t h e digit s t h e qu o ti ent i s 1 1
,
Fi nd th e n umb er. .

16 With two digit s t h at differ by tw o two numb er s can

.
,

be fo r m e d whi c h hav e a r ati o 5 Fi n d th e nu mb er s . .

Th e P r ob le m of Two V el oc itie s
99 p r o bl e m o f two v el o c iti es i s bas ed up o n the fact
. Th e
that a b o dy may p o s ses s tw o mo ti ons at th e s am e tim e .

Fo r ex ampl e a ball h as t wo m o ti o ns if it i s r o ll e d al o ng a
,
'

c ar fl oo r while th e t r ai n i s i n s tead y m o ti o n fo r i t has i ts ,

 THE C ONSTR UCTI O N o r E QUATI O N S 95

o wn r o lli ng mo ti o n in additi o n to the m o tio n o f the tr ain .

Th e ball may go fa s ter than the t r ain if it i s r o lled fo rwar d ;

,

or ,
if ro lled to war d the re ar o f th e t r ain it may still be ,

m o ving fo r war d in th e di re cti o n o pp o s ite t o th e t h ro wer s

,
’

aim but mo r e s lo wly than t h e t r ai n m o ve s Thu s if th e

,
.

t r ain i s r un n ing 44 fee t p er s e c o n d we s twar d an d t h e ball i s ,

r o ll e d with a v e l o ci t y o f 5 fee t p e r se c o n d t o wa r d s th e r e ar

o f t h e c ar t h e ball i s actually m o vi ng th r o ugh t h e c o u n t r y

,

w estwar d 39 fee t per s ec o n d ; if it i s r o lled fo r wa r d i t s

, ,

to tal w e s twar d s pee d i s 4 9 fe et pe r se c o n d .

Th e p r o bl e m o f t wo v el o c iti es i s a v er y s impl e illu st r ati o n

o f a n imp o r ta nt p r i n c ipl e o f phy s ic s th e C o mp o s iti o n o f
M o ti o n .

1 00 The c o ns tr ucti o n o f
. e quati o n s u nd er thi s p ro bl em
d e p end s up o n th e fo r mula
8 :

wh ere 3 r e p r es e nt s t h e numb er o f mile s tr aveled i n t h o u r s

by a b o dy mo vi ng at th e r ate o f 1) mil es per h o u r .

Befo r e b egi n ni ng t h e fo ll o wi ng ex er ci se the s tudent s h o uld

,

invent n um er ical illu str ati o ns o f thi s fo r mula Fo r ex ampl e : .

I f I walk 3 mil e s a n h o u r f o r 7 5 h o u r s I t r ave l 2 2 % m il es

, .

I f a t r ain go e s 4 00 mil es i n 1 6 h o u r s i ts av er ag e s p ee d i s 2 5
,

mil es pe r h o u r I f a steamb o at keep s up i ts standar d speed

.

o f 1 8 mile s p er h o u r a t r ip o f 1 92 mile s will ta k e it 1 0 h o u r s

,

an d 4 0 mi n ut e s .

101 . mo d e l o n page 96 will s er ve fo r f u r ther illu s tr a

Th e
ti o n o f the relati o n betwe en v el o city a nd di s tance c o ver ed .
96 ADD I TI O NAL TYPE S OF PRO BLE M S

M o d el G Th e
f o r e wh e e l o f a carr iag e h as a ci r cum
.

ferenc e o f 8 feet a n d th e r e ar wh eel o f 12 fee t Wh en the

, .

fo r e wh ee l h a s m ad e 2 5 tu r n s m o r e tha n th e r ear whe el h o w ,

far h a s t h e c a rr iage go ne ?

Le t a: nu mb er o f tur ns by t h e r ea wheel r .

Then a: 25 n u mb e r o f t u r ns by f o r e wh e e l .

6)
()2 8x 2 00 12 2: (D s ame values
( 39 2 00 = 4 x — 8x
G)
(5) 75 = x + 25

S in c e 1 2 feet i s th e ci cumf r c
e r en e o f th e wheel which mad e 5 0 turn s ,

th e di s tance i s 12 X 50 600 f ee t . An s . 600 f t .

C H E C K : 12 x 50 8 X 75 600

E XER C IS E 32

1 . A m an walk 3 mil es a n h o u r o r r id e 8 mil es a n

can ,

ho u r Ho w l o ng will it take h im t o go 1 3 2 mil es if h e walks

.
,

half t h e ti me a nd r id es half t h e time ?

2 . A ma n walk 4 mile s an h o u r o r r id e 7 mil es a n
c an ,

h o u r Ho w l o ng will it take h im to go 6 6 mil es if h e r id es

.
,

h alf t h e tim e and walk s half th e time ?

3 . A ma n walk mil es a n h o u r o n a n aver age and
ca n ,

h e ca n r id e a bicycl e at t h e r at e o f mil es a n h o u r Ho w .

l o ng will it take him t o go 4 0 miles if h e walks half t h e tim e ,

a n d r id e s h alf t h e tim e ?

4 . A t
t c ar tr avel s
s r ee m il es an h o u r a nd a c ab t r av el s ,

mil es a n h o u r A ma n go e s 30 mil es with ti me e qually

.

divid e d b etween th ese t wo m o d es o f t r aveli ng Ho w l o ng .

d o es it tak e him t o m ak e thi s t r ip ?

5 . fo r e wh eel o f a carr iage h as a cir cumfer enc e o f 5
Th e
fe et and th e hi nd wh eel o f 8 feet When th e fo re wheel has
,
.
 THE C O NS T RU C T I ON o r E QUATI O NS 97

made 20 tu r ns mo r e than the hin d wheel h o w far has the ,

carr iage g o ne ?
6 T h e fo r e wh eel o f a carr iage h as a cir cumfer ence o f 6
.

feet and th e hi nd wheel o f 1 0 fe et When t h e fo r e wheel

,
.

h a s mad e 2 5 tu r ns m o r e tha n the hi nd wheel h o w far has ,

th e car r iage go ne ?

7 The fo re wheel o f a carr iage make s 29 turn s mo re than

.

the hi n d wh eel i n go i ng a c er tain di s tan ce Th e cir cum fer .

e n ce o f t h e fo r e wh ee l i s fee t and that o f th e hind wheel

,

feet Fi nd th e di stan ce
. .

8 . wheel s
Two b elte d t o gether o ne b e i ng
are fe e t,

in c i r c umfer en c e
a n d t h e o th e r,
feet i n c i r c umfer en ce .

Ho w f ar h as th e b elt t r avel e d when o ne whee l h as made 1 0

tu r ns m o re than t h e o ther ?
9 . aphtha launch which aver ages 9 mil es an h o u r
A n ,

wh en i n r u nni ng o r d er b r o ke d o wn wh en r u nn i ng o ut t o
,

sea .I t had to b e r o we d ba c k at t h e r at e o f g o f a mile

a n h o u r a nd re ach e d t h e pi e r j u s t 3 2 h o u r s afte r s tar ti n g
, .

Ho w far o ut to sea had th e lau n ch go ne wh e n it b ro ke

d o wn ?
10 . A
mo to r bo at went do wn stream at t h e r at e o f
mil es an h o u r and up th e s am e s t re am at
,
m il es a n h o u r .

Te n h o u r s wer e taken fo r t h e r o u n d t r ip Ho w fa r did th e .

b o at go up a nd d o wn th e s t r e am ?
11 . A
t o b o ggan go es d o w nhill at th e r ate o f 2 0 mile s an
h o u r a nd i s haule d back at 2 5 mile s a n h o u r I f half a n
, .

h o u r i s taken fo r th et r ip d o wn a nd back h o w l o ng i s the ,

c o a st ?
12 . A b oy h as a n h o u r fo r ex er ci s e ; h o w far may h e r ide
with h i s fath er , at th e r ate o f 10 mil e s a n h o u r , befo r e getting
o ut to walk bac k ? He can walk mile s an h o ur .
98 A DD I T I O NAL TY P E S or P R O BLE M S

102 .
M o d el H . A m an w h o c an ro w 5 mil es per
h o u r in s till wat e r fin ds that it tak es h i m 5 h o u rs t o r o w u p
s t r e a m t o a p o i n t fr o m w h i ch h e c a n r e tu r n i n 4 h o urs .

Ho w fa s t d o e s t h e c u rr e nt fl o w ?
Let x th e n umb e r of m ile s p er h o ur t h e cu ent fl o ws rr .

Th en 5 a: th e n u mb e r o f m il e s p er ho ur th e man c an ow d own r

t am
s re .

5 a: th e n umb e r of mil es p er h o ur t h e m an c an r o w up s t ream .

4 (5 x) n u mb e r o f mil e s i n 4 h o urs d o wn s t r e a m .

5 (5 x) n u mb e r o f m i l e s i n 5 h o u r s up s tr e a m .

CD
25 —5 x + 4x = 20
® s ame valu es
25 = 20 + 9 x ® + 5x
5 = 9 — 20
'

v
:

()
5 3 x -
9
A ns . iv er fl o ws 3 mi le an h o ur
R .

C HE C K : T h e m an go es up s tream (5 3) mil es p e h o ur i n 5 h o ur s 22 3
3
r ,

mil es ; d o wn s tr e am ( 5 8) mil e s p er h u i n 4 ho ur s 22 3 miles

o r, .

E XER C IS E 33

1 . A c er tain r iver fl o ws 2 m il es p e r h o u r A fis h er ma n .

fin ds t h at h e can r o w up s t r e am a f e w mil e s i n 6 h o u r s , but

it take s h im o nly 3 h o urs to c o me ba c k . Ho w fa s t d oes t h e

fis h e r m a n till wat er ?
row in s

2 . A lau n ch go e s d o w n s t r e am fo r a n h o u r an d t h en takes ,

3 h o u r s t o get ba c k I f t h e s t r e am fl o w s 4 mil es a n h o u r
.
,

h o w fa s t can th e lau n c h go i n s till wat er ?

8 . T h e tid e fl o w s 6 m il es a n h o u r i n a c er tai n c hannel A .

s t e a mer m ak es t h e pa s s age b e tw e en t w o lig h t h o u se s i n t h i s

ch annel i n 4 h o u r s agai n s t th e full tid e With th e tide .

,

t h e s t e am er mak es t h e s ame di s ta n c e i n 2 h o u r s Ho w fas t .

d oe s th e s t eamer go wh en th e tid e i s n o t r u nni ng ?

4 . A b o y c an ro w 4 mil e s a n h o u r ; it takes h i m 4 h o u r s to
r o w d o wn s t r eam an d back o n a n er r a nd but o nly a qua r t er ,

o f t h e time wa s s p ent go i ng d o wn Ho w fa st i s th e cu rr ent ?.

 THE C O NS T RU C T I O N OF E QUATION S 99

5 . I t takes a fish ing d o ry t wo h o u rs to

d o wn the harb o r go ,

with th e tid e i n i t s favo r ; c o ming back with the tide adve rs e , ,

t h e d o r y t oo k fo u r h o u r s I f t h e tid e i s n o t r u nni n g t h e
.
,

d o r y s s p e ed i s 6 mil es a n h o u r Ho w fas t d o e s t h e tid e r un ?

’
.

6 . A ma n w h o ca n r o w 5 m il e s p er h o ur fin ds t h at it takes
h im 3 ti mes as lo ng t o go up a r iver as t o go d o wn Find
.

th e sp e ed o f t h e c u rr en t .

7 . a r iver whi c h
On —
mil es an h o u r it take s me
r u ns 1 5 ,

twi c e a s l o ng t o r o w up s tr eam a s d o wn Ho w fa s t can I .

r o w i n s till wat er ?

8 a r iver w h i c h r u ns 2 mil es
. On h o u r a lau nch c an
p er ,

go o n ly 3 a s fa s t up st re am as d o wn
7 . Ho w fa st ca n it go o n
a s till lake ?
9 . A ma n ca n r o w 4 mil es p e r ho ur in till wat er ; go i ng
s

up s tream h e go es o n ly 2
0
? as fa st as he c o mes d o wn Fi nd .

t h e r at e o f t h e cu r r e nt .

10 . p ee d o f a f err yb o at i s o b s er v e d go i ng up s t re am
Th e s ,

a n d agai n g o i n g d o w n s t r e am ; t h e r ati o o f t h e s e t w o s p ee d s i s

.7 a nd th e i r di ffe r e n c e i s 6 mil e s a n h o u r
, What i s t h e s pe e d .

o f t h e cu rr e nt ? What i s t h e s p ee d o f th e b o at i n s till wat er ?

11 . A m an w h o ca n r o w 6 mil e s per h o u r i n s till wat er
go e s 1 mil e fa r t h er i n 3 h o u r s c o m ing d o wn s tr eam than h e
d oe s i n 4 h o u r s g o i n g up . Fin d th e s p ee d o f th e c u rr en t .

12 . A m an ca n r o w 3 mil es farth er i n 2 h o u r s d o wn s t rea m

than h e c a n i n 4 h o u r s up s t re am Th e s t r e am fl o ws 2 mil es
.

p er h o u r Ho w . fa st c an th e man r o w in s till water ?

18 . A m an
wi s h e s to r o w d o wn th e r iver t o the s teamb o at
landi ng a nd back i n 4 h o u r s I t takes him 2 h o u r s t o get.

do wn th er e ; h e s tart s ba c k imme diat e ly a nd at t h e en d o f ,

the 4 h o u rs h e i s 4 mil es sh o rt o f h i s s tarting—

place Th e ma n .

ca n r o w 3 mile s
per h o u r i n s till wat er Ho w fa s t d o e s th e .

r iver fl o w? How far o ff i s the s teamb o at l anding ?

1 00 ADDITION A L TYPE S OF PRO BLE M S

Th e P r o b le m of Ab i li ty and Ti me
1 03 . Th ep ro ble m o f ability a nd ti m e d e p end s up o n the
f act that the gr eat er th e p o w er e mpl o ye d fo r a task t h e l es s ,

ti m e i s r e qui r e d fo r i t .

I f I ca n do a c er tai n pi e c e o f wo r k i n 3 day s a nd yo u can ,

do t h e s am e w o r k i n 2 days b o t h o f u s w o r ki ng t o geth er
,

o ught t o b e abl e t o fini s h it i n l e s s tim e than e ith er o f us

al o ne ; it will no t take 5 days th en but l ess than 2 days ,

.

Th e cent r al fact s h er e a re that I can do 7; o f t h e wo r k in 1

1

day and yo u can d o é o f it i n 1 day ; s o that b o th o f us ar e

,
»

able to do 9 o f it i n 1 day H enc e it is eas y to s ee that th e

.
,

wo r k can be d o ne i n 1 1} days by b o th o f us t o geth er .

1 04 M o d el I
.
— . A c a n d o i n 4 day s a pi e c e o f w o r k
fo r whi c h B w o uld take 1 2 day s Ho w l o ng wo uld it take
.

th e m t o do th e wo r k t o get h er ?
Let x t h e n u mb er o f day s i n w hich th e y c an do th e wo rk t o g eth er .

The n i n 1 d a y b o th c a n d o 1 o f t h e wo r k
2:

cc u cc 1 “ u

4
N H 1 H

12

(D x 2:

6) x 1 2
( 3) s ame values
6) 4
A ns . Thr ee days for b o th .

CH E C K :
X
E ER C I SE 34

1 . Acan do a piece o f wo r k i n 15 days ; B can do th e

s a me wo r k in 1 8 da ys Ho w l o n g will it take them to do it
.

to ge the r ?
 THE C ON S T RU CTION O F E QUATIO N S 1 01

2 . tan k can be e mptie d by thr ee tap s ; by the firs t al o ne

A
in 80 min ute s b y th e se c o nd al o ne in 2 00 minute s and by
, ,

th e thi r d al o ne i n 5 h o u r s Ho w l o ng will it tak e t o empty

.

the tank if all three tap s a re o p en ?

3 . A bathtub i s fille d in 4 0 mi n ut e s a nd empti e d by t h e
wast e pi pe i n o ne h o u r Ho w l o ng W ill it take t o fill t h e tub
.

with th e w a st epi pe o pen ?

4 . A c i s t er n c an b e fil le d i n 1 2 mi n ut e s b y o ne pip e al o ne ,

o r i n 8 mi n ute s if t h e s ec o nd pip e i s al s o tu r ne d o n Ho w .

l o ng will it tak e to fill t h e ci s t er n with th e s e c o nd pip e al o n e ?

5 . A c an do i n 2 5 h o u r s a jo b which B ca n do i n 1 5 h o u r s
a n d C c an d o i n 3 5 h o u r s Ho w l o ng will it take all o f th e m
.

to ge th er t o c o mpl et e the wo r k ?
A d o e s 5 o f a piece o f w o r k i n 1 0 days ; th en he call s
‘

6 .

i n B to h e lp him a nd th ey fin i sh th e wo r k i n 3 day s
,
Ho w .

l o ng w o uld B take t o do the wo r k by h im s elf ?

7 . A ca n do a job by him se lf in 6 days B c an do it i n 1 0 ,

days and b o th to get h er with C to h elp th e m c an d o it i n 2 ?

,

days Ho w l o ng wo uld it take C t o d o it al o ne ?

.

8 . A man ca n walk t h e l e ngth o f a s t r ee t i n 9 mi nut es ,

a n d a b o y c a n r u n that di s ta n c e i n 6 mi n ut e s I f th ey s tar t
.

at o pp o s it e end s o f t h e s t r ee t h o w l o ng will it b e b efo r e

,

th ey m eet ?
9 . Two br o th er s wi s h e d t o get a c er tai n s um o f m o ney
,
,

a nd ag r e e d that e ach w o uld e a r n half o f i t One b o y e ar ned

.

h i s half i n 1 0 days t h e o th er i n 1 5 day s

,
If h o w e v er th e
.
, ,

bo ys had put th e ir e ar ni ngs t o geth er i nt o o ne fu nd in h o w ,

many days wo uld th ey have o btai ne d th e s um o f mo n ey ,

a ss umi ng that ea c h ear ne d at th e s am e r at e a s b efo r e ?

10 A mer chant c an wal k t o h i s plac e o f bu s ine ss i n 4 0
.

minut es o r h e can r id e to it i n 1 0 mi nute s How l o ng will

, .

it tak e him if he wal ks half the time and r ide s half the
time ?
1 02 A DDITION A L TY PE S OF P R O BLE M S

11 . S tart ing at n o on I can get t o t o wn o n a wago n at

,

o cl o c k ; if I walk e d I c ould get t h e r e at 2 :1 5 o c l o ck

’ ’
, .

I f I ag ree t o walk half t h e ti me at w h at ti me mu s t I get o ff

,

t h e wag o n ?

12 . A t r ai n r u ns fr o m P o r tlan d t o Bo s t o n i n 4 5 h o ur s a n d,

an o th er tr ai n r u n s fr o m Bo s to n t o P o r tlan d i n 4 5 h o u r s .

I f th e t wo t r ain s s tar t at t h e sam e time h o w l o ng will it b e

,

b efo r e they pass e ach o t h er ?

13 . In E x 1 2 if th e t rains l e av e Bo st o n and Po r tla n d at
.
,

A M a nd
. . A M . r es p e ctiv ely at what time d o th ey
.
, ,

pa s s ?
 CH AP TE R V

TRAN S F OR M AT I O N S

105 . It is o ften
c a y t o change the fo r m o f a fo r mula
n e es s r

o r o th e r alge b r aic ex p r ess i o n o r t o pe r fo r m s o me alg e b r aic

,

o p e r ati o n up o n it In o r d er t o be abl e t o do s uch thi n gs

.

i ntelligently w e mu s t i nvestigat e the laws and the m e th o d s

,

o f additi o n s u b t r a c ti o n
,
multiplicati o n a nd divi s i o n in
, , ,

algeb r a t o find h o w th ey di ffer fr o m t h e s imilar laws a nd

,

meth o d s o f o r di nar y a rithme tic if at all , .

N E G A T I V E NUM B E RS
106 . ex p ress i o n a
Th e b i s t h e alge b r a i c s ymb o l fo r the
r e s ult o f s ubt r acti ng b f r o m a B ut if b i s g r e at er than a
.
,

t h e s ubt r acti o n i s i m p o ss ibl e Th e qu e sti o n i s i n that ca se

.
, ,

what d o e s a b r e p r e s e nt ?

107 . take a par ticular ca se : s upp o se I s end to my

To
gr o c er a n o r d er fo r 1 0 quart s o f b err i es I f t h e gr o c er h as a .

qua rt s i n st o ck h e will have a 1 0 qua r t s l e ft aft e r filli ng my

o r d er
.

Let u s s upp o s e that h i s o r igi n al s t o c k wa s 7 quart s He .

wo uld sen d m e t h o s e a n d w o uld s till h ave an u nfilled o r d er

,

fo r 3 qua rt s Th e s ituati o n w o uld n o t b e t h e s am e a s if he

.

n e v e r h ad h ad a ny be rr i e s o r any o r de r s f o r be rr ie s
, ; for h e
no w h a s a n u n fille d o r d e r f o r 3 qua r t s .

To put th es e c i r cu m s tan c es i nt o ar ithm etical s hap e

I t i s re qui re d t o s ubt r act 1 0 fr o m 7 Th e o pe r ati o n i s .

imp o ssibl e But 7 c an b e taken fr o m 7 leaving 0 and ther e

.
, ,

is still 3 to be taken fr om any numb er th at may h ereafter b e

L”
103
 1 04 TRAN S FO R M ATIONS

a dded to the expres si on ; j u s t a s the gr o c er is ex pected t o fill

h is or der fr o m a ny go o d s t h at may h er eaft er c o me i n .

We p r ess thi con ditio n by wr itin g a

ex s min us s i gn b efo r e t h e figur e
that r emain s t o b e s ubtr act ed :
G
) 7 — 10 —3
This m e ans that 3 is t o b e s ub tracted fr om m y n umb er that may
h er e after b e added t o th e e p es i n If w e add 5 to th e e p ress ion i n
x r s o . x

W e hav e
7 -
3 + 5, or

()
3

If we add 3 to t h e exp r es s io n in G) , we have

C
9 7 — lo + e — 3 + 3 , or

G)
108 Th e ex p re ss i o n
.
— 3 diff ers fr o m all ex p r ess i o ns kn o wn
t o ar ithm etic i n thi s par ticular n amely that yo u c an ge t z er o
, ,

by addi ng to it .

1 09 Wh en two numb er s add e d t o g e th er giv e z er o o ne i s

.
,

call e d th e n egativ e o f th e o t h er but g en er ally by a negativ e

numb e r w e m e an a n umb er p r e c e d e d by t h e mi n u s s ign .

T hat i s 3 i s t h e negativ e o f
,
— 3 j u s t a s much a s —3 i s th e ,

n egativ e o f 3 ; but if w e a re a sk e d which o f the two i s n ega

tive we s ay 3
,
-
.

1 10 T er m s p r e c e d e d by mi n u s s igns ar e call e d min u s

.

o r n e g ati ve te rms ; a n d t e r m s n o t p r e c e d e d by m i n u s s ig n s

a r e c all e d p lu s o r po s itive te rm s .

I t ma y b e s aid t h at any p osi ti ve t erm i s th e negati ve o f th e

c o rr e s p o ndi ng mi nu s t er m ; th e appar en t c o n t r adicti on i s
ex plai ne d wh en w e r em emb er t h e definit i o n .

ADD I T I ON
111 . When s ever al ex p ress io ns a re to b e
add ed we , co n

s id er them a s o n e ex p ress i on a nd u nit e s imilar t erm s .

In alg ebr aic a d diti on it i s n o t g ener ally advis able to take th e tro ubl e
,

to arr an ge s imi lar t erms un d eac h th er er o .

 A DD I T I O N 1 05

X
E ER C I SE 35

Add th e fo ll o wi ng ex p r ess i o ns :
1 .
— 12 ; 1 — 1 0 2:

2 . 5 x + 7 x + 13 x — 5 x; 3 —l7 x + 2
a:

3 8+ 2 x + 3 + 9
. x — 7 —x -
4 — 3 x; x + 5 —8 x ;
2 x + 1; — x; — x

\4 . 3 + 5 x + 13 x + 17 —8 x + 5 — 10 x ; 4 x + 2
3 x + 7 ; 34 —x
5 . 17 1 1: 24 3 + 3 1 8 x —4l l m 111 1 5 0; 3 8 16 +
1 1 7 ; 301 1 00 x ; 1 02 11: 2 99

6 . 3 (x — :c)
7 . l 7 (2 x ,

5 8 . 7 a + 34 1 + 2 a — 100 — 200 a — 2 00 1 0 a
; (
— a)
9 .

1o . 4
3
x /S —3
11 . 5 3 ; 10 2 5 —3 10
12 . 1 3 (5 — 30)
la . l3 m — 4 y + z; 4 y —l — 5 z; 4 z —4 x + —
4 y 4
14 .
—2; x + 3 —2 x

15 . 2 y + x \ /3 ; 3y —2 x —y
16 .
—5
17 . 5 3 x/
—
5 2 17 -
2
18 .

— V2 ; x — 2 + 3 V2; 5 — \V2
20 .
-
13 1 x — 1 00 y — z ; —
1 1 5 0 11
-

1 12 . I f we m ake mi s take i n r e duci ng th e ex ample s o f

no

Ex er ci se 35 , we get s um s that a r e c o rr ect whateve r the values ,

 1 06 TR AN S FO R M ATIONS

of th e lett er s . 2 a: 3 x 5 3: wheth er 2 s tands fo r 1 , for

1 000, or fo r 001
. .

If , no w , ub stitut e 1 fo r e ach lett er e ach o f th e given

we s ,

e x p r e s s i o n s will r e du c e t o a n umb er We may al so s ub stitute .

1 in th e s am e way i n o ur a ns wer to the ex ampl e Thi s r es ul t .

s h o uld b e e qual to t h e s um o f t h e o t h e r s Thi s pr o c ess .

e n abl es us t o ch eck t h e c o rr e c t n es s o f o ur wo r k .

T h u s addi ng 300 x,
17 y 2 and 7 x + l 0 y 9 .
,

we o btai n 307 x 27 y 7 .

By s ub s tituti n g a: 1 y 1 we get 3 1 9 , 8 327 , .

Thi s r es ult go es to sh o w that th e algeb r ai c addi ti o n is

c o rr e ct .

Th e s ymb o ls “3 and V 1 0 s tan d fo r e x act valu es jus t as lett er s ,

wo uld C o ns e quently for th e purp o s e of checkin g o ur wo rk we ma y

.
, ,

s ub s titute 1 fo r X /3 o r any o th e o o t
r r .

1 13 T h i s p r o ce ss i s
. c all e d ch e cki ng
b y co e ffi ci e nts , b e
cau s e i n s ub sti t uti ng 1 f o r a s ymb o l u s e d a s a fa c t or i n a
t erm w e p r actically l e ave th e symb o l o ut o f th e ter m and
,

h n d th e s um o f th e co effici ent s in each ex p ress i o n .

C h e cking by co effi ci ent s i s no t an ab so lute check but it ,

e nabl e s u s t o d et e ct s o m e p o ss ibl e m i s ta kes I t i s e a s y to .

apply and t h e pupil s ho uld fo rm th e h abit o f u s i ng i t

,
.

S U B T RA C T I ON

1 14 min u s s ign p r ece di ng a par enthe si s i ndi c at es that

. A
t h e quantity withi n th e par ent h e s i s i s t o b e s ubt r a c t e d We .

have al ready seen that w e s i mplify a n ex p r e ss i o n c o ntai ning

s uch a pa r e n th e s i s by r em o vi n g t h e pa r enth e s i s wi th i ts s i gn ,

changi n g th e s ign s o f th e t erm s with in th e par en the s is a nd ,

th en u niti ng s imilar t er m s in t h e entir e ex p r es s io n .

In s ubt r a c ti o n t h e min u en d i s th e numb er fro m which th e

s ubt r a h en d i s tak e n t o leav e th e r emai nde r .

Fr o m th e fo rego i ng it will b e s een that the r ule for s ub

t r acti o n i s :
 S U BTR ACT IO N 1 07

Ch ange a ll th e si gns i n th e s u b tr a h end a n d a dd th e r es u lti ng

terms to th e mi nuend .

To ave tim e i n cal ulatio n th e sign s o f

s c , th e ubt ahen d s ho uld b e
s r

c han g e d i n you r mi n d a n d t h e t er ms s h o uld ,

be uni t e d witho ut wr itin g
t h e e xp r ess i o ns again .

E XER C IS E 36

Perf o r m th e fo ll o wi ng su bt r a c ti o n s
1 .
—
Fro m m 7 3
x
z
+ 16 x 1 2 t ake x
3 — 9 x2 + 2 x — 48 .

2 . Fr o m a —b t a ke a —b — c .

3
9 Fr o m a: y take y .

95 Fr o m h tak e s .

9 Fr o m x + 9 3
x
2
+ 2 x — 4 8 take m3 — 4 x
2 — 8x + 8 .

5
9 Take m 5 x— 2 3

7 . S ubtr act 24 + 14 23 — 2 9 22 1—6 303 fr o m — —

1
l3 x 12 .

8 . S ubt r act 2 fro m 6 5

9 . Take a fr o m a b .

10 . Fr o m 9 p 5 g+ 4 r t ake 5 q 2 p + 2 r .

1 1 . Fr o m 3 V3
12 . Fr o m t ake 5 T 2

13 . S ubt r act /5 fr o m x

S ubt r a c t x/3 fr o m 3 x/
2
14 . x 3 x .

15 . Take 3 x fr o m 2 x/ zv 3 V3
16 . 2 a —2 b + 3c
- — d — (5 a — 3 ~
b + 4 c — 7 d)
N o t e that ign o f t h e fi s t t e m in a parenth es is i s n t th e s ign
th e s r r o

o f t h e pa n th e s i
re Thus i n E 16 t h s ign o f t h e pa enth es i i s
s .
,
x .
,
e r s

but th e s ign o f 5 i s W hen th e pa enthes is with i ts s ign i s

a r

r e m o v e d t h e s ign o f 5
,
is a

17 .x + 4 x
4 3 — 2
2 x + 7 x — 1 — 2
2 x + 6x
1)

18 . ax —
—
l a )
z
+ 3 a
2 —2 ——
artz l zt;
2
1 08 TRA NS F OR M ATION S

19 . 4 23
3 - —
i 1 — 2 9 — 23 — 7 ) — (a;3 -
4 2
t:
:

+ 2 x + &
10 a b + 8 ab — 3 3— 4 —
(5
2
20 . 8a b z
b a
2
b ab 7 2
a
3
b 3
)
2 1 . 6 x
2 — z
y 3 xy + 7 y
3
+x 3
x
2 —
y 3 xy
2
+ 9 y + 11 3 3
x )
+ 1 + (5 —
22 . x x )
23 . 2 a — 3 b + (3 a — 2 b ) — (2 a -
3 b)
24 . a —b + c -
(a + b —c)
25 . 14 a + 27 b — 1 3 — (7 a -
1 10 b — 17 )
26 . x — 2 x)
A — 3 A ) — (A —B
2 7 .
)
28 . x x /
2

29 . 13 {7 3 — 1 0 £7 3)
30 . x x )
3 1 . 3
— 3f
33 .
5 cl + 3 2
9 c + 1 00 — (5 f — c)
— C —A —B
( )

P are n th e s e s wi th i n P a r e nth e s e s

M o d el —S i m li f 3
115 . A .
p y x [2 x
x
— 2 x/3 — [ 2 x
3 x — 2 x/3 — [ 2 x — 5 V 3 — x - l-
1 10 ]
3 x
— 2 x/3 — 10
2 x + 3 \ /3 — 10 A ns .

1 16 i m plify an ex p r e s s i o n i n whi c h pa re nt h e ses o c c u r

. To s

wit h i n par enth es es r emo v e t h em o ne at a ti me b egi nni ng

, ,

with t h e i nm o s t pa r ent h es i s .

Th e vi nculum pla cd o ver a n e ex p ress i o n x ,

as 2 1, m e an s t h e s ame
as th e par enth es is Th e b r ace . an d t h e b r ack e t ar e als o use d .
 MUL T I PL I C AT IO N 1 09

X
E ER C S E 37 I
- x (y —z ) +
y
[ h — ( S
— ( t — k H — li — ( k—S H
1 — 8) 1 2 2)
2 117 ( 9
6 + 4 2 2 11 9 1 2 -

—i 6 x ( y
1 2 — 4 x ) i {6 y (4 x — 7 y) §
~ 3 — 2 x/ 3 — l (
5 2
10 5 [ (x 1 0)

x ) x —[ 3 5 2x .

x (5 V 3) {5

Wh er e t h e ans wers t o the fo ll o wi ng e quati o ns a re no t wh o le

n umb er s ex p r es s th e m i n d e c i m al f r acti o n s
,
.

1 i . x + 3 — (2 x
12 . 2 x —7
\ 13 .
— (2 x —7 x ) x + (2 — 5 x)
— 2 x)
15 . 300 — (3 x — 6 1 ) m
16 . 1 00 x — 10 = 12 x + 34 5
17 . x — (3 x
18 . 12 23 — 3 (x — 7 x) i
— 15 2 — (20 sc — 24 — 5 x )
20 . 25 x
— (x -
5x — 7) + 8x 1 ,

MULT I PLI C AT I ON
1 17 The multipli er an d t h e multiplican d are called th e
'

f actor s o f the p r o duct I n c o n ti n u e d multiplicati o n th er e

.

ar e m o r e than t wo fact o r s .

Fo r ex ampl e 3 X 5 15 ; 15 X 7
,
1 05 ; 1 05 X 1 1 1 155 .

3 a nd 5 are t h e facto rs o f 1 5 ; 15 a nd 7, or 3 a nd 5 and 7 ar e th e fac

tors o f 105 ; 3, 5, 7 , and 11 a re th e f acto rs of 1 1 55 .
1 10 TRAN S FOR M ATION S

The f act or s o f a ny p ro du c t may b e wr itt en i n a ny o r d er .

Fo r ex a mple 3 X 2 , X 4 = 2 X 3 >< 4 a n d 5 a b 5 ba .

1 18 . W h e n tw o o r m o r e o f th e fa c t o r s o f a n u mb er are

alik e , it i s s o m eti m es c o n ven i ent t o i n di c at e th e fa c t a s fo l

l o ws

Th e mall figur e d en o ti n g
s th e n u mb er of e q u al f a c to r s is
call e d a n in d e x o r e x po n e nt .

1 19 . Th e p r o duct o f e qual fact o r s i s c all e d a po w e r .

On e of t h e e qual fact o r s o f a p o w e r i s c all e d a ro o t .

Fo r in tan ce 2 7 i s t h e thi d p ow f 3 2 i s t h e fifth o t o f 32 64

s ,
r er o . r o .

i s a i th p o w
s x 2 b e in g t h e o o t
er , n d 6 t h e i n d e ; 6 4 i s al s o a thir d
r ,
a x

p o w e 4 b ein g th o o t nd 3 th e in dex ; an d 64 i s a s ec on d p o wer 8

r, e r ,
a ,

b ein g t h e o o t and 2 t h e inde

r ,
x .

1 20 Th e s e c o n d p o w er i s g e n er ally c all e d t h e s qu ar e
.
,

and th e se c o n d r o o t i s all e d th e s qu ar e ro o t 7 i s th e
c .

s quare t o f 4 9 (7
ro o

T h e t h i r d p o w e r i s c all e d t h e cu b e , a n d th e t h i rd r o ot i s
3
call e d th e c ub e r o o t 5 i s th e cub e r o o t o f . 125 (5 V

res p e c tiv e ly
5 “
Th e ex p res s i o ns a 2
b 3
0
4
d a r e r e ad , , , a

b c ub e h
” “ ” “ ” “ ”
s qua r e , ( o r t i r d ) c f o u r th , , d fifth .
p
k
is
“ ” “ ”
r e ad p k t h o r p t o t h e k t h p o w e r .

No t e t h e di ffer ence in me an in g b et w ee n a a 2
,
3
, a
4
,
an d a 2 , a 3 , a . . Th e
latt er s ymb ol s ar e r ead a two , a t h ree, a f our
“ ”
.

121 . T h e d e gr e e umb er o f l e tt er s t h a t
of a te rm i s th e n

a r e fact o r s o f i t T h u s 7 x y i s a t er m o f th e fifth d egr ee

3 2
. .

Th e d egr e e of an e xpr e s s i o n i s t h e d egr e e o f i t s hig h e s t

t er m .

1 22 M o d el B
. M ultiply 5 fl y by 3 x y z
.
5 4 2
.
°

T h e f a t o s o f th e p ro duct a e 5 screwy x 3 xxxx yyyyzz

c r Thes e c anr x .

be a an g d s o t o b i n g th e n u m ical f ac t o s t o geth er and b ring

re rr e as r er r ,

all th e lik e l ett e s t o geth e : r r

5 X 3 xx xxx xxx yyyyy zz

which c an b e s i mpli fied thus : 15 x

s 5 2
y 2 .
 MULTI P LI CATION 111

1 23 . It
vid ent that th er e may b e t er m s that u s e th e
is e

s a me l e tt e r s a s fact o r s s uch a s 5 x y a n d 5 xy a n d yet a r e

g z
, ,

n o t s i mila r ; but n o tic e t h at th ese t e r m s 5 c

razy a nd 5 x yy hav e

di ffer ent s et s o f l ett er s In o r d er t o b e p er fe ctly cl e ar let

.
,

u s d e fin e s imila r te r m s a s t er m s which hav e t h e s am e s et s o f

l ett er s .

E XE R C IS E 38
M ultiply
1 . 3 :
1: X 4 y
2 . 3 xy X 7 xy 7 . 8a 4
c X 5 a
2
bc 3

ab c X 12 ab c
4 3
X 15 bc
3 2
‘

8 . 3 ao 8 . a

4 . a
3
X a
2
9 . 7 a c
5 7
X 4 a
2
bc 3

17 s 3
5 . a X a 10 . a >< 3 a

M ultiply t o geth er th e fo llo wi n g ex pressio ns

11 . m y; z3
x
3 z
y 14 . 17 x x;/ 2 y 17 . 1 01 2 113
1 01
; 5 x
12 . 15 . x
2
; y ;
2
my 18 . 1 1 a b ; 8ab ; 5 a b
2 2 5 5

3 5 “ 7
13 . 28 x y; 53
x
2 3
y 16 .
3
3x ; 5y ;x ;y 3
19 . 1 1 p ; 7 q ; 2 pq
7 2
20 . 7 x ; 2 x
2
; 2 y

1 24 . by c o effic i ent s IS o f littl e u s e i n multiplica

C h e cki ng
ti o n ex am pl e s s u c h a s th e s e i n th e p r e c e di ng ex er ci s e ; th e
’

fa c t that i n e ach ex ampl e th e d e gre e o f th e r e s ult s h o uld be

'

th e s u m o f t h e d egr ee s o f th e s ev er al fact o r s ma y be u s ed as a
par tial c h e ck .

12 5 Wh e n a n ex p r e s s i o n i s s e par at e d i n t o tw o par ts by
.

a plu s o r a mi n u s s ign it i s c all e d a b i n o mial ,

.

W h en an ex p r es s i o n i s s e par at e d i nt o th r ee par ts by
plu s o r mi n u s s ign s it i s call e d a tri n o mial ,
.

W h en an ex p r e s s i o n i s s e par at e d i n t o tw o o r m o r e par ts
by plu s o r m i n u s s ig n s it i s call e d a po lyn o m i al ,
.

Wh en a n ex p r es s i o n i s n o t s e par at e d i n t o par ts by plu s

o r minu s s ig n s it i s call e d a m o n o mi al
, .
1 12 TRAN S FO R M ATI O N S

Th e ex p re ss i o n s m
ultipli e d in t h e pr e c eding Exer c i s e
are all m o no mial s ; th e multiplicati o n o f bin o mial s a nd
o f o th er p o lyn o mial s depe n d s up o n the multiplicati o n o f

m o no mial s .

1 2 6 M o d el C
. M ultiply 5 a by (3 a: 2 a)
2
. .

5 a
z
(3 m -
2 a ) 5 a
2
X 3 a: -
5 a
2
X 2 a 15 a x
2
1 0 a3

X
E ER C IS E 3 9
M ultiply
1 . 7 x (x — 1) — 5)
2 . 3 (a x ) 7 . 3 5 (4 2 53 2 3
)
3 . 1 0 h k (2 hz
5 k) ?
8 . 1 01 h % (11 h k
2 17 5 —2 1 Mk”)
fi g (3 fi g 3 pg ) 38 htj (2 3 hjt
?
4 . 11 9 . 1 2 ijk)
7
x y (2 x y
7
y) 1 0 ax ( 1 00 b x
?
5 . 7 4 x 10 . 1000 ex )

M ultiply to get h er th e fo ll o wi ng quantiti es :

11 3; x
. 5; 2 13 . 1 0 93 ; 2 y ;
2 2
5 :t y 2
5 my
z

12 . 3 a (a 14 . 3 a
2
b; a
2 —b 2
; 2 ab

15 15 m; 2
9 97 p
2 “
7 £3
; 4 p ; 15 b q ;
2 2
16 . 7 ap a
? 1
5 5 ap gr
l
bq

Th e Di s tr i b uti ve Law

1 27 . pupil h a s no tic e d th at wh er e a p o lyn o mial i s

Th e
multipli ed by any numb er e a c h ter m i s multipli e d by that ,

n u mb er ; that i s 3 (x 5) 3x 15 , .

1 28 T h i s p r i n cipl e may b e illu s tr ate d again a s fo ll o w s

.

A s ho pke e pe r s end s e v ery w eek $15 d o llar s t o t h e bank ; h is

messenger u se s ever y week 31 fo r ne c ess ar y ex p ens es ; h is
wife d r aws o ut y d o llar s fo r h er pers o nal u se h i s s o n remits
e very wee k z d o lla r s which i s added to th e s h o pk ee p er s ’
,

acco unt Th e incr ease o f the sh o p keepe r s acc o u nt ea ch

.
’

week then am o unt s to x

, , 1 y 2 In 5 we e k s t h e i n .

crease wo uld be 5 (x 1 y B ut in 5 w ee k s the

 MULT I P LI C A T IO N 1 13

sh o pkeepe r wo uld sen d 5 x the m esse nge r wo uld us e up 5 , ,

th e wi f e w o uld d r aw o ut 5 y and th e s o n w o uld r emit 5 2 , .

The re fo r e

5 (x — 1 —5 —5 y + 5 z

1 29 Thi s Di st ributive L aw a s it i s call e d is o ne o f th e

.
, ,

imp o rta nt a nd fundame ntal p r in cipl e s o f algeb r a I t appli es .

also t o mi n u s sign s ; e g (x z) x z; -

—
.
.
,

a d
n — (x —
y+ z
— a — b + c) x + y — z + a + b — c .

I t may be state d as fo ll o w s :
Th e pr oduc t of a polynomi a l b y a si ngle ter m i s fou nd b y
mu lti p lyi ng eac h ter m of th e p olynomi a l su cces si vely .

Th e nega ti ve of a p olynomi a l i s found b y ta ki ng th e negati ve

of each ter m su cces si vely .

Di s tr i b u tive Fa ctor i ng
130 glance will s h o w wh e n a mo no mial i s a facto r o f
. A
e ve r y t e r m o f a n e x p r e ss i o n ; s uch a n e x p r e ss i o n ca n th e r e

fo re r eadily b e se pa r ated i nto fact o r s Thu s in th e ex p ress i on .

5 a
2
15 ab + 20 a 3 —5 a

5 a is a facto r of e v ery term and , th e wh o l e ex p ress i o n is t h e

p o d uc t o f
r

5 a (a — 3b + 4 a
2
1)

E XER C ISE 40

Fi nd th e f acto r s of the fo llo wmg ex p re s s i o n s , or tell wh y

yo u c a n n o t
1 . ax + ay 5 . a
2 — ab 1 91 y
- - 2

2 2 2 2
2 . ax ay 6 . x 23 31 10 . wy z
zzy

2
3 . 5 x loy 7 . a: x 11 . 7 a: -
4 9 :r + 34 3 ar
z 3

4 . 3 x — 15 y 8 .
—
5 23 4 2 5 2 3
12 . 3 x + 6 x y + 2 yz
13 .
—65 :
1;
2
y
-
1 17 a
r:y
2

2 2 3 4
14 . 34 3 x
3
y + 9 8 x y + 2 8 azy + 8 y
1 14 TR AN SFO R M ATIONS

15 . 15 x
2
+ 9 :1:y —
J 25
r
-
y
2

16 . 38 x 3
57 x
2
y 19 my ?

g
17 . 10 x y 45 8 2
£13 y 120 x y 7 3
2 10 x y 6 4

18 . 45 x
2
y
8
1 20 x y 3 7
2 10 my 4 6
27 0 x y 5 5

. n
2 — u + h
3 — n4 — 2 r 2s + r3t
2
+

X
E ER C IS E 4 1
S ub s titut e
1 .
y = x + 2 i n th e eXpr ess i o n 3 x + 4y — 25
2 . e = 2
y
—3 in th e ex pr ess i o n 3 x + 3z — 21
3 . z 3 y i n t h e ex p r e s s i o n z + 10 5y
4 .
y = 2 x + 3 i n th e ex p r es si o n 73
.
2 -
1 2 cry
- —
l- 2
y
5 . x =
y
-
1 i n th e e x pr e ss i o n 3 x + 2 xy + 2 23
2

M u lti pli cati on of P o lyn o mi al s

13 1 multiplyi ng a p o lyno mi al by a p o lyno mial th e

. In ,

multiplicand c o ns id ere d a s o n e quantity i s m ultipli e d by

, ,

e a c h t er m o f t h e multipli er ; t h e n th ese pa r tial p r o duct s ar e

add e d Th e wo r k i s arr an ge d a s fo ll o ws :
.

M o d el D .
-
M ultiply 2 a 7 b by 5 a 3 b .

2 a —7 b
5 a + 3b
10 a 2 —3 5 a b
+ 6 ab —2 1 b 2

10 a 2
29 Gb 21 b 2

13 2 M o d el E . M ultiply 2 x 5 by 3 x 4 .

2 2) —5
3 23 —4
6 2
2 — 1 5 23
8 x + 20
6 x2 23 m + 2 0 —
Th e c d t erm o f th e multiplier gives a p ro du c t which i s to b e s ub
se o n

t act ed and we change th e s ign o f th e t erms as we wr ite them down ;

r s
—
,

that i s for 4 (2 x 5) we wr ite 8 a: 20

,
-
.
 MUL T I PLI C A T I O N 1 15
.

A V ery go o d ch e ck f or
multiplicati o n i s to multiply t h e
multipli er by th e multipli c and ; thi s gives a diff er ent set o f
par tial p r o duct s .

1 33 . MOD E L E
illu s tr at e s all th e c o mbinati o n s o f s i gn s
that ar e p o ss ibl e i n algeb r aic multipli c ati o n I t i s w o r th .

while t o no ti c e th er efo r e that wh e n t h e multiplican d t er m

, ,
-

a n d t h e multipli er t er m hav e lik e s ign s t h e p r o duct t e r m i s

- -
,

plu s ; wh en th e multipli c an d t er m and th e multiplier term - -

hav e u nlike s ign s th e p r o du c t— ,t er m i s m i n u s .

Th ese r ules a re n o thi n g m o r e tha n o ur o ld way s o f dealing

,

with p o s itiv e an d negative parenth eses ; th ey a re a m o r e

co nveni ent w ay o f sa yi ng that wh en th e multipli er te r m is -

plu s we d o no t change th e s igns o f the multiplicand and when ,

it i s minu s we change th em all .

Bo th r ul e s ar e gener ally c o n d ens e d i nt o th e f o ll o win g

I n mu lti p li ca ti on l ik e si gns gi ve plu s , a nd u nlik e si gns
,

Th e s ame r ul e ho ld s fo r divi s i on , as will h er ea fter b e

s h o wn .

1 34 . Fo r f ur th er illu s tr atio n o f thi s imp o r tant r ul e may

, we
re p r esent t h e multiplicati o n o f (x 3 ) (x 2 ) by a diagra m .

H er e x i s r epr es en t e d by th e entire s quar e ;

2

(2: 3 )(x 2 ) by t h e r e cta n gl e X 2 x by th e

r e ctan gl e A Q ; 3 x by t h e r e cta ngl e B Q;
an d 6 b y th e r e ctan gle Q .

To fin d t h e r e ctan gle X which r ep r es ent s ,

( 2: 3 ) ( x f r o m 2 w e s ubt r act ( A Q)
2
,

whi c h r ep es ent s 2 x an d then (B Q ) which

r , ,

r ep r e s e n t s 3 2 .

But w e hav e thus ha d t o s ubt r act Q t wice ;

an d t o d o t hi s w e mu s t have adde d Q af t e r o n e
,

o f t h e s ubtr ac tio ns .

We may exp r ess th e work thus

(x —3) ( —2) x = 2
x (B + Q )
x
2 —3 :c
1 16 TRAN SFOR M ATI ONS

E XER C ISE 42
M ultiply
1 . 9 .
(1 1 — 5 a ) (5 — 2 a )
2 .
(x 3) (a: 2) 10 .
( 1 01 17 x) ( 1 1 3 x)
3 .
(a: 5 ) (x 3) 11 .
(x (x 5)
4 .
(x 5 ) (a: 3) 12 .
(p (p
5 .
— 3) 13 .
(A —A )
6 .
(2 — 7 ) (3 x — 1 )
x 14 .
— 2 x)
7 .
( 1 — x) (2 — x) 15 .
(A — 5 a)
8 .
(5 16 .

17 . x x
18 . x y) E
v y)
19 . x x
20 .
—
(8 x ) ( 5 — y) 25 .
— 5 b)
2 1 .
(x (x 26 .
(7 0 p 1) (7 0 p 1)
22 .
(a 7 2) (a 101 ) 2 7 .
(1 . 037 ) (1
113 . 037 x )
23 .
(a 7 2 ) (a 7 2) 28 .
(7 12
24 .
(a 1 01 ) (a 1 01) 29 .
( 108 a 1 02 b ) 2

30 . x y)
2

DI V I S I O N
13 5 . divi si o n w e a re given o ne fact or o f a numb er to
In ,

find the o th er Th e give n fact o r i s t h e divi s o r t h e r e qui red

.
,

f acto r i s th e qu o ti ent and th ei r p ro du c t i s th e di vid e nd Th e

, .

s ign s o f t h e s epa r at e t er m s o f t h e qu o ti e nt mu s t b e s uch that ,

when tho s e t er ms a r e multipli e d by th e ter ms o f th e di vi sor ,

they pr o duc e t h e s igns give n in the divid end .

Ex p r es s t h e fo ur p o ss ibl e c o mbi nati o ns o f s ign s fo r s epa

r ate te rms in tabula r fo r m and s h o w that fro m t h e tabl e o ne
,

may de rive the r ule

I n di vi si on like si gns gi ve plu s , a nd unlike si gns minu s
,
.
 D IVI SION 1 17

E XER C ISE 43
Divide
1 . 14 x
2
by 2 x 9 . xby 2
a:

2 . 24 by 4 x
x
5 2
10 .
—7 83 by 524 x

3 . 24 by 4 x 2
11 . a: by x
4 . 9 by 3 x3
12 . by
5 . 1 05 6 x by 1 1 x
2
13 . x by
6 . 28 —
by 2 8 x 14 . x
2
by
7 . 1 1 5 by —5 15 . A by
8 .
—7 08 a by 2 a ‘

16 . x
3
by a:

5
17 . 67 x by . 37 a:

L o ng Divi s i o n

1 36 . M o de l F . Di v id e 10 1 92: by 2 .

Th e c o rr es p o ndence o f
multiplicatio n a nd divi s io n may b e
‘

s ee n a s fo ll o w s Th e a r r a nge me n t her e s h o wn fo r divi s i o n

.

i s r ec o mm e nded a s t h e m o s t c o mpact .

D ivis o r 3 x 2 M ultiplican d 3 x 2

Q uo tie nt 2 x 5 M ultipli er 2 x 5

D ivide nd 6 x
2
19 x 10 l stpartial p ro d . 6 x
2
4 a:

1s t s ubt ahe nd r 6 x
?
4 a: 2 d pa rtial p r o d . 15 as 10
15 x 10 E nti re p r o duct 6 x
2 —19 x 10
2d ubtr ahend
s 15 x 10

C H EC K : 3) ( 1) 3

A i ery go o d che ck
f divi s i o n is to multiply t h e q u o ti e nt
fo r
by t h e divi s o r ; thi s gives a set o f par tial p r o ducts di ff ere nt
fr o m th e s ubt rahe nd s o b tai ned i n dividi ng .

E XER CI S E 44
Divid e
1 . x
2 — 17 x + 30 b y x —2
2 . 22 + 9 h — h2 b y 11 —h
1 18 TRAN SFO R M ATIO NS

9y 2 — 49 by 3 y + 7
3 0 8 + 65 + 10 b y 6
2
3 3 + 1
2
60 3 + 92 3 t + 3 5 t b y 1 0 3 + 7 t 2

x
2 — 1 000 x + 999 b y x — 1
24 0 A + 2 1 4 A 2 — 63 by 8A —9
144 Q — 2 95 Q X 1
2 - -
50 X b y 9
2
Q 1O X
. 5 04 m — 2
1 8O r 2 —
1 04 9 mr b y 5 6 m + 9 r

. 9 600 a 2 —
2 5 4 1 t + 7 4 36 a t b y 3 00 a
2 — 77 t
3 — 2 — —
3 m 11 m 4 m + 30 b y m 3
9 ¢ +3 y — 2 y + 30 5 y 3 y + 5
2

4 — 3 — —
12 2 11 2 2
4 z + 25 z 14 b y 3 2

x
4 — 3
5x l 5x 2 — — x -— 12 b y x 2 —
2 x l 3 - -

— 2 —
. 10 2 + 29 x
4 3 2
22 2 + l 7 x
4
2 b y 5 23 3 x + 2
. 7 23
4 —
4 9 233 —
37 x
2
+ 41 x — 40 b y 7 x
2 —5 x + 8
 C H AP TE R VI

I DE NT I T I E S AND T H E OR E M S ; FAC T OR I N G

13 7 . C o m par e t h e fo ll o wi n g e quati o n s

N o ti c e that w h il e t h e fir s t e quati o n i s t r u e o n ly fo r t h e
part icular valu e a: 2 t h e ,
s ec o n d i s t r u e fo r a ny valu e t h at

may b e cho sen .

Agai n no tic e that t h e ex p ress i o n 3 x

,
5 ca nno t by a ny ,

m e an s w e kn o w o f b e t r ans fo r m e d i nt o 2 x
, 7 ; while
3 (x 5 ) i s i n a s i m ple way t r a n s fo r m e d int o 3 a 15 :
.

1 38 Th e s e t w o ki n d s o f e quati o n s hav e di s ti n ct nam es

. .

An e quati o n which i s t r ue o n ly o n c o n diti o n that t h e le t

ter s i n it hav e par ticula r valu e s i s call e d a n e qu ati on of
c o n d i ti o n ; whil e an e q u ati o n whi c h i s t r u e f o r an y valu es

wh a t e v er o f t h e l e tt er s i n it i s call e d an i d enti c al e q u ati o n ,

a n e quati o n o f id e n tity o r s imply an i d entity
,
.

E quati o n s o f c o ndi ti o n ar e t h e equati o ns o r di na r ily met

wit h i n s o lvi ng p r o bl em s .

I d enti c al e quati o n s may b e r ec o gni z e d by th e fact that

o n e m e mb e r ca n b e t r a n s fo r m e d t o t h e id e n ti c al f o r m o f t h e

o th er m emb e r Th e tw o m e m b er s ar e s aid t o b e id entically

.

e qual , an d so m e ti m e s t h e s ig n i s u s e d i ns t e ad o f be
tween th e m emb er s o f th e e quati o n .

THE P R OO F OF T H E O RE M S
1 39 . A th e or e m i s
a gener al s tat em en t r e quir i ng p ro o f I n .

algeb r a a t h eo r em i s o ften p r o v e d by changi ng t h e s tat e ment

,

to an equati o n and s ho wi ng that o ne m e mb er can be t r ans

,

1 19
12 0 I D E NT I T IE S AND THEORE M S ; FAC TO R IN G

fo r med b e c o me ex actly like th e o t h e r memb er ; that

so a s to
is, by sh o wi ng th e e quatio n to be id entical .

140 . TH E O RE M A . If th e s u m o f a ny two nu mb ers i s mu lti

p li ed b y th ei r dtfier enc e , th e pr oduct i s th e difier ence f th ei r
‘
o

s qua r es .

M o d el A — PR O 0 F . . Le t a and 5 r e p r ese nt a ny t wo
n u mb er s Then . th e th eo r em is e x p r e s s e d by t h e fo ll o wi ng

id entity :
—b) a
2 — b2
Th e firs t mem b er is trans fo rmed into th e s ec o n d by a s imple multi
plication .

1 41 . the fo llo wi ng th eo rems

Pr o ve
1 Th e s qu a r e of th e s u m of a ny two numb er s is equa l to the
.

s qua r e of th e fir s t nu mb er pl u s twi ce th e pr oduct of th e two , ,

p lu s th e s qua r e of th e s econd 1 .

2 Th e s qua r e of th e diff e r en c e of a ny two numb er s is equa l

.

to th e s qu ar e of th e firs t nu mb er mi nu s twi ce th e product of ,

th e two p lus th e s quar e of th e s econd

,
.

E XER C ISE 45

m e a n s o f thes e t h eo rem s wr ite t h e fo llo wi ng p ro du c t s

By
at s ight with o ut p erfo r mi ng t h e mult ipli catio ns :
,

l
1 .
( a 3 .
( a 5 .
(a
2 .
( a 7 ? 4 .
( a e .
( a

7 .
( a 1) ( a 1) 10 .
(a (a
8 .
(a 3 ) (a 3) 11 .
(a
9 .
(a 7 ) (a 7) 12 .
(a
By m e ans o f t h e s am e th eo re m s wr ite qu o tie nt s fo r t h e
fo ll o wi ng witho ut p e rfo r mi ng t h e divi s io ns :
,

13 .
( a
2
1 6) (a 4)

14 .
(a
2
12 1) (
a 1 1)
 QUAD RATI C P R ODU CTS 12 1
'

15 .
( a
z
l 0 a + 25 ) (a 5)

16 .
(5 +
2
10 a + 2 5) (a + 5 )
17 .
( 5
2
1 00 a 2 5 00) (5 5 0)

18 .
( a
2
3600) (a 60)

m e a ns o f t h e s am e theo r em s wr it e th e fa c to rs of the
‘

By
fo llo wi ng p ro du c ts
19 . z
zz
z — a2 25 . A 2 — S 1 B2
20 . 49 26 . 49 a
2 — 4 A2
—4 20 1
-
27 . B 2 — b2
22 . x
2 — 20 x + 1 00 28 .
p
2 — 28 p + 1 96
2
23 . x
2
+ 80 cc + 1600 29 . 2 5 6 + 32 n + n

— 12O x + 3 600 30 . 1 —2 a 1 - -
a
2

By T h eo r em A find the di ffere nc e '

of th e s quar es o f e ach
of t h e fo ll o wi n g pai r s o f n umb er s

3 1 . 3 and 73 34 . 339 a nd 3 19 87 . 81 33 and 81 3 1

32 . 9 and 1 09 35 . 17 23 and 27 7 38 . 27 3 1 a nd 2 69

33 . 57 5 an d 4 25 36 . 12 1 an d 120 39 . 101 a nd 99

40 . 1 0001 an d 1

Q UA D RAT I C P R ODU C T S

142 .tudy o f t h e p ro du c t o f two facto r s o f the fir st

Th e s

d e gree like (a: 5 ) (a:

, l e ad s t o c ertai n metho d s o f
facto r i ng that a r e o f t h e gr e ate s t u s e i n the s o luti o n o f an im
p o rtant ki n d o f algeb r ai c equati o n .

An ex p r ess i o n i n whi c h th e r e i s a t er m o f t h e s e c o n d de
g r ee but n o high er t e r m i s call e d a qu adrati c e xpr e s si o n
, , .

C o n s e qu en tly p r o duct s lik e (a: 5) (x 2 ) a r e call e d

qu adrati c pr o du cts E quati o n s in which they o ccu r are
.

calle d qu adrati c e qu ati o ns .

12 2 I DE NTI T IE S AND TH E OR E M S ; FACTO R IN G

1 43 . M odel B diagr am s o n thi s page a r e r eco m

. Th e
m end e d fo r quad r atic p r o d u ct s b e c au s e by th ei r u s e o ne get s
,

a b ett er id e a o f th e way in w h i ch s u ch p ro du c t s
a r e fo r m e d .

T h e p r o duct s o f t e r m s di r e c tly u n d er e ac h
o th e r ar e c a ll e d s tr ai gh t pr o d uc t s T h e p r o du c t s .

o f t e r m s diag o n ally o pp o s it e e a ch o t h er a r e c all e d

c r os s pro du c ts .

Th e s tr aig h t pr o du c t s a r e n ot s i mi lar a nd 3 0 ,

can not b e u n i ted; th e c r o s s

pr o d u c t s a r e s i mi la r a n d ca n ,

be u ni ted .

I n t h i s ex am pl e , th e t aight
s r

r
p o du c t s ar e x
2
and 10 .

Th e c r o ss p r o du c t s ar e 5 x
a nd 2 x , a nd th e i r s um i s
3 x . Th e e n ti r e p r o du c t

is x
2
3 x 10 .

am e m et h o d c an
1 44 . Th e s

b e appli e d t o th e m ultipli c a
ti o n o f n u mb er s o f two fig
u r es Fo r ex ampl e 7 3 may .
,

b e e x p r e s s e d as 7 t 3 a nd 7 8 as 7 t 8 w h er e t s t a n d s f o r ,

ten .Th en t h e s tr aight p ro du c t s wo uld b e 4 9 t and 24 2

,

a nd t h e c r o s s p r o duct s 2 1 t a n d 5 6 t wit h t h e s u m 7 7 t ,
.

Since t 1 0 th e s t r aig h t p r o d u c t s giv e 4 924 and th e cr o ss

, ,

p r o duct s 7 7 0 th e sum b ei ng 5 694

, .

E XER C ISE 46

M ultiply th e fo ll o wi ng n u mb er s by th e m eth o d of S e cti o n

1 . 34 x 3 7 3 . 45 x 25 5 . 36 X 4 5 7 . 83 X 87 9 . 28X 7 3

2 . 5 8 x 52 4 . 38 x 5 8 6 . 3 5 X 65 8 . 34 x 5 l 10 . 39 x 96
 QUAD R ATI C PROD U CTS 128

I n the fo ll o wi ng ex ampl es nam e t h e s t r aight p ro du ct s t h e

, ,

cr o s p ro duct s
s
, th e s um o f the c r o s s p r o duct s an d the en ti re ,

p r o duct
11 .
(x 2) (g : 7) 26 (11 — h ) (2 + h)
12 .
(a 5 ) (a 9) 2 7 (4 b — 1 ) (2 b — 3)
13 .
(a 3) (a 1 0) 28 .
—
(2 23 4 3) (2 x + 3 )
14 .
(b 7 ) (b 6) 2 9 .
(3 y 7)
15 .
( h 3 ) (h 8) 30 .
( 6 3 + 1 )
16 .
(h 1 1 ) (h 2) 3 1 .
( m + 2 y) ( x — 7 y)
17 .
(k 1 ) (k 4) 32 .
( a + 5 b ) ( a + 9 b )
18 .
( x 1 0) (a: 1 0) 38 .
(3 a + 2 b ) (5 a + 2 b )
19 .
(y 3 ) (y 3) 34 .
(c + x ) (3 0 F 2 23)—
20 .
(s 1 ) (s 99) 35 .
(3 70 4 9) (5 k + g)
-

2 1 .
— 1) 36 .
—
( 1 0 x 2 h ) (3 x + 5 h )
22 .
(5 a + 1 ) (9 a + 1) 3 7 .
(4 b — 3 k) (3 b — 2 h)

23 .
—2 ) ( 3 18 4 ( 3 90 4
24 . 39 ( y
3 — l l z )( y
3 + 1 1 2 )
25 .
(k — 7 ) (5 k + 1) (6 3 + 5 t) ( 1 0 3 — 7 t)

Fac tori n g b y Cr o s s M ulti pli c ati o n

145 . M o d el C . In th e p r o duct x
2
9 x 14 , the
t aight p r o duct s a r e x a nd 14 a nd t h e s um o f th e
s r
2
,

c ro s s p r o duct s i s — 9x Th e t erm s t h at give .

t h e s t r aight p r o du c t s mu s t hav e lik e s igns ,

a nd th e r e f o r e t h e c r o ss p r o du c t s m u s t have

like s ig ns ; b o th c ro ss p ro duct s th en a re , ,

mi nu s .

To get t h e firs t st r aight p r o duct w e have ,

x X x ; to get th e s e c o nd 2 X 7 ; th e n th e signs mu s t be,

cho s en s o that b o th c r o ss p r o ducts are minus ; that gives us

th e fa c to rs (a: 2 ) (x
12 4 I DE NT I T IES AND TH EO R EMS ; FACTO R IN G

14 6 . M o d el D . In t h e p r o duct 5 x 24 , th e
st r aig h t p ro duct s ar e x and 24 ; 2
5 a: i s th e
s um o f t h e c r o ss p r o du c t s Th e t er m s givi ng
.

33 f o r a p r o du c t had lik e s ig ns a n d t h e te r ms
2

—
givi ng 24 fo r a p ro du c t had u n lik e s igns ;
th en t h e t wo c r o ss p ro du c t s h ad u nlik e s igns ,

a nd t h e m i nu s c r o s s p r o d u c t w a s t h e g r e at e r .

To ge t x fo r a s t r aight p ro du c t w e s h o uld
2
,

hav e to multiply x a nd as To get 24 w e .

,

c o uld multiply 1 and 24 2 and 1 2 3 and 8 , , ,

or 4 a nd 6 . I n e ach ca se the la rge r numbe r wo uld have to

,

be ne gati v e .

Trying each in s ucc e ss i o n we fin d that t h e pai r o f facto rs

,

(a: 3 ) (a: 8) gives the r ight c r o s s p ro duct s so we need ,

no t try f ar ther .

E XER C IS E 4 7

N ame th e t aight p r o du c ts and t h e s um o f th e c ro ss p ro d

s r

u ct s in th e fo llo wi ng ex p re ssi o ns and find th ei r facto rs

,

1 . m+ 52
z
c + 6 6 . x
fi
+ 5 x + 4
2 . 2
2 —2 x + 1 7 . x
2
+ 7 x + 12
3 . 2
2 —3 x + 2 8 . x
2 —7 x + 6
4 . x
2 —4 x + 3 9 . x
2
+ 7 x + 10
5 . x
2
+4 x + 4 10 . x
2 —8 x + 15
 QUAD R ATI C PR ODUCTS 125

x
2 —4 x 60
2
x + 8 x + 15
513
2 — 20 x + 19 33
2 —5 2: 1 50
2 — 20 x + 64 + 6m
z
x a3 40
+ 2 0 x + 36 50
2 — 6 55 91
x
2
+ 2O x + 5 1 2
2 — 7 3: 30
x
Z — 2O x + 75 32
2 — 6 2: 55
z
x
2
+ 2 0 x + 84 x + 7 x 78
2
x
2
l4 x + 49 . x + 7 x 17 0
x
2
14 x + 13 . x
2 —8 x 20
14 x + 33 . x
2 —9 x - 10
x
2
14 x + 24 . x
2
+ 9 x —2 2
x
2
l4 x + 45 . x
2 — 10 2 — 200
z
14 x + 48 x + 10 x -
75
8 x + 16 x
2
+ 10 x — 96
x
2
17 x + 60 113
2— 23 — 1 10
x + 2 x — 12 0
? 2
x 19 z + 90
2 — —
1 8 x + 32 (13 3 23 1 30
x
2
18 x + 4 5 2
2
4—31
3 — 1 32
2 2 — —
x 1 8 x + 56 33 4 33 1 65
2 —2 z — —
2z 1
‘

. x x x

x
2
x —6 —1
3 113 — 4 3 x
z
+ 4 x + 1
x
2
+ x —6 2 x
2
+ 7 x + 6
x
2
+ 2 x 15 2 2
2 —5 2 —
1 3 -

— 28 2 x
2 —x — 3
x
2 —4 x — 21 3 x
2 — x — 10
2
2 —4 — 32
23 2 x
2
+ 3 x —9
— —
,

2
2
4 3 50 70 5 2
2 — 9 27 —2
 1 2 61 I DE NTI T I E S A ND TH E OR E M S ; FAC TO R IN G
2
7 1 . 10 2 + 7 x + 1
72 . l0x 2 —2 —3 6 33
2 — 23 — 12
73 . 10 23 2 — 1 3 23 — 3 6 x
2
+ 2l x — 12
74 . 10 x 2 -
l7 x + 3 7 23
2 — 9 2 — 10
3 2 —4 —7 11 2
75 . 2 2 x + 27 x + 10
76 . 3 x
2
+ 22 x +7 . 15 2
2 —7 2 —2
77 . 5 x
2
+ 8x —4 14 x
2
+ ll x — 15
78 . 5 x
2 — ll x — 12 21 x
2
+ x — 10
79 . 5 x
2
+ 28 x + 15 . l0x 2 — 29 x — 2 1
80 . l0x 2 —9 x — 9 . 6 x
2
+ 17 x — 14

Fact o r th e fo ll o wi ng ex p res s i o ns
9 1 . 2 98 . 1 7 28 x ?
12
18 x 2
50 z “
92 . 99 . 36 x y 25 2
6

3 “
93 . 75 a 27 a 1 00 . 1 00 h 36 k 2

5
44 x
3
27 5 x
z
y 101 . 1 2 10 a b 3 3
1 0 ab
95 . 8 1 62 1 02 . 24 3 xy 2
3 2
12 x
3
y2
2

96 . 18 32 103 . 1 1 00 h % 2

97 . 27 14 7 1 04 . 75 48 a 8

4 6
105 . 9 a
2
b c 9

C O M P L E TI NG TH E S Q U ARE
14 7 . Alth o ugh t h e ex p r ess i o n (2: 9 c o uld be si m
pli fie d fa c t o r e d a s
and fo ll o w s :
(x — 9 = x
2 —
10 x + 2 5 — 9 = x
2 —
l 0 x + 16
— x
( — 2)

t h er e i s a n advantage i n havi ng it i n i ts fir s t fo r m b e c au s e by ,

T h e o rem A we can at o n c e fa c to r it i nto

( x -
5) -
3 a nd (x
Th en s im plifyi ng t h e fa c t o r s w e get (a: , (a:
8)
Th e adva ntage i s gre at er i f th e number i s large , as in t h e
e x p r e s s i o n (at 36 .
 C O M P LE T I N G THE SQUAR E 127

E XER C IS E 48
Fact o r
1 .
(
x 49 7 .
(A 36
2 .
(x 12 1 8 .
(n 62 5
3 .
(a 1 00 9 .
(2 5 a
c )
2
25

4 .
(2 x 1 44 10 .
( x 22 5

5 .
(x 81 11 .
(3 x 1 44

(m
’

6 .
(p 900 12 . 4 00

1 48 . In facto r i ng
p r e ssi o n like 56 x
a n ex 7 68 ,

e a s i er m e th o d tha n find i ng all pai rs o f fact o r s o f 7 68 a n d

s e l e c ti n g t h e r ight pai r i s t o re duc e t h e ex p r ess i o n to t h e

fo r m o f th e differ en ce o f t wo s quar e s We may the n apply .

T h eo r e m A to i t a s i n Ex er ci se 4 8 ,
.

Takin g t h e firs t t w o t e r ms ,
and re me mbe r in g Theo r e m 1 of Se ctio n
14 1, w e that x
c an s ay 5 6 x i s a pa t o f a p erf e ct s quar e t h e s quar e
2
r ,

o f s o me bino mial .

S in ce x i s th e s qua e o f th e fi s t t e m o f th e bin o mial th en th e fi rs t

2
r r r ,

t e m o f th e bin o mial mus t b e 93

r .

A gai n 56 x i t wice th e p o duct o f b o th t er ms s o 2 8 a: i s that p ro duct ;

,
s r ,

an d s in ce a: i s t h e fir t t e m 2 8 mus t b e th e s co n d t e m
s r , e r .

C o ns e qu e ntly x 56 x i s a pa rt o f (x
,
2
x 56 x 7 84 2
.

149 . M o d el E . Fa c to r 2
23 56 x 7 68.

56 2: 7 68 x
2
5 6 2: 7 68
x
2
+ 56 x + 7 84
(x 16

(x
( z + 28 — 4)
(x 32 ) (x 2 4)

1 50 .p r o c ess by whi c h w e get a p erf e ct s quar e fr o m

Th e
t h e fir s t tw o t er m s o f o ur given e x p r e ss i o n i s c a ll e d
c o mpleti n g th e s qu are I t may per hap s b e m o r e cl e arl y
.
 128 I D E NTI TIES AND TH E OR E M S ; FACTO R IN G

u nd erst o o d if we co n sid er th e diagr am for cr o s s multiplica

ti o n :

+ 5 61 + l 1
S i n ce middle th e
t er m i s a dou b le cr o ss
p r o duct each c r o s s
,

p r o duct i s half o f i t .

X
E E R C IS E 49

Fact or by c o mpl e ti ng th e s quar e

1 . x
2
+ 2 x 11 . x
2 — 62
+ 94 5 _ x

2 . a
2 — 2 8 a + l 87 12 . X + 68 X + 1 1 55
2

3 . x
2 —4 x + 3 13 . 3
2 — 10 3 — 7 04
4 .
p
2 — 36 p + 1 2 8 14 . r
2 — 50 r — —
l 6 16
5 . A 2 — 50 A + 2 64 15 . t2 — 1 2 t — 1 2 60
6 . 2
2
+ 1O x — 24 16 . x
2 — 1 12 x + 3 1 00
7 . 2 —
2
2
1 2 — 45 17 . a
2
+ 2 04 a + 4 04
2 — —
n 40 n 5 00 Q + 7 8 Q + 14 00
2

z — — 82
x 6x + 5 i 9 . h 2
h + 1 561
10 .
2
x + 1O x — 96 20 . 25
2 — 58 2 — 7 5 9
2 1 . x
2
72 x 1 2 80

151 .p r o c ess o f c o mple ti ng t h e s quar e b e c o m e s s o me

Th e
what mo r e d iffic ult wh en t h e c o effici ent o f th e middle ter m is
a n o dd n umb er .

M o d el F
. Fa c t o r 11 x 7 26 .

2
x 11 x 7 26 + 11 2: 7 26
x
2
11 x
(x
(x (x
(x 33) (a: 2 2)
 C O M P LE TI N G T HE S QUAR E 129

Th e m e tho d o f c o mpl e ti ng th e s quare s ho uld b e u se d when

th e fact o r s can no t be r eadily s ee n by in specti o n .

E XER C ISE 50

Fact o r by c o mpl e ti ng the s quar e :

1 . 2
2
+ x —85 5 73 — 594
2 . x
2
+ x +
3
r g 9 23 — 7 92
3 . x
2
3 x 13 . x
2
15 x 1 1 34
4 . $
2
+ 5 x + 25 51 7: 64 8
5 . x
2
+ 7 x + 3 25 . 14 58

6 . a
2
11 a 16 . x
2
75 x 1 3 86

7 . A 2
13 A 17 . 70
2
87 a: 1 7 82
8 . k — 9 k + 4 25
2
. 18 . $
2
+ 67 x + 1 120
9 . X 2
15 X 19 . x
2
79 x 1 35 0
10 .
Q 2
3 Q 897 2 -
20 . a
2
83 a 1 5 12
21 .
2
x 11 2: 2 142
 CH AP TE R V II

Q U AD R AT I C E Q U AT I O N S

1 52 . One of t h e mo s t i m p o r tant ax i o m s in elementa ry

algeb r a fo ll o wi ng :
i s th e
Th e pr oduct of two or mor e factors ca n never b e zer o u nles s
a t lea s t one of th es e factor s 7 s i ts elf zer o
'

Thi s ax i o m will h er eaft er b e r efer r e d to a s AX I O M A .

1 53 . I n th e quati o n 2 2: 7
e 0, a: mu s t have t h e value
5 ; if w e s ub s titut e thi s valu e f o r x, t h e ex p r es s i o n 2 x 7
b e c o me s z er o .

6 x
2
5 facto r s i nto (3 73 + 2 ) (2 a:
x 6
To m ak e 3 m+ 2 0 w e m u s t h a ve x
,
—5 .

To m ak e 2 x 3 0 we m u s t have x
,

X
E E R C IS E 5 1

W h at valu e mu s t we s ub s titute fo r x in e ach fa c to r o f the

fo llo wi ng ex p r ess i o ns i n o r d er t h at t h e fa c to rs may s eve rally
be c o me e qual t o z ero ?
1 23 —
2
3x + 2 6 14 x
2
+ 5x -
1
—
. .

2 . x
2 —
5x I 4 -
7 . 21 2
2 — 17 x +2
3 . 6 252 —
23 — 2 8 . 3 x
2 — l4 x —
l 16-

4 .
—1 9 . 12 x
2 —7 x + l
5 . 73
2 -
113 — 2 — 1 1 2 — 14

Tw o AN S W ER S
Q TO ONE U E S TI O N

1 54 M o d el A —
. A squar e b o x 7 i n c h es high h a s 1 60
.

squar e inches mo re in it s lat er al sur face than in its bo tt o m .

What is the si ze o f the b otto m ?

1 30
 TWO A NS WE R S TO O NE QU E S TION 13 1

Le t x umb of inches in one s ide o f th e b o tto m

th e n er .

Then th e nu mb er o f s quare in ch es i n t h e b o tt o m .

7 x t h e n u mb er o f s quar e in ch es i n o ne s id e .

Q) 2 8 x — x = 1 60 z
'

0 = wz — 28 x + 160 ® + x
2 —2 8 x
( 3) 0 (x 8) (a: 2 0) f act o ed r

C D O = x —8 ® b y Ax A .

8 = v
r

0 = x — 20 ® b y Ax A .

20 = x —
0 4 20
A ns . 8 in . s quare , or 20 i n . s quare .

C HE C K : Ar e a o f b o tt o m 64 sq . in . or 400 s q i n . .

a o f 1 s id e
Ar e 5 6 s q in
. . or 1 40 s q i n. .

Are a o f 4 s id es 2 2 4 s q in
. . or 5 60 s q i n. .

22 4 5 60

1 55 . ampl e h a s tw o a ns we r s o r a s we s o m etime s
Thi s ex , ,

say th e r eare t wo valu es o f a: whi ch will s a ti sfy th e equ a ti on

,
.

Th e se two n u mb er s a r e t e c h ni c ally call ed t h e r oots o f th e

e quati o n u s i n g t h e wo r d r oot i n a s en se entir el y di ffer e nt
,

fro m that o f S e c ti o ns 5 2 a nd 1 1 9 .

Th e t wo a n s w er s do n o t m e a n that t h e qua n tity re pr e

s ent e d by a: ca n a c tually hav e t w o di ffer e nt valu e s at t h e

s ame ti m e ; that i s th e s am e b ox c a nn o t o f c o u r s e b e 8
, , ,

i nc h es s quar e a n d also 2 0 i n ch e s s quar e But a b o x 8 .

i nc h es s quar e w o uld hav e th e p r o p er tie s d e s c r ib e d i n the

e quati o n a n d s o w o uld a b o x 2 0 i n ch e s s quare Th er e
"

.
,

a r e tw o s i z e s o f s qua r e b o x that c o uld b e mad e s o a s t o

b e 7 i n che s high a nd at th e s am e ti m e s o a s t o hav e 1 60

s qua re i n ch e s m o r e i n t h e lat er al s u r f ac e tha n in t h e

b o tt o m .

When an e quatio n i s so ar r an ged that all its ter m s a re

in o ne member and the o ther m emb er is z ero
,
in o ther
wo rd s so that we have an algeb r aic ex p r e ss i o n equat e d to
,

z ero then the fact o r s o f that ex p r e ssi o n are so metimes

“
loo sel y called the fac to r s o f the e q uati o n ”
.
1 32 QUA DRATI C E QUATIONS

1 56 . If
epla c e by a t h e n umb er 7 in the p ro blem o f
we r

MOD E L A and by b the n umb er 1 60 we can s ub sti tute th e

, ,

fo llo wi ng n u mb er s fo r a and b and o btai n i n each ca se a

,

new p r o bl em .

X
E E R C IS E 52

1 . I n a square sto r age tank 85 ft d eep th er e are 32 s q .

, .
yd .

m o r e o f c o n cr et e s u r face i n th e s id es than in the b o tt om .

Ho w big i s th e tank ?
2 . At the ba c k o f a s quar e buildi ng lo t a r e ctangular ,

pi e c e of gr o u nd o f t h e s ame width a s th e lo t a nd c on tai ni ng

2 000 sq . ft.
,
i s add e d Thi s mak e s t h e lo t 90 ft d eep
. . .

What is i t s fr o ntage ?

3 . v entilat o r o peni ng 1 5 i n high gives 36

A . sq mo r e
. in .

S pac e than a s quar e O p en i ng o f t h e s a me width . Ho w wid e

is it?

4 . I b o ught a r e ctangular lo t o f land c o ntai ni ng 3 85 0 ,

s q ft
. .T h er e wa s a billb o ar d fen c e al o ng the fr o nt but t h e ,

o t h er th r e e s id es r equi r e d 2 04 ft o f f en c i n g What was t h e

. .

d epth of the lo t ?

5 . A ma n c o ntr act ed to pay 1 5 c ent s a fo o t fo r gilt pictu re

mo lding a n d 2 0 c ent s a s quar e yar d fo r st r aw matti ng u s ed
i n fu r n i s hi n g a s qua r e r o o m i n h i s h o u se He wa s a s t o n i s h e d
.

to find that t h e pictu re m o ldi ng c o s t him 34 m o r e tha n th e

matting What s i z e w a s th e r oo m ?
.

6 . m wa s 2 y d l o nger than it wa s wide

An o ther ro o . .

Fo r thi s roo m the m o lding at 15 cents per foo t c o s t

,

mo r e than the matti ng at 20 cents per s q uare yar d Wha t .

were the dimensi o ns of the flo or ?

 T WO A N S W E RS TO ONE Q UESTI O N 1 33

7 . a c yli n d er 8 i n i n hei ght (h ) wh o s e lateral

Ther e i s .
,

s u r face (2 M IL) c d h a a f i ba ( ) by i
2
e x ee s t e re o t s s e 1rr 88 s q n . .

Fi n d i ts r adiu s (r ) (U se 7r .

8 A m an s o ld a h o r s e fo r $ 1 02 and fo u nd that h i s l o ss p er
.

c ent wa s o n e e ight h o f th e nu mb er o f d o llar s h e had paid fo r

th e h o r se Ho w mu c h had h e paid ?
.

In t h e fo r mula b ( ) What value

2 2 2 2
9 . a st 6 56 ,

mu s t a hav e if x 60 wh en b 87 and c 65 ?
10 In t h e fo r mula o f E x 9 i f a
. 28 b .17 and
, , ,

c x 5 h o w much i s 73? ,

U se t h e fo ll o wing number s to ma k e new p ro blems fro m

Ex s .
—
1 9 .
I

Ex ampl e 1 .
(a ) 6 9 75 8 10
(a 85; b 32 ) (b ) 15 35 24 65 42 5

Ex ampl e 2 .
(a ) 1200 4 20 360 2 100 2 400
(a 2 000; b 90) (b ) 70 44 46 1 00 1 10

Ex ampl e 3 .
(a ) 22 19 33 20 36
(a 15 ; b 3 6) (b ) 72 60 17 5 91 1 80

Examp le 4 .
(a ) 22 40 3000 39 20 4 1 40 4 400
(a 3850; b 204) (b ) 136 1 60 1 96 22 6 2 60

E xamp le 5 .
(a ) 10515 1 1 95 8¢ 13 ¢ 25 ¢
(a b 2095; (b ) 15 ¢ 16¢ 1 8¢ 36 ¢ 31
c 34) (c ) 56¢

E xam m6e .
(a ) 2 ft . 2 ft . 2 yd . 2 yd . 3 yd .

(a 2 yd ; b
.
(b ) 1 0¢ 7¢ 1 0¢ 15 ¢ 11¢
c d (6 ) 21¢ 15 ¢ 1 8¢ 27 ¢ 1 6¢
(d )
Examp le 7 .
(a ) 25 5 6 9 13
(a 8; b 88) (b ) 154 66 1 10 17 6 4 18

Examp le 8 .
(a ) 3 1 44 3 1 47 $7105 3 1 92
( a $ 102 ; 6 5) (b ) 5 t 5 3
1 17

E xamp le 9 .
( x) 37 95 66 48 10
(x 60 ; b 87 ; c 65) (b ) 41 70 47 46 40
(c) 47 1 18 79 62 38
1 34 Q UA DRATI C E Q UAT IO NS

B O TH AN S W ER S AL I K E
1 57 . M o d el p r o bl e m o f MOD E L A (p
B . In t h e if .

the n umb er 160 h ad b een 1 96 b o t h an swer s wo uld have b een ,

alike Th e p r o bl e m wo uld r ead : A s quare b ox 7 i nch es

.

high h a s 1 96 squar e i n c h e s m o r e i n i t s lat er al s ur face than

in i t s b o tt o m W h at i s t h e s i z e o f th e b o tt o m ?
.

Let x th e umb r o f in ches in o n e s ide o f th e b o tt om

n e .

Th en th e n u mb r o f s qua r e inch es in th e b o tt o m
e .

7 a: t h e n u mb e o f s quar e in ch es i n o ne s id e
r .

6) 28 x — x2 = 1 96

C2) 0 = x
2 —
2 8 a: + 196 ® + x —2
28 x
0 (a: 1 4) (x 1 4) ® f act o re d
Q) x ® by Ax A .

C5) x = l4
A ns . B o tto m o f b o x, 1 4 in . s quare .

C HE C K a o f b o tt o m
Ar e 196 sq . in .

Are a o f 1 s ide 98 s q i n . .

Are a o f 4 s ide s 3 92 sq . in .

1 96 196 392

H ere o n a c c o u nt o f a s pe c ial s el e c ti o n o f figur es (s uch

,

a s m ig h t a cc id e n tally app e a r i n a ny p r o bl e m) th e t wo ,

ans we r s ar e alike S imila r r e s ult s a re o btai n e d if i ns tead

.
,

o f 7 i n ch es a nd 19 6 s quar e i n c h e s w e s ay 9 i n ch e s a nd 3 24 ,

s qua r e i n che s o r 5 i n ch e s a n d 1 00 s qua r e i n c h es

,
.

E XERCI E 53 S
S o lve t h e p ro bl em s o f E x er ci s e 5 2 , maki ng th e s ub s t i

t ut i o n s i n dicat e d f o r e ach p r o bl e m :
1 Fo r 8—
the number s 5 and 32 s ub s titut e 2 5 % and 2 89
.
,

re s p e ctiv e ly .

2 . Fo r 2 000 sub stitute 202 5 .

3 . Fo r 1 5 a nd 36 s ub s titut e 1 6 and 64 r e sp e ctiv ely , .

4 . Fo r 3 850 s ub stitute 52 02 .

5 . Fo r 1 5 ¢a nd $4 sub stitute 10¢and r e s pectively .

 A N S W E R S A PPAR E NTLY D IFF ER E NT 135
'

6 . Fo r 1 5 55 a nd ub s tit u te 1 0¢a nd r es pe c ti v e ly
s .

7 . Fo r 8 a n d 88 s ub s titut e 7 a n d 1 54 r es p e ctiv ely , .

8 . Fo r 1 02 s ub s titut e 2 00 .

9 . Fo r 87 s u b s titut e 2 5 .

10 . Fo r 2 8 1 7 a n d 5 s ub s titut e 1 8 1 4 a n d 4 r e s p e ctiv ely

, , , , , .

AN S W ER S APP ARE NT LY DI FFERE NT

1 58 . If di ffe rent n u mb er s a s th e valu e s o f x

we fin d t w o
i n s o lvi ng a quad r atic e quati o n w e natu r ally c o n c lud e that ,

thi s i n di c at es two a n s wer s f o r t h e p r o bl e m fro m which th e

e quati o n w a s fo r m e d We s o metimes fin d h o wever that .
, ,

t h e t w o a n s wer s thu s i n dicat e d a r e actually t h e s am e .

M o d el C — Divid e 2 8 i n t o. tw o par t s wh o s e p ro duct

s hall b e 75 .

Let a: o ne part ; th en 28 a; th e o th er part .

Q) x (2 8 —x) = 75
28 x x
2
75 G) s ame values
6) 3 = x
2 — 28 x + 75 ( 9 4 23
2 2 — -
2 8 11:
()
4 0 (x 2 5) (x 3) ® f act o r e d
Cs)
'
0 = x — 25 ® b y Ax A .

25 =
= x 3 ® by Ax A .

3 = iv

Wh e n x = 25 28
,
—x = 3 w h en
; x —x = 25 .

A ns . 25 an d 3, or 3 an d 25 .

T h e fir s t an s w e m e an s
that o ne part can b e 2 5 an d then th e o ther
r

mu st b e 3 ; an d t h e e c n d that o n pa t c an b e 3 an d th en t h e o ther
s o , e r

mu s t b e 2 5 Th e tw an sw e s are th e e f o r e r e ally th e s ame

. o r r .

C HE C K : 2 5 X 3 7 5 ; 25 3 28 .

E XER CI E 54 S
1 . A
ctangular field c o ntai n i ng o ne ac r e r e qui r e s 924
re

f eet o f fencing What ar e i ts di mens io ns ? (An ac re i s

.

1 0 s quar e chain s a nd a chai n i s 66 f eet l o n g ) .

1 36 QUAD RATI C E QUATION S

2 . Tw o cubical bi ns s id e by s id e ex te n
,
d th ewho l e l ength ,

o f a 16 fo o t wall a n d will e x a c tly c o n tai n 9 5 c o r d s o f ki ndli ng

-
,
—

woo d W h at i s t h e s i z e o f e a ch ? (A c o r d o f wo o d m e a s u re s
.

4 by 4 by 8 fee t ) .

3 . Th e n u mb e r h a s tw o fa c t o r s wh o s e s um i s 3 60 .

W h at a r e th e fa c t o r s ?
4 . A r e c ta ng u lar r oo m r e qui r e s 68 f e et o f pi c tu r e mo ldi ng .

T h e s a me r o o m r e qui r e s 3 2 s quar e ya r d s o f c a r p e t W h at .

i s th e s i z e o f th e ro o m ?
5 . A wha r f p r o j e c t s X7 fee t i nt o t h e wat e r and i s m ad e ,

o f t w o platfo r m s ; i t s t o tal a r e a I S 3 7 7 s qua r e feet What .

i s i t s gre at e s t width a n d i t s l e a s t ?
6 . Fo r ty six r o d s o f fe n c i ng a r e re qui r e d fo r a r ectan gula r
-

field wh o s e diago n al i s 1 7 r o d s What i s t h e s i z e o f t h e field ?

.

7 . A r e cta n gula r c o r ner lo t a nd t wo s qua r e l o t s adj o i ni ng

it c o ntai n i n all 99 7 2 s quar e feet a nd have alto geth e r 1 14 ,

fee t fro ntage o n e ach s tr eet All th e l o t s o n a s tr ee t have

.

t h e s a me d e pth What a r e th e di men s i o ns o f t h e l o ts ?

.

8 . By o ne pip e a c er tai n ta n k i s fille d a n d t h e n by a n ,

o th er im m e diat e ly e mpti e d t h e wh o l e O p e r ati o n r e q u i r i ng

,

a n h o u r all but t e n mi n ut e s Th en b o th pip e s ar e u se d

.

to fill t h e tank agai n whi ch i s d o n e i n 12 rnjnu t e s

,
Ho w
l o ng wo uld it tak e e ac h pip e s epar at ely t o fill t h e tank ?

THE M EAN I NG or N E G AT I V E AN S W ER S

1 59 . S o m etim es
a nswer i s negative a n d s till c an be
o ne

int er p r et e d a s a r e a s o nabl e answer I t i s gener ally n eces .

~

s ar y t o c ha nge t h e s ens e o f s o m e w o r d s o a s t o get a m e ani n g ,

ex a c tly o pp o s ite t o t h e m e a ni ng i n t h e o ri gi nal s tateme nt

o f t h e p r o bl e m .

M o d el D . Of tw o pip e s ,
take s 3 h o u rs l o ng er than
o ne

the o th er t o fill a c i s t er n , a n d b o th t o ge ther wo uld fill it half

 THE M EANIN G OF N E GATIVE A N S WE R S 137

f ull in an h o u r . How lo n g w o uld it ta ke each pipe alo ne to

fill i t ?

Le t a: th e numb er o f ho u s fo r o ne pip e to fill it

r .

Then a: 3 t h e n u mb er o f h o u s f o th e o th er pip e
r r .

i t h e fr acti o n o f th e cis t ern fil le d by th e fir s t pip e in

o n e ho ur .

t h e f acti o n fill e d by th e o th er pip e i n o ne h o ur

r .

1 1 1
3: (x 3) 2
2 x + 6 + 2x x (x + 3 )
4x + 6 = x
2
+ 3 x ® sa me valu e s

C
D 0 = x
2 —x — 6 — 4 x —6
0 (
x 3) (
x 2) C)
4 f act or ed
Wh en ce we o btain a: 3 and x 3 6 ; that i s o ne pip e wo uld ,

fill it i n 3 h o u r s an d t h e o th er i n 6 h ou rs .

Bu t we als o o btain a: —2 an d a: 3 1 ; that i s th e firs t pip e i s ,

emp tyi ng t h e ci s t er n an d by it s e l f c o uld d o that i n 2 h o u rs

, whi l e t h e ,

s e c o n d wo uld fill it i n o n e h o u r .

C H E C K : Th e fir s t pip e fills o f t h e cis t ern i n o n e h o ur ; th e s eco n d

fills o f it i n o n e h o u r ; b o th ,

C H E C K : Th e fir s t pip e tak es o u t 5 t h e c is t ernf ul i n o n e h o ur ; th e

—
s e c o n d p o urs i n t h e wh o l e capacity ; th ere i s l eft eno ugh t o fill th e
cis t ern .

E XE RCI SE 5 5

1 . A field 2 0 r o d s by 1 8 r o d s i s mad e 352 s q uar e r o d s i n

are a by cutting o ff a s t r ip o f u nifo r m widt h o n th e sid e and ,

addin g a s t r ip o f th e s ame width o n th e end What i s th e .

width o f th e st r ip s ?
2 If a fr acti o n havi ng 7 0 a s i t s n um er at o r i s inver ted
.

a n d mul tipli e d by 6 i t s n ew valu e will ex c ee d i t s o r iginal

,

v alu e by 1 Fi nd th e fr acti o n
. .

8 A b o at which i s able t o go 5 mil e s an h o ur i n s till

.

wat er go e s 2 1 mile s so uthwa r d o n a certain river and then

24 mil es n o r thwa r d t h e wh o le ti m e S p ent in t r av eli ng being
,

1 1 h o ur s Ho w f ast d o es th e s t re am fl ow s o uthwar d ?
.
 1 38 QUAD RATI C E QUATI O NS
4 . Bo th
pipe s o f a certain wat er tank are o p e n e d and the ,

tank bei ng empty at no o n i s fille d at 6 o cl o ck One o f

, ,
’
.

the pipe s if u sed al o n e wo uld take 35 h o u r s l o nger than th e

, ,

o th e r pip e al o ne t o fill t h e ta n k At what ti me w o uld t h e .

tank b e full i n e ach ca s e ?

5 . In th e
quati o n C e
2
a
2
b 2
, 2 b 2 and

c 13, what d o es b e q ual ?

6 . In th e e quati o n of Ex . 5, if b a 2 a nd c 58,
what d o es a e qual ?

I n Ex s .
—
1 4 , th e fo ll o wi n g n umbers may be u s ed to form
ne w p r o bl em s :
E xamp le 1 .
(a ) 20
(a 20 ; b 1 8; (b ) 13
c 35 2 ) (c ) 2 30

Exam p le 2 .
(a ) 8
(a 7 0; b 6; (b ) 4
c 1) (c ) 3

Ex ampl e 3 .
(a ) 3
(a 5; b 21; (b ) 12
c 24 ; d 1 1 ) (c ) 10
(d) 8

E xamp le 4 .
(a ) 3
(a 6; b 3 5) (b ) 8

AN S W ER S S U GG E S T I NG R E L A T E D PR O B L E MS

1 60 . A
gative an s wer to a quad r atic e quati o n may no t
ne

b e i nter p r etabl e a s a r e a s o n abl e an swe r t o th e p r o bl em

w hi c h gave r i se t o t h e e quati o n but may s ugges t a new ,

p r o bl em c lo s ely r elat e d t o t h e given o ne and havi ng th e

, ,

negative a nd p o sitive an s wer s i nt er change d S u c h a c as e .

i s t h e fo ll o wing :

M o d el far me r b o ught a her d o f c o w s f o r $4 00

E . A .

If ther e had been 4 m o r e in t h e her d the p r ice w o uld have ,

been 35 less apiece Ho w many wer e ther e ? .

 AN S W E R S S U GGE S TIN G R E LATE D P R O B LE M S 1 39

x th e umb er o f cows i n th e her d

n .

4 0
2 t h e n u mb o f d o lla s paid f or o n e
er r cow .

400 400
5
x x 4 .

0 = 5 x
2
+ 20 x — 1 600 — 400 :c — 1 600
0 = x
2
+ 4 x — 3 20
0 (a: 16) (x 2 0) G) f act o r ed
16; a: ® b y Ax A .

Ans . 16 co w s .

C HE C K : 16 for $ 400, $ 2 5
c o ws apiece
4 mo r e , or 2 0 co w s , f o r $ 400, $ 2 0 apie ce
25 20 5

No w w e c an c h a nge t h e alge b r ai c s e n se o f th e p r o bl em by
ch a ngi ng wo r d s lik e m o r e t o l e s s a nd vi ce ver sa T h e .

n e w p r o bl e m w o uld r e ad : A fa r m er b o u ght a h e r d o f c o w s

fo r $4 00 ; if t h er e h ad b ee n 4 l es s i n t h e h e r d th e y w o uld ,

h av e c o st 35 mo re api e c e Ho w m any w er e th ere ? .

Let x th e n u mb er o f co w s i n th e he d
r .

400 400
5
a: x 4
‘

Wh en ce x 20 o r ,
—1 6 .

C HE C K : 2 0 c o w s f o r $ 400 , $ 20 api ece

4 l es s o r 1 6 c o w s f o r $ 400
, , , $ 2 5 api ece
25 20 5

E XE R CI S E 56

I n t h e fo llo w mg p r o bl em s t h e negative an s wer s s ugge s t

,

re a e l t d p r o bl em s in t h e o pp o s it e alg eb r aic s en s e .

Th ere ar e 4 0 r o o m s in a h o u s e a nd 3 m o r e r o o m s o n
'

1 .
,

e ac h fl o o r tha n th e r e a r e fl o o r s i n t h e h o u s e Ho w many .

fl o o r s a r e t h er e ?

2 . C o m par i ng a pail with a 14 0 quar t tub a man c o n -

,

c lud e d that th e tub h eld a s many pai lful s a s the pail h e ld

14 0 QUA DRATI C E QU ATION S

quar t s . He fo u n d h o we ver t h at
, , th e tub h eld 4 pailful s
mo r e . W h at wa s th e c apa c ity of th e pail ?
8 . In d er t o s av e 4 h o ur s o n h i s r e gular t r ip o f 1 2 6
or

mil es , a st a ge d r i v er fin ds it n e c e s s ar y t o go 2 mil es an h o u r
fa st er t h an h i s u s ual r at e W h at i s h i s u s u al r at e ?
.

W h at i s t h e p r i c e o f eggs w h en 1 0 m o r e
4 . in , a d o llar ’
s

wo r t h l o w e r s t h e p r i c e 4 c e n t s a d o z en ?
5 . A re ct angular
c o ntai ns 1 % a c r es I f i t s l eng th i s
fie ld .

i n c r ea s e d by 2 0 f eet a n d i t s b r eadt h dimini s h e d by 1 8 feet ,

i ts a r e a will b e dimi ni s h e d 2 34 0 s quare f e e t What are i ts .

di men s i o ns ?
—
Fo r E x s 1 5 t h e f o ll o wi ng n umb er s may b e u se d t o f o rm
.

n ew pro l e m
b
Ex ampl e 1 ,
.
(a ) 35
(a 40 ; b 3) (b ) 2

Ex ampl e 2 .
(a ) 88
(a 1 40 ; b 4) (b ) 3

Ex ampl e 3 .
(a ) 6

( a. 4; b 1 26 ; (b ) 17 6
c 2) (c ) 3

Ex ampl e 4 .
(a )'
5

( a 10; b 4) (b ) 1

Ex ampl e 5 .
(a ) 2

( a 1 5; b 2 0; (b ) 24
c 1 8; d 2 3 40) (c ) 20
(d) 3 120

M EA N I NGL E S S AN S W ER S

1 61 ach f h f ll wi n g p r o bl em s a n a n s w er will b e
I .o t n e
e o o ,

o btai ned which s a ti s fie s t h e quad r ati c e quati o n but h a s n o ,

r e a so n ab le i n t e r p re tati o n i n t h e p r o bl e m which gave r i se

to that e quati o n ; and the an swer may n o t even s ugge st a

r e lat e d p r o bl e m .
 M EA NIN G LE SS A N S WE RS 14 1

E XER CI S E 57

1 . square b ox 7 i n ch es high a nd wi th o ut a c o v er h as
A
288 s qua r e i n ch es o f i n s id e s u r fac e What i s the s i z e o f the .

b o tt o m ?
2 Of t w o lar g e whe e l s o ne ma kes 4 8 tu rn s m o r e than th e
.
,

o th e r i n r o lli n g a mil e Th ei r ti r e s s t r aight ene d o ut a n d

.
,

laid en d t o end wo uld r ea c h 2 1 feet What ar e th ei r c i r

, .

cu mfer en c e s ?
3 . p r i nt er s s ta r t i n o pp o s it e di r e cti o ns fr o m t h e
Two s

mid dl e p o s t o f a s t r aightaway 44 0 ya r d t r a c k In o n e -
.

s ec o n d t h e y a r e 2 1 ya r d s apa r t a n d o n e o f th e m fin i s h es
,

h i s S p r i n t 2 s e c o n d s ahead o f the o th er What i s th e .

s p ee d o f e ach ?

4 A tan k c o ntai ni ng 4 gall o ns i s fille d by o ne pip e a n d t h en

.

imm e diat ely em pti e d by an o th er bo th o p er ati o n s r e qui r in g ,

j u s t 5 h o u r s ; o ne pip e d e liv er s 3 gallo ns p er h o u r m o r e

than t h e o th er How many gall o ns ca n e ach pip e d eliver
.

in a n h o u r ?
5 A ma n r o w s 5 m ile s d o wn s t r e am a n d back i n 4 h o u r s
. .

Th e s t r e am fl o w s 3 mile s a n h o u r Ho w fas t can th e man .

r o w i n s till wat e r ?

In Ex s .
—
1 5 th e fo ll o wing n umb er s may be u se d to fo r m
n ew p r o bl e m s :
E x mp a le 1 .
(a ) 8
(a 7; b 2 88) (b ) 1 85

Ex ampl e 2 .
(a ) 40
(a 4 8; b 2 1) (b ) 23

E x amp le 3 .
(a ) 400
(a 440 b 21; (b ) 18
°

(c) 5

(a ) 6
(b ) 5
(c ) 7
142 QUAD RATI C E QUATIO N S

E Q U A T I ON S I NVO L V I NG I RRA T I ONA L N U M B ERS

1 62 . M ode l F . W h at i s t h e l ength o f o ne s id e o f a s quare
wh ose are a is 3 s qua r e f ee t ?

Let x th e n umb er o f feet in on e s ide o f th e s quare .

6) 2
x 3
C2) 3 0 Q) 3
This last e quation co ul d b e wr tenit
x
2
0 ame valu s
s e

In quatio n
e 3 i s t h e s ymb o l for a n umb er that , m ultipli ed by
its elf w o uld give 3 for a pro duct
, .

Q) (x V 3) (x 0 f act or e d
163 . Th e
act valu e o f ex ca nn o t b e w ritt e n i n o r di
n a r y fig u r e s T h e s quar e o f
. giv es t h e s qua r e o f
giv es t h e s qua r e o f giv es a nd

so o n T h e s quar e s a r e n e a r e r a n d n e ar e r t o 3 but n e v er
.
,

e x a c tly e qual t o i t Agai n t h e n umb . er s 1 3 , 1 1 13

8
44 , ,

1 49 giv e s qua r e s that a r e ne a r er an d nea r er to 3 but n ev er

, ,

e x actly e qual to it .

N umb ers that ca nno t b e exactly ex pr es s ed in o rdin ary

figu r e s a r e call e d i rr ati o n al n umb e r s .

1 64 Wh eth er w e u s e t h e symb o l
. which re p res ent s
th e ex act valu e o f t h e n u mb er that multipli e d by it s e lf will
give 3 f o r a p r o du c t o r w h et h er w e use a m o r e o r l es s a o
,

cu r at e app r o x imati o n (s u c h a s or or will

d ep en d in e ver y ca se o n th e u se that w e i nt en d t o make of
o u r r e s ult s .

In g en er al if the r e s ult s ar e t o b e u s e d fo r ar ithmeti c al

,

c o m putati o n o r fo r m e a s u r em ent it i s d es i r abl e t o us e th e ,

app r o x imat e valu e th e numb er o f figur es b e ing cho sen a o

,

c o r ding t o the needs o f t h e p ro blem If o n t h e o th er h and .

, ,
 E QUATION S INVOLVIN G I RRATIONAL NU M BE RS 14 3

we i nt en d to use o ur r es ult i n f u r th er algebr aic w o r k th e ,

algeb r aic s ymb o l V 3 may be fo u n d mo r e c o nveni en t Sy s .

t emat i c metho d s o f d e ali ng with s uch s ymb o l s will b e given

in lat er y ea r s .

1 65 Th e r oo s of
t
equati o n x 3 o r o f a ny e quati o n
th e 2
.
,

which re du c es t o 8 2
s o m e n u mb e r a r e s aid t o b e equ a l ,

a nd opp os i te That i s t h e valu e o f x tu rn s o u t t o b e e ith er

.
,

a pa r ticular n umb er o r i t s n egative Thu s th e e quati o n .

x
2
16 giv e s 18 4 a n d a: — 4 .

No tic e t h at th e wo r d r oot mean s an enti r e ly differ en t thi ng

in th e fo llo wi ng s ente nce :
Th er e ar e two s qu ar e r oots of 1 6 (o r o f a ny numbe r )
’

is a nd th e o th er

166 . A quad r atic e quati o n with o ut any fir s t d eg r ee -

t er m is s o m e tim e s c all e d a pu r e q u a d r ati c e qu ati o n .

1 67 We c anno t facto r by i ns p e c tio n the e quati o n

.

8
2
10 x 20 0
By c o m pl etin g th e s quar e o f w hich 4 1 0 x ar e th e fir s t t wo t erms ,

w e chan g e this e quatio n in t o th e f o r m o f t h e differ en ce o f tw o s quar es ,

an d o btain 10 x 2 5) 5 0
w hi ch c an b e wr itt en (a: 0
an d f act o r e d thu s (x 5 (x 5 V 5) 0
Us in g th e value V 5 thes e f act ors b eco me
(a: (x 0

E XE R C I S E 58

Fa c t o r t h e fo ll o wi ng ex p r es s i o ns an d find the app r o x imate

n u me r ical valu e s o f yo u r f act o r s u s i ng ,

1 .
(x —2 5 .
(a —6 9 .
(A + 10) — 2
10
—3 2 — —
2 .
(x 6 .
(a + 1 ) 2 1o .
( 16 p 6
—5 2 — —
3 .
(x 7 .
(5 + a ) 5 11 .
(2 x 3
4 .
(2 x — 10 8 .
(p — 3 12 .
( m + 7)
4 2 —5
1 44 QUA DRATI C E QUATION S

S o lve t h e fo ll o wi ng e quati o n s
13 . x
2
+ 6x 20 . 2k — 2
2 4 k + 62 = 0

14 . x
2 — l ow + 15 = 0 2 1 . 4 8
2
+ 16 x
2
15 . x + 2 x 22 . 2 p + 12 p + 8 = 0
2

16 . A + 6A
Z -
1 =0 23 . x
2 = 0
2 — 2 4 p + 14 1 = 0 2
17 .
p 24 .
p + 3p
25 . X + 5X 2 = 11

19 .
2
t + 3o t + 22 o = 0 26 . a
2
+ 1 7 3 = 17 3. . a

2 7 . 344 — 2
113 = 52 6 . x

PE CU L IAR Q UA D RA T I C S
1 68 . M o d el G . S o lv e t h e e quati o n
x
2 = 3 x

CD x
2 = 3 x

( 2) x
2 —3 m= 0 —3 x
(3) x (x 3) 0 fa ct o d re

x = 0
, x = 3 ® b y Ax A .

No tic e that th e valu e x 0 sat i s fie s th e e quati o n . Thi s

e quati o n is s aid to h av e on e null r o ot .

1 69 . M odel H . S o lv e t h e e quati o n
x
2 = 6x — 11
x
2 = 6 x -
11
x
2 —6 x + 1 1 = 0 —6 x + 11
(x 2
® sa me val u es

S in c e6) s u m o f t w o s qua r e s
i s th e w e cann o t fact o r ,

i t ; t h e app e a r a n c e o f s uch a n e quati o n s h o w s that s o m e

ab s u r dity e x i s t e d i n t h e s tat e ment o f t h e p r o bl e m th a t
gav e r i s e t o i t T h e e quati o n i s t e c h n ically s aid to h av e
.

i magi n ar y r oo ts E quati o ns o f thi s typ e will be s tudied

.

i n lat er years o f th e mathematic s c o u r se .

 PE C ULIAR QUA DRATI C S 145

E XER CI S E 59

r 1Thre e times th e s quar e o f a numb er i s equal

. to 10
tim es th e n umb er it se lf W h at i s th e n u mb er ? .

2 . A roo m i s twic e as l o ng asit i s wid e , a nd its flo o r con

tai ns 1 44 5 quar e fe e t Ho w wid e i s it ?

‘

s .

3 A s quar e
. roo m 9 fee t h ig h tak e s twi c e as much pap er
to c o ver t h e wall s as to c o v er th e c e ili ng W h at i s th e s i z e
.

of t h e c e ili n g ?

4 . In mil es a n h o u r a man take s 8 h o u r s

a cu rr e nt of 2 ,

l o nger t r o w 24 m il es up st re am than t o r o w th e s am e di s
o
tan c e d o wns t r e am Ho w fa s t can h e r o w i n s till wat er ?
.

5 . d s by 1 8 i s mad e 35 3 s quar e ro d s i n ar e a
A field 2 0 ro

by c utti ng o ff a s tr ip o f u nifo r m widt h o n t h e l o nger s id e

a n d addi n g a s t r ip o f t h e s am e width o n t h e e n d What i s .

t h e W idth o f t h e s t r ip s ?

6 . A s quar e b o x 9 i n c h es high h as 300 quar e i n ch es m o r e

s

on th e s id e s tha n o n t h e b o tt o m . What are t h e di m ens i o n s

of th e b o x ?

7 . One ma n take s 4 h o u r s l onger than ano th er t o s aw a

cord o f wo o d a nd b o th w o r ki n g t o ge th er c a n s aw it i n 3
,

h o urs . Ho w l o ng wo uld it tak e e ac h m an wo r ki ng al o ne ?

8 . wh eel s the s um o f w h o s e c i r c umf er en c e s i s e qual
Tw o ,

t o 8 ya r d s r o ll t h e s am e di s ta n c e
, Th e n u mb er o f tu rn s .

m ad e by o n e whe e l add e d t o t h e n u mb e r o f tu r n s m ad e b y
,

t h e o th er wh ee l giv e s a s um e qual t o t h e n u mb er o f ya r d s
,

i n thi s di s tan c e Fi nd th e ci r cu mfer en c es o f t h e wh eel s

. .

Use a l ett er fo r th e n um b er o f ya d t av e
r s r rse d ; als o o n e o the lett e
r r .

9 li n e 1 00 c en tim e t er s l o n g i s divid e d i nt o two part s

. A ,

s uch that t h e l o ng er pa r t i s c o n tai n e d i n the wh o l e li ne a s

man y tim es a s th e s h o r ter par t i s c o ntained in the lo n ge r

part What i s th e length o f e ach par t ?
.
 QU AD RATIC EQ U ATI ONS

10 . Ac ro s s th e
back o f a s qua re building lo t a rectangula r ,

pi e ce o f g ro und c o nt a inin g 1 820 squa re feet i s added Th e .

lo t is th e n fee t d e e p What is i ts fro ntage ? .

17 0 . M odel I . S o lve t h e quati o n

e

5 08 x 34 20

G) x
’
508 a: 3420
CD 2 3 4 x" + 508 x
.
—3420
x + 21 7 x
’
.

1
4
a: 2 63 0 ca) ame valu es
s

(x 0 6) s a me valu es

(1 : (x 0 (6)facto red
Q) (x (x 0 s a m valu es
e

a: x G) by Ax A .

CH E CK x x
29 x
2
7 29
680 x" 1 7 100
508 1: - 2 7 40 508 1: —1 37 00
3 420 3400

A 1088 lab o ri o us check is to multiply th e fact ors (a: (x

wh ich gives x 146 s uffic iently cl s e to , o

Th n th e t ra n fo r mati o n ( ) to 6) wo uld have to b e c h c cked by mul

e s 2

ti plyi ng X a nd X 14 6 .

E XERCI S E 60
2
1 . 93 4 13 2
-
1: 183 0
”
2 . x 43 5 . x 0
3 . x 0
2
4 . x

° 1 82
x (x
9 x
2
x 0
1
3 x x
2

2
9 x x

9 x 2
x

10 . x (3 5 5 x
.
 C HAPTER VIII
SO ME T H EO R EMS O F GEO MET RY

17 1 . Geo me try
igi nall y mean t la nd -mea s ure men t Th e
or .

anci ent Egyp tians c ul tivated lands o n which t h e landma r ks

we re per io di cally was hed away and they fo und i t nemes ,

sary to meas ur e and re l o cate the ir h o ldi ngs U po n the ir .

wo rk the Greeks bas ed a wo nde rf ul sc ie n ce whi ch is gro w ,

ing even at t h e p rese nt day So me o f t h e theo rems o f that .

s ci en c e we re s ta te d i n C ha pte r III as r ules fo r m eas u re ,

me nt U po n the m d e pe nd thom that fo ll o w so me o f the

.
,

mos t im po rtant a nd f un da menta l fac ts i n geo met ry .

17 2 .
'
It
cus to mary to re p rese nt the num b e r o f degrees
is
i n eac h angle o f a t r ia ngle by the capita l l e tte r t ha t st ands
a t tha t ve rte x ; and to use t h e c o rr es po nd ing s mall le tte r to

rep res ent t h e le ngth o f t h e s id e o ppos ite t hat ve rte x .

C apital lette rs a re us ed the n fo r the names o f po in ts , ,

and fo r angl n umbe rs ; s ma ll lette rs fo r t h e names o f lines

e-

and fo r length numbe rs C apita l lette rs a re us ed a lso fo r

-
.

area-n umbe rs and fo r the figures ha vin g the are as thus

,

deno te d .

Thus ,
in th e tri angle A BC , A
re pres ents th e th e lo wer po int at
r ig ht han d co r ner
- a th e s i de o p po ,

s ite A ; A re p rese nts also th e numb e r

of degrem i n th e angle A an d a th e
Fro
.
1
n umb er of feet , in ches , o r o ther
length-uni ts in BC S is th e tr ian gle its elf,
. or i ts area number
-
.

A line ma y be named by a si ng le lette r , as a ; or b y two

o f its po ints as BC ,
.
1 48 S OM E THE O RE M S or GEOM ETR Y

angle may b e named by a s ingle lette r as A ; or by

An ,

three p o i nt s (o ne fr o m e ach s ide and th e ver tex in th e middle)

as BA G .

A t riangl e may b e n ame d b y a s i ngl e l etter a s S ; by ,

i ts
th re e ver tices as A B C ; o r by i ts th r ee s id es a s a b c
, , .

S OM E R AT I O S os AREA

17 3 . Two tri angles i ns cri b ed i n th e sa me s tr i p e h ave th e

sa me ra ti o a s th ei r b as es .

t ian gles 8 and 8 have thei b a es b

Th e r 1 2 r s l

an d b i n lin e an d th ei r v ertices a e at o ne
2 ,
r

p o int C o n s e qu ently b o th t ian gl es can b

. r e

ins crib ed in t h e s ame s t rip e .

Le t p e p r es ent th e b re adth o f th e s tr ipe

r .

Then 6) S 5p ; Fo rmula
()
2 32 5 5219
s 5p
32
81 bx
s ame values
s. bz

quatio n 6) is th e algebraic s tat ement

E of

F IG . 2 .
what we had to p ve ro .

E XE R CI S E 6 1

17 4 . M o d el tr iangl es i ns c r ib ed i n th e s ame
A .
-
Tw o
s t r ip e hav e a t o tal a re a o f s q ft a n d t h e i r ba s e s hav e. .
,

a r ati o Fi n d th e a r ea o f e ach t riangl e .

Let 81 umb er o f s qua e feet in a ea of firs t t rian gle ;

n r r

8 1 n u mb er o f s quar e f ee t in a re a o f s ec n d t ian gl e
2
o r .

S ince t h e t r ian gl es hav e th e s ame r ati o as th eir bas es 8 , 2 SI .

Wh ence G) 8 8 1 1

8 ( D s ame valu es
() 2 1

6) 81 6) X
A ns . Th e areas are sq . ft . an d sq . ft .

CHE CK :
 SO ME RATI OS o r AREA 1 49

Th e tu dent is advis ed to draw diagrams for th e probl ems r eferr ing

s

to geo metric figu res E v en a r o ugh dia gr a m will so me ti mes h elp

. .

Fi nd the ar e a s o f t h e fo ll o wi ng t r iangl e s which ar e i n

s c rib e d i n t h e s am e s t r ip e

1 To tal a r e a o f th e two t r iangl es

. sq ft ; r ati o o f ,
. .

bas es 3 ,
.

2 To tal a r e a o f th e tw o t r iangl es 605 s q y d ; r ati o o f

.
,
. .

bases ,

3 T o tal a r e a o f t h e two t r iangle s

. s q i h ; r ati o o f , . .

bas e s ,

4 To tal a r e a o f the two t r iangl e s

. s q cm ; r ati o o f , . .

bases ,

5 Th e a r e a o f a t r ap e z o id i s
. sq i n , a nd t h e tw o . .

ba ses have a r ati o o f Fi n d t h e a r e a s o f t h e tw o t r i

angles fo r m e d by d r awi ng a diago n al o f t h e t r ap e z o id .

6 One ba s e o f a t r ap e z o id i s 2 3 p er c en t l e s s than t h e
.

o th er a n d t h e a r e a o f t h e t r ap e z o id i s s q ft Fi n d t h e . .

a r ea s of t h e t wo t r iangl es mad e by a diago nal .

If o neba s e i s 2 3 p er cent les s than th e o th er it , is 7 7 . of it ; that is,

th e r atio o f th e bas es i s 7 7 . .

17 5 . M o d el . Of
tr ian gl es i ns c r ib e d i n t h e
B tw o
s am e s t r ip e o n e h a s a n a r e a 2 3 p e r c e n t g re at e r tha n t h e
,

o th e r ; t h e i r ba s e s di ffe r by i h Th e b re adth o f t h e s t r ip e .

is j u st 1 in Fi n d th e a r ea s o f t h e t r iangl e s
. .

Since o n e t ian gl e i s 2 3 p er cent gr eat er than t h e o th er th e r ati o o f

r ,

th e t ian gl e i s
r but sin ce th ey a e in th e s ame s trip e that i s als o
s r ,

t h e r ati o o f th ei bas es ; wh ere f o re r

Let b n umb e o f in ch es i n o n e bas e

l r .

Th en b n umb er o f i n ch es i n o th er bas e
l .

6) 51 bl
()
2 23 b l 6) s ame values

6) bl X
81 5 b1p 5 ( 1) 5 18 s q in
. . .

32 5 ( 1) sq . in .

A ns . Th e a e as
r ar e sq . in . an d sq . in .

C HE C K : . 23 of an d
1 50 SOM E TH EO RE M S or GE OM ETR Y

F ind the area s of th e fo ll o wi ng t r ian gl es i ns c r ib e d in th e

s am e s t r ipe

7 . Are a o f o ne t r iangle 4 0 pe r c en t m o r e t h a n th e o th er
di fferen c e o f bas es 1 2 i n ; width o f s t r ip e 4 0 i n
, .
, .

8 .Ar e a o f o n e t r iangl e 53 p er c e nt m o r e t h an t h e o th er ;
differen c e o f bas es f t ; widt h o f s t r ip e
, ft .
, .

9 .Are a o f o n e t r iangl e 5 3 pe r c en t l es s tha n t h e o ther ;

s um o f ba ses d
y ; ,width o f s t r ip e yd .
, .

10 Ar e a o f o ne t r iangl e 68 p e r c ent mo r e t h an t h e o t h er
.

s um o f ba s es 7 83 r d ; widt h o f s t r ip e 92 6 r d
,
. .
,
. .

11 A t r ap e z o id i s divid e d by i t s diago nal i n t o tw o tr i

.

a ngl e s o n e o f w h i c h i s 4 8 p e r c en t gr e at e r t h an th e o t h er
,
.

T h e ba ses o f t h e t r ap e z o id di ffe r by ft a n d t h e widt h o f .

,

t h e s t r ip e i s in Fi nd th e ar e as o f th e t r iangl es
. .

— Th e
.

17 6 . Model C . diago n al o f a t r ap e z o id in .

hig h divid es it i nt o t riangl es w h i c h di ffer by 0394 . sq . ft .

T h e upp er ba s e i s p er c e n t l es s tha n t h e l o w e r . Fi nd
t h e ba ses .

Let b n u mb er o f inch es in l ow r bas e e .

Th en . 7 64 b n u mb e o f in ch e i n uppr b as e ( 100% s er .

5 b n u mb e f s qua e i n h es i n a ea o f la g r t ian gl
r o r c r r e r e .

5 b) n u mb er o f qua e inches i n a ea f s mall t ian gl e

s r r o er r .

G) . 5 b 5 b) . 039 4 X 14 4 .

b 902 b .
6) s ame valu es
27 8 b ( ) s ame valu es 2

(9 b . 27 8

6) 7 64 b G) X . 7 64
A ns . Th e bases are an d inch es .

C HE C K : On e t ian gl e r 5 ,
sq . ih .

O ther trian gle 5 ,

sq . ih .

Difference sq . in . . 0395 s q ft . .

12 .
diago nal o f a t r ap e z o id 8 i h h igh di v id es it i nto
Th e .

triangl e s whic h di ffer by 1 6 s q i n Th e upp er base i s 2 5 . .

e r cent l e s s tha n t h e l o w er ba se Fi n d t h e ba s e s
p . .
 SO M E R ATIO S O F AR EA 151
6 .

13 diago nal o f a t r ap e z
. Th e high divide s it i d 5
59 3 i n .

into t riangl es whi c h di ffe r by 3 s q in Th e uppe r ba s e . . .

is pe r c ent m o r e than t h e l o we r ba s e Find t h e bases . .

14 . diago n al o f a t r ap e z o id
Th e ft high divid e s it .

i nto t r iangl es whi ch diff er by sq ft Th e uppe r ba s e . .

is p e r c e n t l e ss tha n t h e l o w e r Find t h e ba s e s . .

177 . If two tr i a ngles h a ve one a ngle in ea ch th e sa me, th ei r

a r eas h a ve th e sa me ra ti o as th e pr odu cts o f th e si des th at
i nclu de th e equ a l a ngles .

t iangles 8 and 8
In th e two r 1 2, s uppo se th e angl e m ad e by th e lin es 11;
an d z i s A d e gr e es ; als o that
th e an gl e mad e by t h e li n es b
an d c is A d e g r e es T h en a .

tr acin g o f th e trian gle 8 c an 1

b e mo v e d o v e 8 s o that t h e r 2

angles mark e d A wil l e actly x

fit .

S upp o s e th e do tt e d li n e in
di cat es t h e n ew p s iti o n o f o

th e bas e o f 8 1Th en dr aw
.

a diagonal in th e fi gu r e
(82 —S l ) , a nd call th e s haded FIG . 3
trian gle X
.

Th e t rian gl es 8 an d 8 1 1 X c an b e i n c ib d
s r e in t h e s ame s trip e .

Then their r atio is e qual t o th e r atio of th eir bas es

81 y
SI X b

Th e trian gl es 8 1 X an d 82
1 c an als o b e i n s cr ib ed in a s t ip e r .

81 X 2

s2 2
SI yz
82 be
(D X

Ther ef or e , atio
th e r of th e a e as
r of th e trian gl es 8 an d 8 e quals th e
1 2

ratio o f th e pr o ducts , yz an d b e, of th e s id es that in clu d e t h e e qual

an gl es .
1 52 S OM E TH E O RE M S OF GE OM ETR Y
E XER CI S E 62

17 8 . M od e l D t r iangl e A BC i s
. Th e s id e AB of th e
f t a n d t h e s id e A O i s
.
, ft On A B i s m e a s u r e d o ff .

AX ft a n d o n A O A Y . ft
, What fr a c ti o n , .

o f t h e a r e a o f A B C i s A X Y? What per c en t ?
S in ce A B C an d A X Y have A as a co mmo n an gl th eir areas ha ve th e e,

r ati o d e s cr ib e d i n S cti o n 1 7 7 e

S ?j 2
G) 8 b
1
F o rmula
_

e
2

AX Y X
m “ valu es g
AB C x
AX Y 1 61
A BC 1 02 5
s ame valu es
AX Y
6) A BC
. 1 57 ( 3) s ame values
A ns . A X Y is 1 57 . of A BC, or p er cent .

C HE C K : 15 7 X X
161

1 . T r ia ngl es A RS a nd FGH have angle s A an d F e qual .

AR 20 i n .
,
FG 35 in .
,
AS 2 8 in .
,
an d FH 60 i n .

What fr a c ti o n o f FGH i s t h e t r iangl e A RS ? What per c en t ?

2 Tr iangl es HK L a nd HM N hav e angl e H c o mmo n
. .

EX cm HL cm E M .
,
cm a nd .
,
.
,

cm Fi nd what par t o f HM N i s th e t r iangle

.

HK L Al s o w h at per c e nt o f HM N i s HK L?
.
,

3 Tr iangl es A BC a n d A DE h ave a ngl e .

'

A c o m mo n AB ft A O ’
ft . .
, .
,

AD ft an d A E ft Fi n d .
, .

what r ati o ex i s t s b etween th e a r eas o f t h e

t ria ngl e s a n d w h a t per c ent e a c h o ne i s o f ,

th e o t h er .

17 9 . M o d el E —
tr ian gl e X YZ
In . th e ,

X Y is f t l o n g an d X Z i s ft l o ng
.
,
‘

. .

On X Y the p o i nt P i s m a rked a n d o n X Z ,
F 4
the p o i nt Q s o that X P X Q Th e lin e P Q
°

.
,
 SO M E RATIO S OF AREA 1 53

cuts o ff a t r iangle 7 3 p er c ent less than the area of X YZ .

Ho w l on g i s X P ?

Le t x n umb e o f fee t in X P and in X Q

r .

Then , s in c e X P Q i s 2 7 p er c en t o f X YZ ( 100%

x
£3
P
6) . 27
(2 8 7 1353 ) 3
S e cti on 1 7 7

. 27 X X x
2
Q) X x

x
2
( ) s ame
2 values
6) 1:

A ns . XP ft .

C HE CK : X ( 100% X
. 27 X

4 t r iangl e A DE AD
. In in A B , in and .
,

A B al o ng A D i s 129 7 i n C i s a po int o n A E T r iangl e A BC

’

.
. .

is pe r c e n t o f t r ia n gle A D E H o w l o n g i s A O? .

5 t r iangle M NO M N
. In in M O i n a nd
, .
,

MX o n M O i s twic e a s l o n g as M E o n M N T r iangl e M HK .

i s 44 pe r c e nt o f t r iangl e M N0 Fi n d t h e l en gth s o f M H a nd .

MK .

6 . In t r iangl e E FG, E F ft EL
on EF i s whil e E M o n E G i s
ft .
,

ft Tr i angle E LM i s
.

u
p e r c e n t less
than t r iangle E FG Ho w l o ng i s E G? .

1 80 . M o d el F li ne RS di
. A st r a ight
vid es a t riangl e A B C i nt o a s m all er t r iangle
a nd a qu a d r ilat er al (a f o u r — s id e d figu r e) ,
FI G . 5 .

whi c h h av e ar eas o f s q in and . .

sq ih . r es p e ctiv e ly
.
, Th e r ight s id e s o f t h e
. two t r iangles
have a r ati o 5 and t h e l eft s id es di ffer by in .Find
th e l ength s o f t h e l e ft s id e s .
1 54 SO M E THE OR E M S OF GE OM E TRY
Le t y an d 4 y n umb er o f in c h es in r ight ides s ,

3: an d x 14 n u mb e o f in c h
r es in l eft s ides .

ABC xy

A RS y
se ct“ 17 7
(x 14) 4

6) 6) s ame values
(x 1 4) 4

( 3) 4 (x 14) a: ( 2) X 4 (x 1 4)

G) x 907 . x (3) s am e valu es

( 5) 907 . 2:

a: C5)
l 07 8 =. x + 14
A ns . Th e left s ides a re in . an d ih .

y
CH EC K 2 18 2 18
( 4 y)
‘ ‘

7 . At aight li ne divid es a t r iangl e into a s mall er t r iangle

s r

a nd a quad r ilat e r al which h av e ar eas o f , sq ft a nd . .

s q ft re s p e c tiv e ly
. .
, Th e l e ft s id es o f t h e two t r ian gle s
.

h ave a r ati o 5 a n d th e r ight s id es differ by

, ft Fi nd .

th e l en gth s o f t h e r ight s id es .

8 . A t aight lin e c ut s a quad r ilat er al w h o se ar ea i s 3 00

s r

s q ft fr o m a t r ia n gl e wh o se a r e a i s 4 3 8 s q ft
. . Th e la r ge r . .

t r iangl e h a s e qual s id es ab o ut t h e c o mm o n a ngl e Th e .

s m all e r t r i a n gl e h a s o n e s id e 5 o f o ne o f t h e e qual s id e s o f

t h e lar ger an d t h e o t h er s id e 1 0 fe e t l es s t h a n o n e o f th e s e
,

e qual s id es Fi nd th e s id es o f th e t r iangl es ab o ut th e c o m
.

mo n an gl e .

9 . A quad r ilat er al w h o se ar ea i s sq in
,
by havi ng . .
,

two o f i t s s id es ex t en d e d fo r ms a t r i a ngl e w h o s e a r e a i s
-

sq in .On e s id e o f t h e t r iangl e i s e qu a l t o t h e s id e o f t h e
.

quad r ilat er al which w a s ex t en d e d t o fo r m i t Th e o t h er s id e .

o f t h e t r ia ngl e i s i n l e ss tha n th e c o rre s p o n di n g s id e o f

.

the quad r ilate r al ext end e d t o fo r m i t Find the l ength s o f .

th e two li ne s men ti o n e d in th e las t sen ten c e .

 S IMILAR F I GURES 1 55

S IM I L AR FI GU RE S

1 81 A po lyg on a flat cl o s ed figur e the b o undar y o f

IS ,

which i s en ti r ely c o mp o se d o f s t r aight li ne s .

I f two p o lygo n s c o ntain th e s ame n umber o f angl es o ne ,

a ngl e o f e ith er p o lygo n m ay b e t h o ug h t o f a s c o r res p o ndi ng

t o a n a ngl e o f t h e o th e r p o lyg o n t h e n ex t a ngl e o f t h e fir s t
,

p o lygo n t o th e n ex t an gl e o f t h e s e c o n d a nd s o o n,
.

Any s id e o f o ne p o lygo n lyi ng a s it d oe s b e tw ee n t h e

,

ver ti c es o f two angl e s may th en b e s aid t o c o rr es po n d to

,

th e s id e o f t h e o th er po lygo n that c o m es b e tw e en t h e c o rr e
s po nd i ng a ngl e s .

1 82 . p o lygo ns ar e s i m ilar whe n th e c o rr es p o ndi ng

Tw o
a ngles a r e e qual a nd W h en at t h e s am e time t h e r ati o o f a ny
,

two c o r r es p o n di ng s id es i s e qual t o t h e r ati o o f any o th er tw o

c o r res p o ndi ng s id es E x cept i n th e ca se o f tr iangl es it i s
. ,

p o s s ibl e f o r th e c o r r es po ndi ng a ngl es o f two p o lygo ns to be

e qual W ith o ut th e s e r ati o s b e i n g e qual .

FIG . 6 .

Th us , i n th e t w o p o lygo n s K an d M th e an gles that are l ett e ed r

alike are e qual . Th es e an gles co me i n th e s ame s e qu en ce aro un d each

p o lygon . Th e s id es a an d 93 co me b e tween c o rr es p o n din g a n gl e ; s o d o
s
1 56 SOM E THE O RE M S OF GE OM ETR Y
b and y, c an d 23 . Hen ce ,
a an d x ar e co rr e s p o n din g s ides ; b an d y, c

an d 2: als o c o rr e sp ond .

Th e ati r o
3i s g at tha
re n er 1;
g is l es s than 1; co n s e q u en tly ,
g 3
Pr eci ely th e s ame s tat e men t s
s ar e t ru e of th e re ctan gl e and th e
s qua r e ; i n th e s qua r e o f c o ur s e , ,
a: y .

1 83 . Th e fo ll o wi ng th eo r em ab o ut t r ia ngl es th en i s no t , ,

tru e of p o lyg o ns h avi ng m o r e t h an th r ee s id es .

If two tr i angles h a ve
th e th r ee a ngles of o ne
equ a l, r es p ec ti vely, to th e
th r ee a ngles o f th e oth er ,

th e r a ti o o f a ny two corr e
s p ondi ng s i des is equ a l

to th e r a ti o o f a ny o th er

two co rr es p o ndi n g s i des .

That i s ,
in su ch a c a se ,

th e tr i a ngles are s i mi la r .

F1 G 7
t ian gl s A B C
In th e two r e

an d X YZ ( n a m d b y th i
. .

e e r

ve tices ) s upp s e A X B
r ,
o ,
Y, C Z p sent th e a ea o f AB C
re re r

by 8 and th e area f X YZ by S
1 o 2 .

S ince A X, G) g; 2; Se ctio n 17 7

S ince B Y,
Z; gi
— Se ctio n 17 7

S ince a z, ()
3
$2 $2 Se cti o n 1 7 7

5
2; z;
; z;
z
2g
2 3
H en ce ,
th e r atio s and
S all qual ar e e .
 S IMI LAR F I G UR E S

E XER CI S E 63

1 . the fo ll o wi ng stat em en t t r u e ?
Is If t wo ight tr iangl e s
r

ha ve o ne acut e angl e t h e s am e th ey ,
a re s imila r Give th e
.

re a s o n s fo r y o u r a n s w e r .

2 . T wo t r ian gl e s A BC a nd P QR have A B
Q a nd R Ar e t h e t r iangl e s s i milar ? S tat e
yo u r re a s on s .

1 84 . Model G
ight t r iangl e s hav e e ach an acut e
. Tw o r

a ngl e of T h e lo n ges t s id e s di ffer by i n a nd th e .

,

s h o r t e s t s id e s a r e r es p e c tiv e ly i h and
,
in Ho w ,
. .

l o ng ar e the l o n ge s t s ide s ?
Le t x no . of in ch es i n th e l on ges t s ide o f o ne tr ian gle .

Then a: no . of in ches in t h e l o n g es t s id e o f t h e o th er .

to
Q) S e cti o n 1 83
a: 93 4
x x 23 1 4 .
G ) X (x
()3 x 23 16 .
C)
2 3;

a: 182 .

( 5) x 211 .
Q)
l o n ges t s ides are 182 an d 2 1 1 i nches
A ns . Th e .

1 82
C HE C K 864 860 . Thi s IS as clo se a ch eck as co uld
,
. .

211
b e exp ect e d c o n s id eri n g th e o p er ati o n i n
,

A
r3 . Tw o
ight t r ian gl es each have a n acut e a ngl e o f
r

Th ei r l o nges t s id e s di ffer by 30 i n a n d th ei r s ho r t es t s id es .
,

ar e in and in . Fi n d th ei r lo n ge s t s id e s . .

°
x 4 . Two t r iangl e s e ach hav e angl e s o f 68 an d an d

t h ei r s h o r t es t s id e s d iff e r by in T h ei r lo nges t s id es .

ar e i n and . in Fi n d t h e s ho r t es t s id es
. .

5 . One
ight t r iangle h a s an acute angle o f
r an o ther
a n a c ut e a ngl e o f a n d th e i r s h o r te s t s ide s a r e in .

an d i n r es pectively Find thei r lo nge s t sides ; they

.
, .

di ff er by in .
1 58 S OM E THE O R E M S OF GE OM ETR Y

6 . ight t r iangl e h as an a c ut e angl e o f

O ne r ano ther
an acut e angl e o f a nd th ei r l o n ges t s id e s a r e ft and .

ft r e s p e c ti v e ly
.
,
Fi n d th e i r s h o r t es t s id es ; th ey differ
.

by ft .

7 . Two t r iangl es ar e s i m ilar ; th e lar ge s t angl e o f o ne i s

a n d t h e s m all es t a n gl e o f t h e o t h er i s W h at a r e
th e o th e r a n gl es ?

1 85 . M o de l H . Tw o t r ia n gl es i mila r ; tw o s id es o f
a re s

o ne are ft . and ft a nd t w o s id es o f t h e o th e r
.
,

have th es e s ame l ength s In th e .

fir s t t r ia ngl e w e have o mitt e d

t h e s h o r t e s t s id e a n d i n t h e ,

s e c o n d t h e l o ng e s t What are .

t h e l e n gt h s o f t h e m i s s i ng s id es ?

co r e We can fin d th e r atio of r

p n di n g id e in th es e t wo t r ian gl s s o s s e

b y di vidi n g by (th e s ides

o f me di u m le n gth ) Thi s gives .

f r t h e ati o o f a ny s id e in th e lar g er o r

FI G 8 t ia n gl e t o i t s c o es p n di n g s id e in r rr o

t h e m aller t ian gl In u s in g t hi s
. .

s r e .

r atio, w e mu t b e ca f ul al w ays t o hav e fo r th e n u mer at o r o n e o f th e

s re

s ide s o f th e la r g e t ia n gl e r r .

t
6) Se ct on
i 1 83

()
2 t Q) x

C3) Se ctio n 1 83

(4) (s) x s

6) s (9
Ans . Th e m iss in g s ides are ft .
,
an d ft .

N o t e that fo ur - figur e accur a cy i n a numb er b e ginning With 1 is little

b e tt er than thr ee - figu r e accur acy in a n umb er b egin ning with 8 .

C HE CK
 S IMILAR R I G HT TR IA N G LES 1 59

I n the fo ll o wi ng tabl e valu es a b e and a of , , , ,

'
, b
'
,

r e s ent the c o rr e s p o n di n g s id es re s p e c tiv e ly o f , ,

tw o
t r iangles Find th e length s o f t h e mi ss i ng s id es
. .

’ ’
a b a b
20 30 50
77

4 60
69 7 .

14 . Tw o t ria ngl es ,
A BC a nd P Q R, have A e qual to
B to Q to a nd R to Ar e t h e t r ia ngl es s i m ila r ?
S tat e yo u r re a so ns .

15 . t r iangl es a r e s i milar ; t h e lar ge s t a ngl e o f o ne i s

Tw o
7 a n d t h e s mall es t a ngl e o f the o th e r i s What a r e
th e o th e r a ngle s ?

S I M ILAR R I G H T TR I A NGL E S
1 86 . If
kno w o n e acut e a ngl e o f a r ight t r iangle we
we ,

kn o w that th e r ati o s o f t h e s ide s o f that t r iangl e a re t h e

s am e r e s pectiv ely a s t h e r ati o s o f e v e r y r ight t r ia ngle that
, ,

h a s that acut e a ngl e .

Thi s i s t r u e b e cau s e tw o s uch t r iangle s wo uld hav e thei r

c o r re s p o ndi ng a ngle s e qual Th e tw o r ight angl e s are e q ual .

a n d e ve r y t r ia ngl e h a s t h e s am e numb e r o f d e gr ee s i n t h e

s u m o f i t s a ngl e s

For ex ample ,
in a ight tr ian gle havin g o ne an gle e qual to
r th e
r atio of th e tw o p e p endi cula s id es i s ab out 5 7 7 If th e an gl e
r r . . is
th e atio is 364
r . . If t h e r ati o i s 83 9 If th e r atio is
. If .

th e r ati o i s
I n e v ery cas e th e r atio giv en i s th e r ati o o f th e s i de o pp osite th e acut e
,

an gl e t o th e o th er p er p en dicular s ide .
 1 60 SO M E THE O R E M S OF G E OM ETR Y

1 87 . In ight t ria ngl e t h e r ati o o f th e s id e o pp o s ite

a ny r ,

an acut e angl e t o the o th e r pe r p en di c ula r s id e i s call e d t h e

tan g ent o f that a ngl e .

T h e o th e r r ati os i n t h e t r ian gle al so have n am es but fo r th e p resent ,

we hall co ns ider thi s o n e o nl y

s .

Th e tan g en t o f a n an gl e o f 2 3 i s wr itt en t an

Th es e r ati o s c a n b e as c er tai ne d by a cc u r at ely c o nst r u c t

i ng a r ight t r iangl e havi ng t h e r e q ui r e d a ngl e a n d c a r e fully ,

m ea s u r i ng t h e s id es T h er e ar e o ther a nd mo r e a cc u r at e
.

ways o f a s c ertai n i ng th em T h e r ati o s hav e a cc o r di ngly

.

b een fo u n d fo r ev er y angl e that o n e islik e ly to n eed and

,

they a r e publi s h e d i n b o o k s o f table s . A tabl e o f ta ngent s

fo r e v ery d egr e e i s give n h er e .

E XE R CI S E 64

a 1 88 . M o d el I .
-
On e of th e p e r p e n dicular s id es o f a
r ight t r iangl e is ft .
, a n d the acute a ngle nex t t o it i s

What i s th e a re a of t h e t r iangle ?
 S IM ILAR R I G HT TR IA N G LE S 1 61

Let a: th e n umb er o f feet i n s id e o ppo site th e 23

°
angle .

3: °
t an 23

x fro m Tabl e
()
2
7
12
. 424 6) t an

a: x
Th earea o f a tr ian gle e qual s 5 bas e
X altitud e ; h en ce th e a e a o f thi s tr i
,
r
PI G 9
angle i s 5 s q ft or . .

1 One le g
. of a r ight t r iangl e i s in u a nd the angle
o pp o s it e i s What i s th e a r e a o f th e t r iangl e ?
Th e p e p en dicula s ides
r r of a ight tr ian gle a e call e d le gs
r r .

2One leg
. of
a r ight t r iangl e i s ft a nd . th e adj acent
angle i s What i s th e a r e a o f t h e t r ian gl e ?
3 . Th e tw o a r ig h t t r ian gl e di ffe r by
l eg s of ft and .
,

th e a c ut e a ngl e n ex t t o t h e la r ge r s id e i s What i s t h e
length o f e ach o f th es e s id es ?
Le t x an d a: p r es en t th e len gths of th e s ides and form
re ,
an

e quatio n by m e an s o f t an 3 7 tak en f o m th e Table o f Tan gen t s

°
r '
.

4The tw o l eg s o f a r ight t r iangle differ by

. in a nd

th e a c ut e angle o pp o s it e t h e la r ger leg i s Find th e

length s o f t h e l eg s .

5 The t w o l eg s o f a right t r iangle have a s um o f 4 0 ft

.

a n d o n e a c ut e a ngl e o f t h e t r ia n gl e i s Find t h e l ength s

o f t h e l e g s a n d t h e a re a o f t h e t r ia n gl e .

6 buildi ng lo t h a s
. A ft .fro ntage , an d th e a ngle made
with th e fr o nt li ne by th e diago nal i s What i s the
pe rimet e r ?
7 . ectangle h a s a perl meter o f
A r in .
, and th e diago
nal make s with o ne edge an a ngl e o f Find t h e d i men
si o ns o f the rectangle .
1 62 S OM E TH E O R E M S or GEOM ETR Y
8 . I n Fig . 1 0, A B a nd th e ba s e AB
in .Fi nd th e l en gth o f t h e altitud e 39 .

Let x t h e n u mb er o f in c h es i n o n e o f th e pa rt s o f t h e b as e an d
,

x th e n umb er o f inch es in th e o th er Th en fr o m th e two tan gent .

e quati o ns w e get t w o e x p r ess i o n s f or th e l en gth o f 9 whi ch give us an

2 ,

e quati o n f o r se ; With 1: f o u n d w e can o btain

.
p , .

FIG . 10 . FIG .

9 . InFig 1 1 .
,
A B an d AB ft . Fi nd
th e l ength o f h .

Use a me th o d s imi lar to that o f E x . 8 .

10 . a r e ctangl e i s4 32 8 s q ft and t h e diago nal

Th e ar e a of . .

mak es wit h o ne s id e a n angl e o f Fi n d th e dim en s i o n s .

11 Th e ar e a o f a r ight t r ia ngl e i s
. sq in a n d o ne . .
,

acut e angl e i s What a r e t h e l ength s o f th e l egs ?

P Y T H A GO REA N T H E O RE M
1 89 . The famo u s t h e o r em n x e t to b e give n i s c all e d t h e
Pythago r e a n T h e o r e m ,

aft er Pythago r as a pre ,

e mi n e n t Gr ee k g e o me te r .

I t w as at le as t par tially
kno wn c entu r i es b efo re h i s
tim e .

Th e s qu ar e of th e s lant
si de of a ri gh t tr i a ngle i s
Fm 12
equal to th e su m of the
. .

s qu a r es of th e perp endi cu lar sides .

 PYTHAGO REAN THE OR E M 1 63

In t h e triangl e a bc , th e line a is p erp endi cular t o b

therefo re Q) A B 90
Again 1) i s dr aw
,
n p erp en dicular t o 0 ;
th e fo e
re r A Y 90
a nd al s o (3) B X 90
Fro m th e e e quati ons w e o btain
s ()
4 X A
Y B
S i n ce
th s e th ee ight t iangl s a b c
e r r r e , ,
a p x, b py,hav e th eir acut e an gl es
th e s a me th e y a e s i mila
,
R e p res ent
r r . th e area o f a p sc by S and that
;

o f b p y by 8 ; an d s in ce2 S (8 ; 1 82 )

x a

a z

6 g 2
2
ca
: a X ao

cy 62
Q) x be
ca
: cy a
2
6 2

0 (1: y) a
2
b 2
s ame valu es
2
9 o
z
a
2
+ b

Fro m th e s imilar tr ian gl es 81 and S 2, w e ge t th e e quatio ns

33 p
’

P 1!
my 17 2
X by

E quati ns 0 9 and s tat e th r ee very imp ortan t relatio ns f o und

o , ,

i n e very r ight tr ia n gl e .

T h e s ig n m e ans i s s imil ar t o .

E XE R CI S E 65

X 1 . Th e two pe r pe n dicular s ide s o f a r ight tr iangle are

85 ft . a nd 1 32 ft r e s p e ctiv e ly
.
,
Ho w l o ng i s the s lan t s id e ? .

X 2 . Fi nd th e s ho r tes t s id e of a r ight t r iangl e when th e

o ther t wo s id es ar e ft . an d ft r e s pe c tiv e ly
.
, .

3 . If s quare s
c o n st r ucted o n the thr ee s id e s o f a r ight
ar e

t riangle and t h e lar ge s t o ne i s thr ee ti mes the a r e a o f t h e

,

s malle s t o ne what i s the r ati o o f the s q ua r es on the pe r

,

p di c ular sides ?
e n
1 64 S OM E THE O R E MS OF G EOM ETRY
4 Th e
lant s id e o f a r ight t r iangl e i s divid ed into two
‘

. s

part s by the altitud e ; t h e l engt h s o f t h e se part s are 54 ft .

a nd 96 f t r es p e ctiv e ly. Ho w l o ng i s t h e altitude ?

,
.

5 Th e di s tan c e s fr o m t h e fo o t o f t h e altitud e o f a r ight

.

t r iangle t o t h e ver tic es o f t h e a c ut e angl es ar e 2 5 i n and 1 2 .

ft r es p e c tive ly
.
, Ho w l o ng i s t h e s h o r t es t s id e ?
.

6 T h e altitud e o n t h e s lant s id e o f a r ight t r ian gl e i s

.

ft a nd o n e par t o f t h e s lan t s id e fro m t h e fo o t o f t h e

.
,

altitud e to a ver t ex i s ft Fi n d th e l ength s o f t h e o ther .

l in e s o f th e figur e .

it 7 Th e s lan t s id e o f a r ight t r ian gl e i s

. i n a nd t h e .
,

p er p en dicular s id es ar e in th e r ati o Fi nd th e p erpen

d i c ular s id e s .

X 8 T h e r ati o o f th e s lant s id e o f a r ight t r iangl e to o ne o f

.

t h e pe r pe n dicula r s id e s i s a nd t h e o th er s id e i s cm .

Fi n d t h e s id es o f t h e t r iangl e .

9 Th e fr a m e o f a kit e i s mad e with tw o pi e c es o f woo d

.
,

3 0 i n l o ng a n d 5 4 i n l o ng
. Th ey c r o ss at r ight angl es at
. .

t h e middl e p o i nt o f t h e s h o r t er pi e ce a n d 18 i n fr o m o n e en d .

o f t h e l o n ge r Fi n d t h e p er i m et er o f t h e kit e a nd i ts ar e a
.
, .

X 1 0 A ladd e r 4 0 ft l o n g i s pla c e d fo r s afe ty s s ake with

. .
,
’
,

i ts foo t 7 ft fr o m a buildi ng .Ho w far up the s ide o f th e .

b ui ldi ng will t h e ladd er r each ?

ANG L E S on A P O L Y GON

190 . Th e su m
a n gl e s o f a ny p o lyg o n i s giv en by
of th e
t h e f o r mula W ( n 2 ) wh e r e W r e p r e s e n t s t h e s um

o f the a ngle s a n d n t h e n u mb e r o f s id e s o f t h e p o lyg o n .

D ivide th e p o lygon int o t rian gl es by dr awin g all p o ssibl e diagonal s

from one v ert ex .

This will b e a co mmon vert e fo r all th e trian gles Two o f th e sides x .

o f t h e p o lyg on pass t h r o ugh t h i s co mm o n v er te x but each o f th e o ther ,

sid es ser v es as th e b as e f o r o n e t ian gl e r .

There will b e then jus t n 2 trian gles , , .

 AN G LE S OF A POLYGO N 1 65

Lett er th e an gles o f e ach trian gle with th e s ame letter that th e p o ly

gon had at that p o int but attach s uffi es acco r din g t o th e s erial nu mb er
, x

o f th e t rian gl e ; that i s i n th e firs t tr ia n gl e t h e an gl e s wo uld b e A

,
B I, l
,

C ; in th e s eco n d A 0 D ; i n th thi d A D E ; an d s o oh
I 2, 2, 2 e r 3, 3, 3 .

FIG . 13 .

Then s ince th e s um o f th e angle s

,
of a t ian gl e
r is we have th e
fo ll owing s er ies o f e quatio ns :
6) A 1 + B 1 + Cl = 1 80
A 2 + 02 + D2 = 1 80
()
3 A3 D, E, 1 80 an d s o o n .

There wo uld be n 2 of th es e quatio n s

e ,
one for e ach t riangle
A ddin g th e e quatio n s , w e s h o uld fin d A 1 A2 A3 A;
01 02 C ; D2 D3 D; an d so oh . In th e las t t wo t ian gl es
r ,

G5 + G6 = G, an s = H u s t as B 1 = B
, j
.

Then th e s u m o f th e lef t s ides o f all t h e e quati o n s wo uld b e A B

C W, an d t h e s u m o f th e r i ght s ides wo uld b e (n 2)
180 ; that is, W (n 2)

191 . e q ui an gu l ar po lygo n i s a p o lyg o n o f which all the

Ah
a n gl es a r e e qual An e quil ate ra l po lyg on i s o n e o f whi c h
.

all th e s id e s are e qual .

E x c e pt i n t h e ca s e o f a t r iangl e th e s id es o f a p o lyg o n d o ,

no t hav e to b e e qual wh en t h e a n gl e s a re e qual Thu s a .

s qua r e a n d a r e cta n gl e a r e b o th e q uia ngula r ; but th o ug h the

s ide s o f the s q ua r e are all e q ual the s ides o f the r ecta ngle ,

a r e no t .

1 92 . In t h e
cas e of an e quiangular t riangl e if we t ak e a ,

t racing o f th e t r iangl e and tu r n it o ver o n the o r iginal t riangle

1 66 SO M E THE O RE M S or GEOM ETR Y

(making the t r aci ng o f o ne s id e fit o n t h e s id e itself) the ,

a ngl es at t h e end o f that s id e o n th e t r aci ng will ex actly fit

o n the a ngl e s o f t h e t r ia n gl e b e c au s e t h e y a r e e qual ; and th e
,

o th er t wo s id e s will b e e x a c tly c o v e r e d by th e i r t r acing s so ,

t h at the o th er v er t ex angl e will al s o fit H en c e t h e theo rem :

-
.

An equi a ngu la r tr i a n gle i s a ls o equ i la ter a l .

I t is al s o t r ue that an e quilate al t rian gl e is e quian gular

r .

1 93 . A e gu l ar
r po lygo n is o ne that i s b o th e quilat er al
a nd e quiangula r .

M o d el J . Ho w many s id es are th er e in a re gular

p o lyg o n o ne angl e o f whi c h i s
Let n n umb er o f s id es of th e p o lygon .

( n —2 ) 1 80
Then 17 5 a nd n 72
n

E XE R CI S E 66

1 Ho w many d egr ee s ar e th ere m e ach angle o f an e q ui

.

lat er al t r iangle ?
2 Ho w many d egr ee s a re th er e i n e ach angl e o f a r egular
.

5 s ided p o lygo n ?
-

3 Ho w m any degrees i n e ach angl e o f a r egular p o lygo n

.

o f 6 s id es ? Oi 1 0 s id es ? Oi 1 2 s id es ? Oi 1 80 s id es ? Of
1 00 s id es ? Of 4 0 s id es ? Of n s id es ? Of 2 0 s id es ? Oi 2 3
s id es ? Oi 33 s id es ?
4 Ho w many s ide s in a regular p o lygo n o ne angl e of
.

W hich i s
5 How many s id es i n a r egular p o lygo n o ne angle o f
.

which i s
 CH AP TE R I X
T HE GR AP H I C AL M E T H OD
194 . A fo o t r ule h as
umb er s mar ke d fo r each i n ch a nd
n ,

th e s ubdivi s i o ns th o ugh n o t m a r k e d a r e kn o wn t o c o r
, ,

r e s p o n d t o c e r tai n d e fin i t e fr a c ti o n al n umb ers In t h e s a m e

.

way a ny s t r aig h t li n e may b e m ar ke d at c o nv en i e n t e qual

,

di s tan c e s s tar ti ng fr o m a po i nt whi c h may b e call e d th e

,

z er o p o i nt Th en t h e s ucc e s s ive mar ks o r th e i r di s tan c es

.
,

fro m t h e z er o p o i nt r e p r es en t s u c c e ss ive wh o l e n umb er s ;

,

a n d po i n t s b e tw e e n th ese m a r k s o r t h e i r di s ta n c e s f r o m t h e
,

z er o p o i n t r e p res en t f r acti o n al n u mb e r s
,
.

195 . S o mepo i nt s o n s uch a li ne c a nno t b e ex p r essed i n

figu r e s b e c au s e t h e y r e p r es en t i rr ati o n al n u mb e r s T h u s if .
,

we c o n s t r u c t a s qua r e with o ne s id e e qual t o t h e ( u n it ) d i s

t an c e b e tween tw o s u cc e ss iv e m a r k s a n d th en lay o ff o n th e
,

li n e fr om th e z ero p o i nt a di stan c e e qual to t h e diago n al o f

t h at s qua r e th e p o i n t so o btai n e d will r e p r e s ent
, Th e
n u mb e r 7 r i s r e p r e s en t e d by a p o i nt which ca n b e fo u n d by

r o lli ng a c i r c l e with u n it diam e t er fr o m t h e z er o p o i n t o ne

c o mpl et e tu r n t o th e r ight .

T HE AL G E B RA I C S C A L E

196 . P o i nt s i n gular o r d er to th e l eft o f th e z er o p o i nt

re

ca n b e tak en t o r e p r esen t n e gativ e n u m b e r s Thi s d evic e

.

h as th e advan tage that t h e di s ta n c e b e twe en tw o p o i nt s o n

th e li n e r e p r e s en t s t h e i r algeb r a i c di ff er en c e I f th e di s tan c e
.

r u n s fr o m l eft t o r ight t h e di ffe r e n c e i s plu s ; i f fr o m r ight

,

t o l eft it i s m i n u s
, .
1 68 THE GRAPHI CAL M ETHOD

Fo r ampl e m Fig
ex , . 1 , th e p o i nt s m ar k e d with d ot s are ,

r espectiv e ly —6 , , an d +8 .

FIG . 1 .

1 97 .li ne w h ich i s u s e d f o r r e p r esenting n umb ers in

A
thi s way i s c all e d a n al g e b r a i c s c ale .

Th e s c al e o f a the r m o m et e r i s a go o d illu s t r ati o n o f an

algeb r aic s c al e r u nni ng up a nd d o wn i ns t e ad o f r ight and
,

l eft Th e r i s e o f th e ther m o m et er i s th e algeb r ai c difi er en ce

.
,

go i ng up between two t emp er atu res ; a nd th e fall i s th e

,

difl er ence go i ng d o wn
, a negative n umb er
, .

E XE RCI S E 67

1 . Co ns t r u c t an algebr aic s c al e , o r se e l ct o ne on a piece

of s qua re d pap er ,
a n d o n it ma r k
as as a c cu r at ely p o ss ibl e
—
p o i n t s t o r e p r e s en t 1 0 6— 0 5 , , , ,

2 . Dr aw a r e c tangl e 2 u nit s l o ng an d o n e u n it high .

What n u mb er s ca n b e r e p r es en t ed by mar ki n g o ff a d i s
tan c e e qual t o i t s diago nal t o t h e r ight and t o th e l eft o f th e
, ,

z e r o p o i n t o n an alge br ai c s cal e ? To t h e r ight and t o th e

l eft o f t h e p o i n t r e p r e senti ng 1 ? W h at app r ox i mat e d e ci
m a l valu es might s e r v e t o l o c at e t h e po i nt s s o ma r ke d ?
3 . Dr aw a r e cta ngl e o ne u nit hig h o f w h i c h t h e ba s e ex ,

te n d s fr o m th e p o i nt 0 t o t h e p o i nt W h at n u mb er i s
r e p rese nt e d by m a r ki n g o ff a di s ta n c e e qual t o i t s diago nal ?

4 . On a n alg eb r ai c s c al e l o c at e t h e p o i nt
,
6 .

5 . Th e t emp er atu r e o f t h e b o dy o f a huma n b e i n g i n g o o d

h ealth i s Fah ren h eit ; t h e t emp er atu re at W hich co ppe r
melt s i s 1 900 F T h ese two p o int s cann o t b e accu r at ely
°
.

lo cat ed o n t h e s am e algeb r aic s cale Why no t ? .

 THE AL GEBRAI C S CALE 1 69

1 98 . When t wo n umber s are r elat e d to e ach o ther

that so

to e ach value o f o ne corr es p ond s o ne valu e o f t h e o the r a ,

diagr am c an b e m ad e i n whi c h each p ai r o f c o r re s p o nding

n u m b er s i s r e p r e sen t e d by o ne p oi n t o n t h e diag r am Ex .

ample s o f s uch n u mb er s a r e t h e di s ta n ce s t r aveled by a

tr ai n a nd the tim e s elap s e d s i n c e sta r ti n g ; the p r emium
c ha rged fo r a life in s u r an c e p o licy o f 31 000 an d the age o f
th e p e r so n i n s u r e d at th e date o f the i n s u r ance c o nt r act ; the
diamet e r o f a S ph er e a n d i t s a r ea .

I n Fig 2 i s s h o wn
. th e c d o f di s tan c e a n d tim e fo r two
re or

train s fr o m Bo sto n to Wo r ce s te r a t o tal di s ta n c e o f 4 5

,

mile s Thi s diagr am i s c o nst r ucted with h o u r s and mi nutes

.

alo ng th e b o tt o m a nd di s tan c e s up t h e s id e so that any po int

, ,

o n t h e diag r am r e p r e sen t s a c e r tai n di s ta n c e fr o m Bo s t o n

a n d a c e r tai n tim e o f day Diag r am s o f thi s ki n d ar e u s ed

.

i n tr ai n di s pat c h er s o ffices
’
Any p o i nt o n t h e li n e mar ke d
.

“
Ex p r es s t r ai n s h o w s by i t s h eight ab o v e the b o tt o m o f
th e diagr am h o w f ar th e t r ain h as go ne ; and by it s di s tan ce
fro m th e l eft s ide o f the diagr am it s h o ws th e time o f day .

“
S imilarly fo r every p o i nt o n the lin e mar k ed L o cal t r ain .
17 0 THE GRAPHI CAL M ETHOD

Wh en th e p r ess tr ai n o ver tak es th e l o c al th e i nter s e c ti o n

ex ,

o f t h e tw o li n e s wa r n s t h e t ra i n di s pat c h er that h e mu s t

p r o vide at th e pla c e a nd tim e i ndi c ate d by th e p o i nt o f in

,

t er se c t i o n o pp o r tu n ity f o r t h e t r ai n s t o pa s s
, .

T HE AL G E B RA I C DI A G RA M

1 99 . Alg eb r a , h o w eve r ,
m u s t i n c lud e
gativ e n umb er s
ne

a s w ell a s t h e o r di n a r y n umb e r s o f a r it h m e tic Go ns e .

qu e ntly an algeb r ai c d i agram m u s t b e m ad e t o i nc l u d e

,

r e p r esentati o n s o f n egativ e n umb e r s wh et h er pai r e d with

,

e ach o the r o r pai r e d W ith p o s iti v e n u mb er s .

FIG . 3 .

Fo r c o nv eni en c e in di s cu ss i ng t h e m att er we will use a: ,

a n d y t o r e p r es en t a ny pai r o f c o r r e s p o ndin g n u mb er s .

O ur diagr am i s c o n s t r uct e d by taki ng tw o s c al e li nes like t h e -

o ne d e s c r ib e d i n S e c ti o n 1 96 a n d placi n g th em p e r p e n di c ula r
,

t o e a c h o th e r with t h e z e r o p o i n t s t o ge th er
—
.

C all h i
th e o r z on a t l li h
ne t e X s c al e , o r ax i s o f x , a n d t h e

v er ti c al li n e t h e Y s c al e , o r axi s o f y
- .

Th en i magi ne v er ti c al li ne s d r awn th r o ug h e ach p o int o f

t h e ax i s o f x an d h o r i zo n tal li n e s d r awn th r o ugh e ach po int
,

o f t h e ax i s o f y .
 THE AL GE B R AI C DIAG RAM 17 1

A p o int which r e p r e s e n t s cc —2 y ,
4, mu s t b e th e
p o int which li es o pp o sit e 2 — in th e ax i s o f x, a n d o pp o s ite 4

in t h e a x i s o f y .

FIG . 4 .

Th epo in ts in Fi g 4 that r epres n t th e f o llo win g values o f a: and y a

. e re

mark ed with t h e co rr es p o n di ng R o m an n u mer als

I a: 4, y 2
II a: —2 y , 3
III a
: 3 ,
y 5
IV x y —3
V 2 2" y —2 %
VI 1: —2 5 y ,
—3
V II x —5 y ,
—3 5

Th e c o ns tr ucti o n o f p o i n t s t o r e p r e s e nt in thi s w ay c or

r e s p o n di n g n umb er s i s call e d pl o tti ng .

200 . Th e i
s ze pace b e tw ee n s uc c e ss iv e w h o le
of th e s

n umbe r s may b e mad e a s large a s c o nv eni ent and with lar ge ,

s pace s a go o d deal o f s ubdivi s i o n is p o s s ibl e I t w o uld s e em .

po ssible therefo r e to se cu r e gr eat accur acy i n a diagr am by

, ,
17 2 THE G RAPHI C AL M ETHOD

taki ng a large u nit s pa c e W h en t h i s i s d o ne h o wever th e

.
, ,

d r awing be c o m es s o u nwi e ldy that new s o u r c es o f er r o r ar i s e

a n d t h e r es ult s l o s e much o f th e i r p r e s u m abl e a cc u r a c y .

Wit h s mall diagr am s a nd o r di nary car e it i s u nlikely that ,

m o r e than two figur es can b e p r o p er ly re p r e s en ted ; but i n

large a n d c a r eful d r awi ngs t h ree figure s c an b e u sed .

Wh e n data a r e give n m o re accu r at ely than t h e diagr am

c a n r e p r es e n t o nly t h e availabl e figu r e s a r e u se d
, Fo r ex .

ampl e , a nd w o uld p r o bably b e d r awn as 38

and 58 .

2 01 .With pap er al r eady r ul ed th e i nt er val s o r s paces , ,

be tween r uli ngs m ay b e m ad e t o c o rr e s p o nd t o u nit s o r to

, ,

h un d r e dth s o r t o t enth s o r to any o th er d emmal p o siti o n

, ,

o f t h e digit s

m
.

Thu s i n pl o tti ng t e mp er atur e s o f m elti ng fo r e tal s t h e

, ,

i nter val m ight w e ll re p re sent 1 00 Fah renh eit In pl o tti ng °

.

t h e t e m p e r atu r es o f a day t h e int er val m ig h t r e p r e s ent

,

a nd i n pl o tti ng t h e te m p er atu re s o f a fe v e r pati e nt t e nt h s o f ,

“ ”
a d egr ee ar e u s e d T h e s cale o f t h e diagr am m u s t b e
.

d e c id e d up o n i n e ach cas e .

E XE R CIS E 68

Y 1 . I ns ur a n c e c o mpani es p e ct a p e r s o n i n go o d h ealth
ex

at th e age o f 1 0 ye ar s to live ye ar s l o nge r ; at 2 0 y ea rs ,

y e ar s l o nge r ; at 30 yea r s year s l o nger ; at 4 0 y ea rs

, ,

y ear s l o nger ; at 5 0 ye ar s at 60 y e a r s , at ,

7 0 y e a rs at 80 ye ars
,
at 90 years ,
Pl o t t h e ,

ex p e ctati o n s acc o r ding t o t h e ages .

2 .At 2 5 y e ars o f age o ne mu s t pay fo r a n o r di na r y life

,

i ns ur anc e po li c y p e r th o u s a n d ; at 3 0 y e a r s ,

p e r th o u s and ; at 3 5 yea r s at 40 y e
, a rs at ,

4 5 yea r s ,
at 50 year s at 5 5 y ea rs , ,

at 60 years ,
at 65 year s Pl o t the p r ices
,

acco rding to the ages .

 THE AL G EBRA I C DIAG RAM 17 3

3 . Th e
tr ain leaving Bo s t o n fo r P o r tlan d at 9 A M i s 12 . .

mil es away at At it is 1 7 mil es away ; at

4 0 mile s at 5 8 mil es (h er e th e t r ain waits ten minut es) ;
at 1 00 m il es ; at 1 2 1 15 m il es (P o r tlan d ) , .

Th e t r ai n l e avi ng P o r tla n d fo r B o s t o n at 9 A M i s 1 00 . .

mil es fr o m Bo s t o n at I t i s 84 mile s away at

7 0 m iles at 5 8 mil es at ( h ere the t r ain wait s
ten mi n ut e s ) 4 0 mil e s at 1 7 mil e s at 1 2 mil e s
at a n d r e ach e s Bo s t o n at

Pl o t o n a s i ngle diagr am the di s tance s fro m Bo s t o n c o rr e

, ,

s po nd i ng t o t h e tim e s f o r e ach t r ai n .

X 4 . a c e r tain M o n day t h e m o o n r i s e s at
On P M O u . .

Tu e s day it r i s e s at We d n es d a y at Thu r s day at

Fr iday at S atu r day at S u nday at
Plo t th e ti m es o f r i s i ng c o r res p o n di n g t o t h e day s .

5 . Th e n umb er of
mar ke table fe e t b o a r d m ea s u r e i n a , ,

Sp r uc e t r ee of t h e Adi ro n da c k fo re s t s i s 64 i f the diam e t er

b r ea s t h igh-
is 9 i n ch e s 83 if t h e diam e t er i s 1 0 i n ch e s
, ,

a nd 1 01 if 1 1 i n ch es Th en 1 2 7 15 6 1 89 2 2 5 2 63 3 03
.
, , , , , ,

34 9 , 396 44 7 , 5 03 , 5 64 , 63 0, 7 02 , 7 7 6 , 85 8, 94 8, 1 01 3 , 1 089 ,
,

1 2 60 fee t fo r diam et er s i n cr e a s i n g an i n c h at a tim e up to

,

3 0 i n ch e s C o mpute th e valu e o f e ach s i z e o f t r ee at $ 1 5

.

p e r th o u s a n d feet a n d pl o t th e i r,value s c o r r e s po ndi n g t o

th ei r diam et er s .

6 . Th e C e ntigr ad e a nd
the Fah r enh e it s cal es fo r th er ,

mo me ter s are u sed fo r r e c o r di ng th e s am e temp er atu r e s

, ,

th o ugh with di ff erent num b er s Thu s 32 F i s t h e sam e .

°
.

° ° °
temp er atu r e a s 0 C and 2 12 F i s th e s am e a s 100 C On
.
,
. .

a diagr am take o ne o f t h e ax e s to r e p r esen t t h e C entigr ade

,

s cal e t h e o th e r t h e Fah r e n heit and ma r k o n the diagr am

, ,

t h e two po int s that r ep r e s ent the tempe r atu re s he r e men

tio ned No w s upp o s e that all po int s r ep r esenting c o rre
.

S po ndi ng r eadi ngs o f the two s cales lie in line With the two
17 4 THE GRAPHI C AL M ETHOD

po i nt s j u s t m a rke d ; d r aw t h e li ne By m ea ns o f . th e li ne
yo u have d r awn a ns we r th e fo ll o wing qu es ti o ns :
,

W h at tempe r atu r e C en tigr ad e c o r res p o n d s to 68 °

F? . To
° ° °
1 04 F? . To 5 F ? . To -
40 F ? .

What temp er atu re Fah renh eit c o rre s p o n d s °

to 15 C ? . To
75 C ?
°
. To —5 ° C ? . To —40 C ? °

7 . c entimet er i s u s ed a s gener ally o n t h e c o nti nent

Th e
o f E u r o p e a s t h e i n c h i s with u s an d m u c h s c i e n t i fic w o r k i n ,

th e U nit e d S tat es i s d o ne with t h e m e t r i c s y s t e m 1 00 .

c enti met er s i s app r o x im at e ly in ch es a nd 1 2 i n ch es i s ,

app ro x i m at e ly c enti me t er s Tak e o n e ax i s fo r in c h es .

a n d t h e o t h er f o r c en ti me t e r s ; lo cat e th e two p o i nt s d e
s c r ib e d a n d th r o ugh th em d r aw a s t r aig h t li n e By m e ans .

o f t h e li n e a n s w e r t h e f o ll o wi n g qu e s ti o n s
,

Ho w m any c e nti me ter s ar e th er e i n 24 m In 1 7 i n ? .

In 5 0 i n ? . In 1 i n ? . In 44 i n ? . In 2 9 in ? .

Ho w many i n ch e s ar e th ere in 20 cm . ? In 50 cm . ? In
80 c m ? In 1 6 cm ? . . In 3 8 c m ? . In 53 cm . ?

2 02 . M o d el A . Pl o t t h e c o r r e s p o n di n g n u mb er s which
s ati s fy th e e quati o n 2x 3y 6 .

In this e quatio n ,
fo rvalue o f a:we can o btain a value of y Thus
an y .
,

if x 5, 2 x = 10, and w e hav e

6) 10 —3 y = 6
10 = 3 y + 6 ® + 3y
4 = 3y — 6
G) 1t = y -
3

A gai n if x 6 y 2
, ; i f x — 3 y ,
— 4 ; an d so o n ,
.

Thu w e ob tain th e f o ll w in g tab l e o f co rr es p o n din g nu mb ers

s o

a
t -
4, y —4 5 —1 5 x = 5
y = 15
—4
,

x — 3, y 5 x = 6, y = z

w —2 y
—3 5
—2
,

m= 0, y
= 8, y = 3 5
 T HE LO C US O F AN E QUATION 17 5

Thes e pairs o f n umb ers wil l be re p resented by th e p o in ts i n Fi g 5 ,

.

r unni n g up to wa rd th e r ight .

FIG . 5 .

TH E L o c u s OF E Q U A T I ON
203 . I t wo uld be
fo u n d o n t r ial that all th e o ther pai r s
, ,

o f c o r r e s p o n di ng n umbe rs which s ati s fy thi s e quati o n li e o n

th e s am e li n e i e , . the i r p o i nts fall i nto li ne with tho s e

.
,

al r eady put d o wn In fact t h e s tr aight li ne d r aw n thr o ugh

.
,

two p o i nt s t h at r e p r e s en t a ny t w o a n s we r s t o t h e e quati o n
i s a comp lete li s t o f all p o s s ibl e pai rs o f c o rr e s p o n di ng num
b er s that s ati s fy t h e e quatio n In o r d er to b e c o mpl e te .
,

thi s li n e an d t h e tw o ax es ar e s upp o s e d t o b e endl e s s i n ex te nt .

Thi s li n e i s call e d t h e l o c u s o f s u c h p o int s as s ati s fy t h e

e quati o n ,
o r f o r b r e vity t h e l o c u s o f th e e qu ati o n
, Th e .

wo r d locu s i s t h e L atin wo r d fo r p lace; it mean s h er e t h e

place to find all s u c h p o int s a nd no o th er s , .

204 . If fo r t em p er atu re f o n
a ny th e Fah r en heit s cale the
r e adi n g o n t h e C e ntigr ad e s c ale i s c, the two r eadi ngs are
c o nnect e d by t h e e quati o n

T hi s i s a n ex p ttcrt t fo rmula
'

fo r f .
 17 6 THE GR APHI C AL M E THOD

In t h e s ame w ay t h e e qu a ti o n
c 3 (f 32 )

is plicit fo r mula
a n ex fo r c .

An d t h e e quati o n
5f 9 c 1 60

is an f o rmula f o r e it h e r f o r c
i mp li c i t .

S h ow h w e quati n 6) o r ( ) co uld b d iv e d f o m
o o s 2 e er r

Defin e an e plicit f r mula

x Al s o an i mpli c it f o mula
o . r .

N o tice that an an swe r t a tw l ett e quatio n i a pai o f n u mb e s

o o- r e s r r

that wi ll s ati fy th e e quatio n We are s aid t o plo t th e e quation when

s .

we pl o t s uch pai s o f n umb e r s

r .

Plo t th e eq uati o ns C) an d Wh y are th e y all ep es ent ed by

2
,
r r

t h e s a me li ne ?

205 .With th e i nfo r mati o n w e al re ady h av e ab o ut s i milar

t r iangl e s it i s e as y t o p r o ve t h at ever y s tr ai gh t li ne i n an
,

a lgeb r a i c di a gr a m i s th e locu s of a n equ a ti on of th e fir s t degr ee .

accompanying figu e
In t h e r ,

wh e a s t aight lin e c o s es th
er r r s e

a is OX at A an d th e a is O Y at
x x

B, 0 A an d 0B ar e cons ta n t; l et
pr s ent th em by a and b us re e ,

r es p e ctively .

Then i f P repr s ent s any ,

e

p o int o n th e lin e AB OM nd ,
a

M P ar e th e v ri b l s that wo uld a a e

b e e pr e en t e d by a: an d y r e r s ,

s p e c t i v ely In o th w o ds a . er r ,

FIG 6 . . an d b a e t w o nu mb e s pr e r r re

s ente d b y t h p o in t at w hi c h thi s e s

lin e cr os s es th e a es ; x an d y a e th e two numb e

x r p s en t e d b y n y rs re re a

p o int o n th e line A B ; they will vary as we tak e di fferent p oints o n th e

line .

Fo any o ne p o s iti o n o f t h e p o int P s uch as th e o n e s h own i n t h e

r ,

i llus tr ati o n th er e ar e two ight t ian gl es w hich a e s i mila

,
r r ,
r r .

AMP A OB ( U n d er
. w hat c o n diti o n a e t w o ight t ian gl es r r r

s i milar ? Ho w do th ese two r ight trian gl es fulfill t hi s co n di tio n ? )

I n th es e two trian gl es M P y) in t h e
,
t r ia n gl e A M P co rr es p o n ds t o
 THE LO C US O F AN E QUATION 17 7

OB b ) i n th e t rian gl e OA B ; and M A a 2 ) c o rr es p on ds to
GA a ) . Then we have th e e quatio n
b
(D a

If w e m ultiply each s i de o f this e quation by a , w e ge t

“y
b
a 3:

Then ,
multiplyin g by (a x ) ,
b (a x) ay

Or , i n one o p er ation b (a x) ay X a (a x )
Thi s e quatio n can be changed i n form thu s
(3) ab bx ay 62) s ame valu es
= bx ® + bx
6) ab + ay

Thu s we hav e e stabli s h e d t h e fact that e ver y p o i nt o n the

s t r aight lin e r e p r e s e nt s t w o n umbe r s that s ati s fy a ce r tai n

e quati o n o f t h e fir s t d e g r ee t h e co e ffic i e nt s o f which ca n b e ,

a s c ertai ned i n advan c e by th e m ea s u re me n t s o f t h e figure .

Tak e a p o int n o t o n th e s tr aight lin e an d call it Q Dr aw Q N L0 X ,

cuttin g A B as at R Then R r epr e s ent s a n umb er—

.
, .

. pair that s atis fies

o u r e quati o n D o es Q ? C an y ou give an algeb r aic r e ason for yo ur
.

answer ? Dr aw yo u r o wn diagram .

Th e s i gn L me ans p er p en dicular t o
“
. .

E XE R CI S E 69

1 . Dr aw t h e diagr am an d fo llo w th r o ugh t h e p r oo f given

in S e cti o n 2 05 f o r t h e c a se wh er e 0 A 9 a nd OB 4 .

2 . Pr o c e e d as i n E x 1 , fo r
. the ca s e w h er e 0A 3 a nd -

0B 5; on ly ,
fo r th e s ak e o f s implicity ma r k t h e p o int P ,

on th e r ight of OY .

3 . In th e s ame way ,
find t h e e quati o n of th e li ne A B
wh er e a and b 1 .

4 . Fi n d al s o the e q uati o n of the lin e AB wh er e a 2,

—5 .

5 . In t h e e quati o n 33: 4 y 36 , what valu e o f x cor

r es po nd s to th e valu e y 0? W h er e i s t h e p o i nt that re p
 17 8 THE GR AP HI C AL M ETHOD

t t h i s pai r o f valu es ?
res en s W h at valu e o f y c o r r es p o n d s to
t h e valu e a: 0? W h er e i s t h e p o i n t t h at r e p r e s ent s this
pai r o f valu e s ?
2 06 . p o i nt s wh er e a li ne c r o s ses t h e ax es i n a n
Th e ,

algeb r ai c diagr am r ep r e s ent n u mb er s t h at a re c alle d th e

,

i nte r c e pts o f t h e e q u ati o n T h u s i n t h e d emo ns t r ati o n o f

.
,

S e cti o n 2 05 a i s th e i nt er c e pt o n 0 X ; b i s t h e i nt er c e pt o n
,

OY .

Th e i nte r c e pt s o f an e qu a ti o n t h en may b e define d as the

7
, ,

po i n t s t h at s ati s fy th e e quati o n a nd li e o n th e ax es .

Th e i nt er c e pt o n 0 X will h av e y 0 Th e valu e o f x
fi
.

r r es po n d i ng t o y 0 c an b e fo u n d fr o m t h e e quati o n a nd ,

will b e th e valu e o f a In t h e s ame way th e valu e o f b c an

.
,

be fo u n d by l etti ng a: 0 i n t h e e quati o n .

E XE R CI S E 7 0

1 . What a r e t h e i nte r c e pts o f t h e e quati o n 2 x 5 y 40 ?

Fo llo w t h r o ugh t h e p r o o f o f S e c ti o n 2 05 f o r t h e e quati o n o f

a s t r aig h t li n e havin g t h e s e i nt e r c ept s .

2 . What a r e th e i nt er c e pt s o f t h e e quati o n 3 y 4 x 60?

Fo llo w t h ro ugh t h e p r o o f i n t h e s ame way f o r
, ,
th e e quati o n

o f t h e s t r aight li n e havi n g th e se i nt e r c e pt s .

3 . Pr o c e e d i n t h e s ame way fo r t h e e quati o n 3 y 9 2 x .

4 . Fi n d i nt er c e pt s o f t h e
th e quati o n
e 7 y 27 .

W h at i s t h e tangen t of t h e angl e OA B i n the alge b r ai c dia

gr a m fo r thi s e q u ati o n ?
5 . Th e p o i nt 2, 3 s at i s fies th e e quati o n in Ex 4
. . M a rk
th e p o i nt N o n OX t o r ep rese nt a: 2 ; d r aw N Q . J 0X ,
.

maki ng NQ 3 W h at i s t h e tangent o f NA Q ?
. Ho w
d o e s thi s s h o w wh eth er Q i s o n A B ?
207 . Fr o m th e p r e c edi ng ex a mpl es it i s c l ear t h at fo r a ny
t wo - letter e quati o n o f th e firs t d egr ee w e c an fin d a pai r o f
 THE LO C US o r AN E QUATION 17 9

inte r c epts and a s t r aight li ne pass i ng thro ugh them With .

o u t a f o r mal p r o o f fo r th e p r ese n t we may tak e it f o r g r ant e d

, ,

that t h e e quati o n w e s tar t with W ill b e th e e quati o n o f th e

s t r aight lin e so o btai n e d .

We may c o n c lud e then that e ver y tw o l ett er eq uatio n o f

, ,
-

th e fir s t d e gr e e h a s fo r i t s l o c u s a s t r aig h t li n e .

I t r equi r es s o m e r efl e ct io n t o see that thi s s tate men t

diff er s fr o m tha t o f S e c ti o n 2 05 ; but it i s v er y i m p o r tant t o
app r e ciat e th e di ffer en c e I t b e c o me s c l e a r er wh en the
.

s tat e m e nt s a r e ex p r e s s e d i n t h e c o n diti o n al f o r m thu s ,

In t h e c a se o f an e quati o n f o r whi c h w e have pl o tt e d t h e

lo c u s o n a n algeb r aic diagr am ,

( ) f
1 I th e lo cu s i s a s tr a i gh t li n e i ts eq u a ti on i s a tw o l
,etter -

equ a ti on of th e fi r s t degr ee .

( ) f
2 I th e e qu a ti o n i s a tw o le t ter equ a ti o n of th e fir s t degr ee
-
,

i ts locu s i s a s tr ai gh t li ne .

Tw o s tat e m en t s r e lat e d i n thi s way s o that t h e c o n ,

di t i o n a l pa r t o f e ach i s t h e c o n c lu s i o n o f t h e o th er a r e ,

c all e d c o nve r s e s tateme nts .

E XE R CI S E 7 1

Fo r a c h o f th e fo ll o wi ng s tat emen t s s tate th e c o nve r s e

e , .

T h en ans wer fo r e a c h t h ese tw o qu es ti o ns : fir s t Is th e

, , ,

o r igi n al s tat e m en t t r u e ? S e c o n d I s i ts c o n ver se t r u e ? ,

1 . I f a man is v er y r i ch , he c an affo r d to pay h is car fare .

2 . If L e an d e r h a s b r o k en h i s l eg , he canno t s wim two

mile s .

3 . I f it i s r ai ni ng ther e , ar e c l o ud s the sky

in .

4 . I f I am yo ur t e a ch er , yo u ar e my pupil .

5 . If h is n am e is on th e vo tin g li s t , he c an vo te .

6 . I f a man plays th e c om et badly ,

he ann o ys his
n ei ghb o rs .
1 80 THE G RAP HI CAL M ETHOD

7 . If yo u feel tir ed yo u h ave walked te n miles to-day

, .

8 . I f my s tr aw hat i s r ui ne d a h o rs e h as s t epp ed o n i t
, .

9 . I f C aiu s liv ed i n C aes ar s ti me C aiu s h as b een d e ad

’
,

fo r centu r i es .

10 I f this b oo k w er e
. wr itten in Gree k it w o uld be hard
,

to und ers tand .

 CH AP TE R X

EL I M I NATI ON BY C O M BI NATI ON

208 . An
quati o n with two unkn o wn letter s impo ses a
e

c o nditi o n up on the values o f th o se l etters Fo r ex ample .

,

t h e e quati o n 2 3: 3 y 6 i s an implicit fo rmula fo r y

wh en the valu e o f x i s given o r f o r a: wh en th e v alu e o f y is
,

given Thu s it imp o s e s a c o n diti o n upo n the t wo n umbers

.

a: and y s u ch that W h e n a num er ical value i s ass igned to

,

e ith er th er e i s o ne and o nly o n e c o r r e s p o ndi n g value o f

t h e o the r Th e n atu r e o f t h e c o n diti o n impo se d by the

“

e quati o n i s i n di c ate d by d r awi n g i t s l o cu s E ver y po i nt o f

.

that l o cu s re p re se nts a pair o f n umb ers which will s ati s fy

th e e quati o n .

Tw o e quati o ns with tw o u n kn o wn lette rs in ea c h may

, ,

b e pl o tt ed upo n the s ame alg e b r ai c diagr am I f th e c ondi.

tio ns ex p r es se d by the s e equati o ns are u n de rs to od t o b e

impo s ed upo n th e same pair o f num b e r s —i n o ther wo r d s ;
,

if the abbr eviati o n s a: a nd y have the s ame m e aning in b o th

equati o ns — th en the equati o ns a re called s i mu l tane ou s .
,

Th e c o nditi o n s that they imp o s e can b e s a tis fie d by t h e

p o i nts that li e up o n bo th l o c i and by th o s e o nly .

To deter mi ne th e va lues of two unknown letter s two condi ti ons

a re necessa r y .

E XER CI S E 7 2

C o ns t r uct th e l o ci o f th e fo llo wi ng e quati o n s putting each

,

pai r on a se par ate diagr am

3 x 7
+ y = 17
2 . 15 x + 3 y = 39, 1 7 x —y = 31
181
1 82 E LIMIN ATION BY C OM BINATION

7 m+ 4 y = 4l , 3 x —y = 4
2 x + = 11 3 x 7
+ y = 22
y ,

5m+ 6 y = 5l , 6 x —5
y
2x — y
—4 7 x + 6y = 62
,

I t will fo u n d t h at t h ese pai r s o f li nes i n te rs e ct in the

be
p o i nt s give n b el o w ; th e p o int s a re n u mb ere d t o c o rres p o n d
wit h th e pai r s o f e quati o n s E a ch o f t h ese p o i nt s t h en .
, ,

sat i s fie s b o th e quati o n s i n t h e p al r t o w h i c h it c o rr es p o n d s .

TW O -L E TT ER P R O B LE M S

209 . M o d el A . Si x h o r s es a nd c o w s s ell f o r 3810 ;

11
13 h o r s es a nd 5 c o ws s ell at th e s am e r at e f o r 3 1 1 90 Fi nd .

t h e p r i c e o f e a ch a n i mal .

Let x th nu mb er o f d o llar s f o r o n e h o rs e ;
e

y th e nu mb er o f do lla s for o n e co w r .

=
(I ) 6 x + 1 1 y 81 0
(II ) 5y 1 1 90

21 0 . M o d el B — Six
. p o und s of tea and 11 p o u nd s o f
c o ffee se ll fo r 13 p o un d s o f t ea and 5 p o u nd s o f c o ffee
se ll at th e s ame r ate fo r What is t h e p r i c e o f e a ch ?

Le t a: th e umb e
n r of c n t s f o n p o un d o f t a ;
e or e e

/
1
.
th e n u mb e r o f c en t s for o n e po un d o f c o ff ee .

( III ) 6 x + 1 1 y
= 9 23
( IV) 13 x + 5 g = l 1 90

21 1 . fo u r e quati o n s that c o me fro m th ese two

In t h e
p ro bl em s a: and y do no t h av e t h e s ame m eani ng In (I)
, .

a n d ( II ) fo r e x ampl e a: s tan d s f o r t h e n u mb e r o f d o llar s i n

, ,

th e p r i c e o f a h o r s e ; i n ( III ) a nd ( I V) f o r th e n u mb e r o f c e nt s ,

i n the p r i c e o f a p o u nd o f t e a Wh en th e u nk no wn l etters .

in tw o e quati o n s s tand f o r enti r ely differ e nt quantitie s a s i n ,

 T WO —
LE TTE R P R O BLE M S 1 83

( II ) and ( III ) they mu s t ,

t r e ate d a s i f they wer e writte n
be
with different lett ers ; th e t er m s which se em to b e s imilar
a r e r eally n ot s im ilar I n (I ) a n d ( II ) w e s h o uld find that
.
,

x 380 and y 330; whil e i n ( III ) a n d ( I V ) w e s h o uld

fi n d that x 7 5 c en t s a n d y 4 3 c ent s .

212 . im ultan e o u s e quati o ns h o wever t er m s hav

I n tw o s , ,

i ng th e s a me l e tt er s a r e s i m ilar t er m s Any m e mber o f

’

e it h er e quati o n ca n be add e d t o o r s ubt r a c t e d fr o m a m e mb e r

o f t h e o t h er e quati o n a n d if t h e 2: te r m s (o r the y t erm s ) a r e

,

t h e s am e a r es ulti ng e quati o n may be o btained fr ee fr o m x

,

( y)
o r . Thu s f o r MOD E L A
=
(I) 6 x + 1 1 y 810
(II ) 5g 1 1 90

C)
3 30 x + 55 y = 4050 (I ) X 5
1 43 x 55 y 13090 (II ) X 1 1
Th e y t erms ar e n o w alik e . S ub tr acting ( ) fro m G) 3
,

G) 1 13 x 9040 Q)
a: 80 G) 1 13

To fin d th e valu e o f y w e may r etu r n to the o rigi nal

,

e quati o ns (I ) and ( II ) We make th e x t er m s alike by

, .

multiplyi ng (I ) by 1 3 an d ( II ) by 6 a nd th en s ubtr act the ,

r es ulti n g e quati o n s Or s i n c e w e kn o w no w that a:

.
, 80 ,

6a 4 80 we may wr it e i ns t e ad o f ( I )
, ,

Q) 4 80 11 y 810 ub s t in
s ( I)
—4 80
.

1 1 y = 330
y = 30 —1 1
Th e answer t o M O D E L A t h en i s $80 fo r each h o r se and , , ,

$ 30 fo r ea c h c o w In t h e s am e way we fin d fo r MOD E L B
.
, ,

7 5 c ent s a p o u n d f o r t ea a nd 4 3 c e nt s a p o u n d fo r c o ff e e
, .

Thi s i s th e m eth o d by which th e p o i nt s o f c r o s s ing w er e

fo u n d fo r th e s ix pair s o f lin es i n Ex er ci s e 7 2 I f th e x .

t erm s (o r the y t er m s ) a r e o f o pp o s it e s ign s i n the two equa

tio ns the equati o ns mu s t b e added in ste ad o f s ubtr acted to
, , ,
1 84 E LIM INATION BY C OM B INATION

ge t r i d o f that le tter alge b r aic wo r k r eally effe cts the

. Th e
r e ducti o n o f t h e t w o giv en e quati o n s t o tw o n ew equati o ns

i n t h e fo r m o f particula r valu es f o r a: and y .

M O D E L A C HE C K .

6 h o r s es at 380 $4 80 13 h o rs es at $80 $ 1 040

1 1 c o w s at $30 33 0 5 c o ws at 330 1 50
$81 0 $ 1 1 90
M O D E L B C HE C K .

6 p o u n d s at 7 5 . 13 p o u n d s at . 75
1 1 po u nd s at 4 3 . 5 po und s at . 43

E XERCI S E 7 3

S o lve t h e fo llo wi ng s imultaneo u s e quati o ns fo r a: and y ,

ch o o s i ng fo r e li m i n ati o n th e l e tt e r whic h r e qui r e s l e ss w o r k

1 . 2 x + y = 5, 3 x + y = 7
2 2 x + = 11, x 2
+ y = 7
.
y
3 . 3 x 2
+ y = 13 , x 2
+ y = 7
4 . 3 x 4
+ y = 13, 4 m+ y = l 3
x —y = 5

6 . x 3
+ y = 7, 3 x 5
+ y = 13

7 . 2 m+ 5 y = l 7 , 4 m+ 3 y = l3

m+ 2 y = l 2, x —2 y —8
° 2 x + = 12 , 3 x 2
+ y = 19
5
y
10 . x + 1 0 y
= 13 , x + 6y =9
11 . 2 x + 5y = 29 , 3x — 2y —4
12 . 3 x + y
= 11, 10 x — 3y = 5
13 . 5 x +4y 37 , 5 31 -
4 36 5
14 6 + 5y = 27 , 5 x + = 13
. x y
15 . 6 x —5 y = 9, 5 x —
y
= 17

16 . 2 x —y —2 , 3 x +y = 7
 —
TWO LE TTE R P R O BLE M S 1 85

2 + = 11, 3 x —y = 9
x y
18 2 x —y = 2, 3 x — = 5
.
y
19 . 4 x —y = 11

20 . 3 r —4 y
—l ,
4 x —y = 16

2 1 . 2 x + 3y = 27 , 3 x —2 y = 8
22 x + y = 11, x —3 —13
.
y
23 3 x
—5 —2 7 5 —3 = 27
.
y , x y
4 w + 5 y = 3 8, x —y —4
3 x +4y = 22 , 2 x — = l1
y
26 . x + 3 y = 12 , 3 r —2 y = 14

27 . 2 x 5
+ y = 36 ,
28 3 x +4y = 36 , 2 x —5
.
y
29 . 6 x —y = 20
, 6 x + 5y = 80
5 x + 1 0 y
= 15 , 5 x —3 y = 2
3 1 . 2 x —y = 9, 3 x + 1 0 y = 48
32 2 r + = l 6, 3 + 10 = 58
.
y x y
33 5 x —4 = 46 , 4 m+ l 0 y = 5 0
.
y
10 x + 3 y = 4 0, 5 x —2 y
35 . 4 x ¥ 3
y
—22 , x —2 y
36 3 x + 5y = 35 , 5 x —2 = 48
.
y
37 . 5 x —3 y = 44 , 4 x — 10
y = 20
38 . 6x + 5y = 41, 5 x —4 y = 26

39 . 6 x —5 y = 26
, 5 x 4
+ y = 38
6 x —5 y = 17 , 5 x —4
y = 15
4 1 5 w + 3 g = 53, 4 x — 10
.
y
5 x —3 y = 5, 4 x + 1 0 y = 66

3 w + 10 y = 85
5 x —3 y = 25 , 3 x — 10 y
45 . 5 x + y
3 = 38, 3 x — l 0y = 11
1 86 E LIMINATION BY C OM BIN ATION

46 . 5 x —3 y = 37 , 3 x + 1 0 y = 3 4
47 . 3 x —5 y —4 1 , 5 x 2
+ y = 35
48 3 x —5 —3 8 5 — 2 = 0
.
y , x y
49 . 3 x —4 y = 1 8, 2 x —5y = 5
50 . 3 x —4 y
= 14 , 2 w + 5 y = 40

213 . Th e
p r o c es s o f g e tti n g r i d o f a n u nkno wn l e tt er i s
c a ll ed e li mi n ati n g t h at l e tt er T h e m et h o d u s e d ab o v e .

i s c all e d eli minati o n b y c o mb i n ati o n Th er e i s ano ther .

m e tho d W h i ch will b e d es c r ibe d lat er

,
.

2 14 . tude nt i s advi s e d t o ch e c k h i s num er i c al wo rk

Th e s

i n advan c e by c o n s t r u c ti n g t h e l o c i o f t h e e q u ati o n s h e i s
to wo r k up o n a n d fin di n g t h e p o i nt wh er e t h e y i nt er s e ct .

Th e m o s t c o n ve n i e n t w ay o f c o n s t r u c ti ng t h e l o c i i s by
mean s o f t h e i nt er c e pt s I ns t ead o f a c tually d r awi ng th e
.

li nes o n t h e algebr ai c diagr am t h e s tudent will fin d it e as i er ,

to take a s h ee t o f t r aci n g pap er o n w h i c h as tr aight li ne h as

be en dr awn L ay th e t r a c i ng p a p er o ver th e algeb r ai c
.

diagr am s o t h at th e li ne lie s o n th e i nt er cepts o f o ne o f th e

t wo e quati o n s L ay a r ul er with i t s e dge o n th e o t h er two
.

i nter c e pt s ; a nd wit h a pi n m ar k t h e p o i nt w h ere thi s e dge

c ro ss es the t r a c i ng—pap er li ne T h i s p o i nt s h o uld c o rres p o n d
.

to th e valu es o f x a nd y i n th e a ns wer .

E XER CI S E 7 4

So lve th e fo ll o w ing e quati o ns :

1 . 2 x + 7 y = 36 , 5 m+ 3 y = 6l

= 34 , 9 2 = 24
2 . 5 x + 8y x + y
13 1 7 = 1 07 , 2 + y = 10
3 . x + y x

= 1 00, 7 + y
2 = 30
4 . 14 x + 9y x

1 5 y = 37 , 3 7
+ y = 35
5 . x + x

35 7 = 1 57
6 . 15 x + 19 y = 7 9, x + 1 y
 T WO —LE TTE R PR OBLE M S 187

6 x 4
+ y = 90, 3 m+ 1 5 y = 1 2 3
52 y + 2 9 x = 3 18

1 8 r + 9 8 y = 664 , 6 3 m+ 7 y = l 1 2

103 x + 3 9 y
= 94 1
2 x + 7 y = 49, 6 x —5y = 17

7 —4 = 2, 25 y — 13 x = 49
. x y
x — = 13
y
7 x — 17 y
= 22

5 x —3y = 17 , 12 y —7 x = 23

17 1 x — 2 13 y = 64 2 , 1 14 x — 326 y 244

9y — 7 x = 43 , l5 x — 7 y = 43

12 x + 7 y = 17 6, 3y — l9x = 3

43 x + 2y = 2 66 , 12 x — 17 y = 4

5 x + 9y = 1 88, 13 x —2 y
= 57

3 x + y
5 = 11
. 5 x —4 y = 57 , l7 x —3y = 1 62

. 3 x

7 y - 5 x = 14 3 , 3 x 5
+ y = 89
4 x + 11 y = 144 , 17 y —8m z
4 14

2 x —7 y = 8, 3y —9x = 21

19 x —3y = 14 8
4 m+ 3 y = l

. 59 y —l7 w = l 23 , 2 x — 13 y
13 x + 2 3 = 22 5
y

E XERC I S E 7 5 .

1 . c o ws I get 32 0 m o r e t h an I pay f o r 4 0 s heep ;

Fo r 8
an d fo r 1 6 s h ee p I pay $ 2 1 m o r e than I re ceive fo r 3 c o w s .

Fi nd th e p r ic e of e ach animal .
1 88 E LIMINATION BY C OM B INATION

Fi nd two n umbe r s W ho se di ff ere n ce

2 . is 1
35 of thei r su m ,

a nd i s 3 l e ss than 5 o f t h e la rge r n umbe r .

3 . In 1 0 h o u rs
walks 1 m il e le s s t h an B d o e s i n
A 8 h o u rs ;
a n d i n 6 h o u rs B walks 1 m il e l es s t h a n A d o es i n 8 h o urs .

Ho w m any mil es d oes e ac h walk pe r h o u r ?

I f A s m o ney wer e i n cr e ase d by 36 c ents h e wo uld
4 .
’
,

h av e t h r ee times a s m u c h as B ; if B s mo ney were in creased ’

by 5 c ent s h e w o uld have h alf as mu ch as A How much

, .

m o n ey h as e ac h ?
p o und o f te a an d 6 p o un d s of s ugar c o s t 7 2 c ent s ;
5 . A
if s ugar we re t o r i s e 50 p e r c ent a n d t ea 1 0 pe r c en t t h e s ame ,

quantity wo uld c o s t 84 c ent s Find t h e p r ic e o f th e tea .

a n d o f t h e s uga r .

Fi n d two n u mbe rs s u c h that 3 times t h e gre ater ex

.
6 .

cee d s twi c e t h e l e s s by 2 9 a n d twi c e t h e g r e at e r ex c ee d s

,

3 tim e s th e l e s s by 1 .

7 . Th ree m en
b o y s t o ge ther earn a nd 16 in 5 5
days a n d 4 m en with 10 b o y s ear n
,
x in 1 1 days .

What a re t h e daily wages o f e a c h o f t h ese men and b o ys ?

far mer b o ug h t lan d fo r 37 5 00 p ar t o f it at 380 pe r

8 . A ,

ac re a nd par t at $50 pe r ac r e Th e ch eap er land h e s o ld at .

a lo ss o f 1 0 pe r c en t a nd th e m o re valuable lan d at a gain o f

,

1 0 per c e nt On t h e who l e h e pro fite d $ 50 by t h e tr ans

.
,

a cti o n Ho w mu c h lan d did h e buy ?

.

9 . I f I divid e s mall er
umbe rs by th e greater
th e of tw o n ,

t h e qu o ti e nt i s 3 6 a n d t h e r e mai nd e r 64
. I f th e greater o f . .

t h e t wo n um b e r s i s divid e d by the s malle r t h e qu o ti en t i s 2 ,

a n d t h e r e m ai nd e r 2 7 Fin d t h e n umb ers .

~
l 10 . age s o f a fath er and a so n will be
Th e su m of th e
d o ubled in 2 5 years ; the diff e rence o f thei r ages is 5 of what
th e s um will be in 2 0 yea r s How o ld are they ? .
 TWO —
LE TTE R P R O BLE M S 1 89

11 Fi nd two numb er s s uch that 3 tim es the gr eater

.
ex

cee ds 5 t h e l ess by 4 3 9 a nd 3 tim es t h e l e ss ex c ee d s 5

,
th e
gr eater by 4 9 .

~ —
1} 1 2 . E ig h t ye ar s a go A wa s 5 ti mes as o ld a s B; 7 y ea rs
h en c e he will b e on ly twi c e as o ld . Ho w o ld a re th ey
no w ?

.
1 13
.
. A m e r c h an t o ff er s me 8 p o u n d s of blac k te a an d 24
po u nd s gr een t ea fo r $ 1 0 o r 14 p o u nd s o f th e bla c k tea
of ,

a nd 1 7 po u n d s o f t h e gr e e n t ea f o r t h e s am e s um I f it .

makes n o di ffe r en c e to h im which o ffer I acc e pt what are ,

h i s p r i c es pe r p o u n d ?

14 . A and B buy a h o r se fo r $ 5 5 0 A c an pay fo r

. it if B
will d v an c e 5 o f th e
a m o ne y h e h a s i n h i s p o c k e t ; a nd B
ca n pay fo r it if A will adva n c e 5 o f th e m o ney i n h is p o cke t .

Ho w mu c h m o ney h as e ac h m an ?
15 . A su m of qually am o n g a c ertain
m o n ey w a s divid e d e

number o f p er s o ns I f t h er e had b een 10 m o re perso ns

.
,

e a c h w o uld ha v e r e c e ived 32 l es s ; if t h e r e h ad b ee n 10 l e ss ,

e a c h w o uld h av e r e c e iv e d 33 m o r e Ho w many pe r s o n s .

wer e th er e a n d what w a s t h e s h ar e o f e a c h ?

16 . If a
ctangular lo t o f lan d wer e 8 fee t wid er and 2
re

fee t l o nge r it wo uld c o n tai n 960 s quare fee t m o re I f it

,
.

were 2 fee t n arr o wer a nd 8 fee t s h o r t er it wo uld c on tain 7 60 ,

s quar e f e e t l e s s What i s i t s a r e a ?
.
‘

17 .far mer b o ught a c er tai n quantity o f e ggs at 2 fo r 5

A
c ent s a nd o th er e ggs at 3 fo r 8 c en t s Wi s hi ng to sell them
,
.

to a re lat ive at c o s t h e n am e d a p r i c e o f 3 1 c e nts pe r d o z e n

, ,

but fo u nd h e wo uld l o se 5 c e nt s Hi s r elative th en s ug .

ges te d 5 fo r 1 3 ce nt s a nd the fa rme r accepted that p r ice

, ,

but made a pro fit o f 10 cent s o n the t ransacti o n How many .

d o zen we re the r e o f each kind ?

1 90 E LIMIN ATION BY C OM BINATION

18 . I t takes me times a s lo ng to walk ar o u nd th e e dge o f

16
a l o ng re ctangular field a s to walk dir e ctly ac r o ss i t Th e .

n ex t field w h i ch i s 3 0 f ee t wid er a n d 1 5 0 fee t s h o r t e r h a s

, ,

t h e sa m e a r e a W h at a r e t h e di me ns i o n s o f e a c h field ?
.

19 . An e l e c t r i c ca r 4 0 fee t l o ng r u nn i ng pa r all e l t o a r ail

,

r o ad ,pa s s es a t r ai n 4 55 feet l o ng r unn i n g i n t h e o pp o s ite

,

di re c ti o n i n 9 s e c o n d s Th e e l e c t r i c c ar i s lat e r o v er taken
,
.

a n d pa sse d i n 1 5 s e c o n d s by t h e s ame t r ai n r e t u r n in g at t h e

sa me s p e e d Ho w fa s t wa s t h e c ar go i ng ? Ho w fas t w as
.

th e t r ai n go i ng ?
20 . A c r ui s er feet l o ng pa s ses a battle s hip go in g in
t h e s a me di r e cti o n i n mi nut es ; r etu r ni n g s h e pa sses ,

t h e s a me battl es h ip i n 1 2 s e c o n d s Th e l en gt h o f th e battl e
.

s h ip i s feet S upp o s i n g e ach s hip mai ntai ns t h e s ame

.

s p e e d t h ro ugho ut h o w ma ny mil es per h o u r do they go ?

,

( 5 2 8 0 f ee t 1 m il e ) .

Fi nd th e fr actio ns d es c r ib e d as fo llo ws
2 1 . If adde d to th e n umerat o r th e valu e o f th e
4 is ,

fr acti on will b e c o me 1 I f 3 i s add e d t o t h e d eno minato r

.
,

t h e v alu e o f t h e f r acti o n will b e c o me 5 .

22 . I f 1 is s ubt ra c te d f ro m th e n umerato r the value o f th e ,

fra c ti o n will be c o me 5 I f 1 1 i s adde d to th e d eno mi nato r

.
,

th e valu e o f t h e fr acti o n will b e c o me 5 .

23 . I f 8 i s add e d t o th e numer ato r the value of the ,

fr acti o n will b e c o me 5 I f 8 is add e d to th e d enominato r

.
,

t h e v alu e o f t h e fr a c ti o n will b e c o me 5 .

24 . I f 1 7 is add ed to n umer ato r and to d eno minato r th e ,

valu e o f th e fr acti o n will b e c o me 5 I f 1 0 is s ubtracted .

fr o m n u me r at o r a nd fr o m d en o minat o r the valu e o f the ,

fr acti o n will be c o me 5 .

25 . If 3 i s taken fro m the num erato r and 1 i s added to

the deno mi nato r the value o f the fracti o n will bec o me
,
 TWO—LE TTER PR OBLE M S 191

If 3 is added to the n umer at o r a n d 5 to the den o mi nat o r ,

t h e valu e o f t h e fr acti o n will be c o m e 5 .

O 2 6 Fi
. n d t w o f r acti o n s wit h n um er ato r s 4 a n d 1 1 r e
s pe c t iv e ly s u ch t h at t h e i r s um i s 2 55 a n d if th e i r d en o mi n a
, ,

t o r s a re i n t er c han ged the i r s um i s 2 55 .

27 .fr a c ti o n i s s uch that w h en it i s m ultipli e d by 5 th e

A , ,

s um o f i ts t e r m s i s 1 07 I f 8 i s add ed to e ach o f i ts term s

.
,

t h e valu e o f th e f r a c ti o n b e c o m es 5 .

28 . p ro p e r fr acti o n i s s uch that if the nu mer at o r i s

A
h alve d an d th e d eno mi nato r i n c r e ase d by 3 i ts value b e ,

c o mes 5 I f th e fr a c ti o n i s multipli e d by 5 th e differen ce o f

.
,

i t s te r m s will b e 5 3 .

29 . fr acti o n s have d eno mi nat o r s 2 0 a nd 1 0 r e

Tw o ,

s pe c t i ve ly Th e fr ac t i o n fo r m e d fr o m th ese two by taki ng

.

f o r i t s r es p e c tiv e ter m s t h e s um s o f t h e c o r r e s p o n di ng te r ms
o f th e s e t w o fr a c ti o ns i s 5; a n d t h e fr acti o n s imila r ly fo r m e d

by taki ng t h e diff er en c es i s 5 .

Fi nd th e n umb er s d es c r ibed a s fo ll o ws . U nle ss o therwi se

s tat e d th e n umb e r h a s tw o digit s
,
.

30 . um be r di vi ded b y t h e s um o f i ts digits give s 7 5

A n

f o r a qu o ti en t If 54 i s s ubtr acte d fr o m th e n umb er t h e

.
,

digit s ar e i nt e r changed .

3 1 . I f I divi d e a
umbe r by th e s um o f its di git s t h e
n ,

qu o ti ent is 6 a n d th e r emai n d er 7 But if I i nver t t h e o r d er

.

o f t h e di git s an d th en divi d e by the s um o f t h e digit s th e ,

qu o ti ent i s 4 and th e r emaind er 6 .

32 . numbe r ex ceed s 5 time s th e s um o f its digit s by 8

A .

I f th e o r d er o f th e digit s were revers ed th e number wo uld ,

b e 1 5 l ess than 7 tim es th e s um o f t h e di git s .

33 number i s 4 times the sum o f its digit s ; and if 2 7

. A
is added to the numbe r the o r der o f the di git s i s inter changed
, .
1 92 E LIM INATI ON BY C OM B IN ATIO N
34 . A
umbe r i s two m o r e than 5 ti me s th e di ff e rence o f
n

i ts digit s I f i ts digits ar e i nt er change d th e res ulting num

.
,

b er i s 8 tim es t h e s um o f i t s digit s .

35 . Tw o n umb er s h ave th e ame digit s i n o p po s ite o r der

s .

Th e differ en c e of th e n um b er s i s 3 tim es th e s um o f th e

digits ; an d th e s um o f th e digit s i s 2 m o r e than 2 5 tim es t h e

differ enc e o f t h e digit s .

36 . If
ubt r a c ted fro m a numb er th e digit s are i n
4 5 is s ,

te r c h anged ; but t h e s am e r es u lt mig h t hav e b e e n o btai ne d

by s ubtr a c ti ng 7 fro m th e n u m be r and t h en dividi ng by 2 .

3 7 . u mb er s whi ch hav e th e s ame digits i n o pp o s ite

Tw o n

o r d e r diff er by 1 8 a n d t h e s mall er n umb er i s 4 tim e s t h e

s um o f t h e digit s .

38 . I f a c er tain divide d by th e s um o f i ts
n umb e r is
digit s th e qu o ti en t i s 4 a n d t h e r emai nd er 6 I f t h e digit s
, .

a r e i n t e r c ha nge d t h e r es ulti n g n u mb er divid e d by 5 giv es 4

,

m o r e than th e s um o f th e digit s .

39 . umbe r c o ns i s t s o f 3 digit s th e m iddl e digit b ei ng

A n ,

z er o . I f th e o r d er o f th e digits i s r eve rs e d th e n umb er i s ,

i n c reas e d by 396 I f th e se c o n d a nd th e thi r d digit s ch ange

.

places th e n umbe r i s i n cr eas ed by 3 m o r e than 6 times th e

,

s um o f t h e digit s .

40 . A numb er c o ns i s t s of t h ree digit s th e m iddl e digit

,

be i ng 6 . I t h a s th e o r d er o f i t s digit s r e v e r s e d if w e add to

it 2 2 tim es th e s um o f i t s digit s ; a n d th e n umb er s o fo r med

i s 7 2 l es s than d o ubl e th e o r igi n al n umb e r .

4 1 Th er e i s a numb er b etween 1 000 and

. o f whi c h

th e s e c o n d digit i s 6 a n d th e f o u rth i s 3 Re v er s i ng th e .

o r d er o f th e digit s i n c re a s es th e n um b er by 9 09 ; but if o nly

t h e fir s t and thi r d digit s change plac es the n umb er i s i n ,

c re as ed by 2 97 0 .
 T WO—LETTE R PR OBLE MS 19 3

Th e fo ll o wi ng n umb e r s m ay b e u s e d to fo rm new p r o bl ems

—
fo r E x s 1 2 0
. S u b s titut e t h e n umb er s h er e in th e o r der
.
,

g iven , f o r the n umb e r s i n t h e c o rr e s p o n di n g p r o bl e m .

That i s ,
p ob lem f orme d f o m E
th e r r x . 1 of S et A w l i l read : Fo 5 cows r

I get $ 45 mo r e than I pay fo r 2 0 s h eep ; a nd fo r 19 s h eep I pay $ 4 8 mo r e

than I r eceive fo r 2 cows .

5 , 45 , 2 0, 19, 4 8, 2 . 11 . 5, 5
,
508, 5, 5 ,
404 .

12 . 3 , 3, 7 , 2 .

13 . 20, 1 2 , 1 5,
9, 14 . 1 00, 5 5
, .

10, 8, 1 0, 2 5 , 15 . 6, 12 .

5, 3 , 3, 5, 22 . 16 . 6, 1 0, 12 60, 5 , 10, 1000 .

5 3, 7 , 2, 7 ,
1 60, 17 . 4 , 3, 3, 4 , 12, 4, 9,
. 2 8, 7 6, 3, 3
. . 18 . 12,
60, 5 ,
20 . 19 . 7 , 14 .

20 . 3 80, 1 3, 335 .

8, 80, 1 5, 20, 3 5 , 5 .

1 1,
1 2, 5.

8, 1 , 6, 4, 1, 6 .

1 8, 5 , 2 1, 5 .

3 , 5, 25, 5,
7 , 4, 4, 7 , 5 4 .

8, 5 , 9 2 , 4 , 3, 1 , 5 .

2 7 60, 88, 7 2 , 1 2 5, 15, 1 8 .

. 4 7 , 03, 2 , 3
. .

33, 5 ,
41 .

4 , 1 09, 1 1 , 2 0, 1 6 5, 3 . 2: 2,
3 1 , 2) 27 3 6
"

: °

5 1 4, 5 6, 2 , 9, 1 5
—1
, .

1 0, 8, ,
10 . 2 4, 40, 4 4, 1 1 , 55 .

20, 5 , 2 , 5 . 430, 5 6
,

2 , 1 0, 2 0, 30, 6, 7 .

1 1 , 8, 8, 1 1 , 2 5 . 7 , 2 , 7 7 6, 3, 8, 82 4 .

2 , 1 2, 204, 85, 5 , 7 , 3 . 3, 2, 6 1 , 1 4,
3 100, 49 , 38, 2 5, 20, 1 07 . 2 0 .

. 3 3, 66, 2 , 3 2
. . 7 , 20 .

36, 5 4 , . 1 1 , 3 9, 66 .
194 E LIMIN ATION BY C OM BIN ATION

2 6, 1 3 , 30, 3 . 11 . 6, 5 , 2 82, 6, 5 , 208 .

1
5 5, 4, 5 12 8, 7 , 3, 3
—4
. . .

15 , —5 , ,
9 . 13 . 12, 2 0, 9, 8, 1 5 .

2 1 , 6, 14 . 6 20, 5 ,
1
55 .

2 , 8, 30, 2 0, 15 . 6, 5 , 6, 1 5 .

—2 5 . 16 . 4 , 7 , 67 2 , 6, 3, 52 8 .

7 , 5 , 12 8, 8, 4 , 1 1 , 7 . 17 . 6, 7 , 3, 5 , 17 ,
3360, 3 5, 2 8, 5, 7 5, 7 7 . 18 . 8, 2 7 , 5 4 .

. 7 8, 22 , . 19 .

4 3, 5 ,
26 . 20 . 14,

7 , 1 05, 5 , 1 8, 11 . 7, 5 ,
4 83, 7 , 5
, 333 .

5 ,
3, 5 . 12 .

10, 15 . 13 . 2 0, 2 0, 1 4 ,
1
14 . 365 , 5 5 , 55
1
.

5, 1, 5 , 1 2 5, 15 . 2 5 , 9, 2 5 , 1 5 .

—4 60 . 16 . 9, 3 , 5 4 3 , 1 , 7 , 2 5 7 .

3, 5 , 5 , 1 0, 1 3 , 25 .

10000, 90, 7 0, 7 , 9, 4 5 2 . 17 . 6, 1 1 , 48
.

18 .

63 , 5,
63 . 19 . 3 7 , 4 4 3,
20 . 1 5,

S O LV I NG FO R RE C I P R O CAL S

21 5 . In quati o ns like th e fo ll o wi ng it i s b etter to make

e

the as te r m s (o r th e y te r m s ) alike wi th out fir st cle ar ing o f

fracti ons . Th e r e cipr o c a l of x is

M o d el C . S o lv e th e fo ll o wing pai r of s imultaneo us

eq ua ti o ns
2
_ _

a: y 7
5 4 11
21

6 4 4
()
3
7 ® X 2

1 1

()
5 21 = x ® X 21 x

Th e valu e of y may b e f o und in a similar way .

 S OLV IN G FOR RE C I PR O C ALS 1 95

S
E XERCI E 7 6

1 .A and B t o g eth er can d o a pi e c e o f w o r k in 83 days .

I f A w o rked 3 days and B 5 days only half o f th e w ork ,

w ould b e do n e Ho w lo n g w ould it take A a lone t o do th e

.

wo r k ? Ho w lon g fo r B alone ?
2 . Five b o ys a nd 10 m en could do a c er tai n jo b i n 3 days ;
o n e m a n a n d o n e b o y w ould t a k e 2 4 day s t o d o i t Ho w .

lo n g w ould it take o ne ma n alo n e to do th e w o rk ? One b oy

a lone ?
3. Tw e n ty f ou r p a i l s a nd 2 0 cans o f wat er will j u s t fill a
-

c ertai n tan k ; 6 pa i l s a n d 14 ca ns will half fill it Ho w ma ny .

p a i lf ul s w i ll fill i t ? Ho w m a ny canful s ?
4. Two pip es fill a ci s t er n in 2 0 mi n ut e s ; i f t h e fir s t pipe
we re twice a s l a rge a n d t h e o th e r half as lar ge t h e c i stern ,

would b e fille d in 1 5 mi n ut es Ho w lon g w ould it ta ke to

.

fill th e c i s t e r n u si n g o n ly t h e fir s t pip e ? Th e s econd ?

,

(Th e wo r d lar ge h er e r e fer s n o t to the width but to th e

c apa c ity o f t h e pipe ) .

5. Tw o pip e s c a n fill a c i s t e r n i n 5 m i n ut e s ; if o n e o f the

pip e s i s clo s ed half t h e ti me it will take 7 5 m i n ut es Ho w
,
.

lo n g would it take u si n g e a c h pip e a lo n e ?

,

6. A a n d B t o ge t h e r could dig a w ell i n 1 2 day s ; but at

-
.

t h e e nd o f t h e t h i r d day B quit s s o t h at t h e jo b takes A

,

6 days lo n ge r tha n it o ther wi s e wo uld Ho w lon g w ould

.

it take e a ch man w o r ki n g a lone ?

7. Aft er w o r ki n g 6 d a ys o n a c e r tai n jo b with B A s ays
,
,

t o him
“
I can fini s h thi s jo b a lo n e i n 1 0 days
, B r e pli es
.
,
“
If w e w o r k t o ge th er o n e m o r e day I ca n fini s h it a lo n e in 5
,

days ”
. I f w h at th ey say i s tr u e h o w lo n g wi ll it take each
,

a lo ne to fini sh th e job ?
8
. A can r o w 1 1 m i le s do wn st r e a m in the time it take s him
to row 7 miles agai ns t t h e s t re am He ro ws down str ea m for
.
1 96 E LIMINATION BY C OM B INATIO N

3ho u rs th en r ows back and at th e end o f 6 h o u rs h e i s 5

, ,

miles f r o m h is s tar ti ng plac e How fas t d oes h e r ow ? .

How fas t d o es th e s t r eam fl o w ?

9 . B ro ws 9 m il es
d o wn s t r eam in 4 5 mi nut es He r o w s .

back ne ar th e bank w h er e t h e c u rr en t i s o n l y h a lf s t ren gt h

, ,

i n o n e h o u r a nd a half Fi n d th e s p eed of th e b o at and o f

.

t h e s t r e am .

10 0 ro ws 6 h o u r s d o wns t r e am and 15 h o u r s up s t r eam

.
,

cove ri n g i n all 7 2 m il es His s pee d ups tre am is

.
o f h is

s pe e d i n s till wat er What i s th e s p eed o f t h e s t re am ?

.

11 D r o w s d o w ns t r e a
. m fo r an h o u r a nd a half but it tak es ,

h im 3 h o u rs t o r o w ba c k I n th e first th r e e h o u r s h e r o ws
.

1 2 mil e s What i s th e s p ee d o f t h e b o at a nd o f t h e s tream ?

.

12 . B r un a m i le r a c e A give s B 1 2 s e c o nd s s tar t
A an d .

a n d b e at s h i m by 44 yar d s T h en A gives B 165 yar d s s tar t

.
,

a nd i s be at e n by 10 s e c o n d s What i s th e s p ee d o f e a c h ?
.

13 . t r aveler s tar t ed o n a jou r ney o f 330 mil es havi ng

A ,

4 h o u r s a nd 1 2 m i n ute s t o s pa r e to m ake c o nn e c ti o n s with

a no ther t r ai n at t h e en d o f t h at jou r n ey An a cc ident .
,

whi c h occu rr ed wh en h e w as 2 h o ur s o ut h eld up t h e tra i n ,

f o r 2 h o u r s a n d d i m i n ish ed i t s s pe e d fo r th e re s t o f t h e r un
, .

Th en h e mi ss e d h i s co n nec t i o n by j u s t th re e mi n ut es I f .

th e accid ent had happ en e d 6 mil es far th e r o u h e w ould ,

have been j u s t i n time t o m ak e th e c o nne c ti o n Ho w fas t .

did th e t r ai n go bef or e th e accident ? Ho w fas t did it go

aft er th e accid en t ?
14 A was sent t o a t ow n 14 7 mil es away a nd 7 h o u r s
.
,

late r B wa s sent after him After t r ave li ng 7 1 m il es B was

.
,

han de d a l etter to del i ve r to a p e rs on l i vi n g 1 7 miles bey ond

th e t o wn t o whi c h A had been s e nt He o vert o o k A j u s t a s
.

h e wa s enter i ng t h e t o wn a n d hand e d him th e l etter ; th e

,

letter was del iv e r ed j u s t 9 h o u rs and 4 0 min utes after B re

cei ved i t At what S p ee d did A t r avel ? B ?
.
 WHE RE E LIMINATION FA ILS 1 97

WHE R E EL I M I NA T I ON FA ILS
2 16 M o d e l D
.
— A c e r tai n nu m b e r c o n s i s ting o f two
.

digit s i s e qual to 4 ti m es t h e s um o f it s digit s I f the digits .

are i nter change d it i s e qual , to 2 1 times the differ ence o f its

digit s F i nd th e n umb er
. .

Let x th e t ens di git ;

y t h e u n it s di git .

2: y th e su m of th e digit s .

a: y th e di fferen ce o f th e di gits .

10 x y th e n u mb er .

10 y x th e nu mb er w ith t h e digit s i nt er chan ged .

(D
l Oy + x = 21
(
x — y)

()
3 10 x + y = 4 x + 4y ® s arn e v alu es

G) 6x —
3 y = —4 x —4 y
( 5) 2 x —y = 0
( 4)
10 y + x = 2 1 x —2 1 y ® sa me valu es

Q) 3 1 y — 2 0 fc = 0 —2 1 x + 21 y
. 2 0 x — 10 y = 0
Q +®
= 0 ' —2 1
2w= o . s ub s t . in @
x = 0

Thi s ult i s ab s ur d s ince a nu m be r with z er o digits is

re s ,

no nu m be r at all S uch a res ult p o int s t o s o me mi s tak e in

.

t h e s tat eme n t o f t h e p r oble m o r i n o ur u n d ers tan di n g o f it

, .

2 17 . We to o k gr ant ed i n f o rm i n g equati o n
fo r that ,

th e te n s digit w a s la rg er than t h e unit s L et us s ee if that .

i s the s o u r c e o f th e ab s u r d r es ult .

(D 10 x + y = 4 x + 4 y
10 y + x = 2 1 y 21 — x
‘

22 x —1 1 y = 0 ® + 21 —2 1 y
—u
x

2 —y = 0
x Q z-
E quation G) is th e s ame as
5 Q) .
1 98 E LIMINATION BY C OM BINATI O N

In t h i s c as e al s o th e n w e cann o t d et er mi ne fro m the

, , ,

two equati o n s giv e n t h e pa r ticula r valu e s o f x a nd

,
y ,

b e c au s e t h e t wo c o n diti o ns a r e no t in d e pen d ent .

2 18 . M od e l E .
—A c er tai n nu m be r of tw o di git s if
,

a dded to h a lf t h e s um o f th e digit s give s a t o tal o f 2 1 Th e , .

u nits digit a dded t o 7 times th e t ens digit gives a to tal o f

26 .F i nd th e n umb er .

Le t x th e t ens di git ;
y t h e un it s di git .

Then 2: y th e su m o f th e digits .

n u mb er
'

10 x y th e .

6)
7 x + = 26
y

Q) 21 x + 3y 42 ® s ame values
Q5) 7 m+ y = l4

E quati o ns ()
2 an d c anno t p o ss ibly b e tr u e fo r th e s ame
valu es o f so and y . S uc h e quati o n s are c all e d i nc o n s i s tent .

Dr aw th e i r l o c i and find o ut h o w thi s i n c o ns i s ten cy is r e pr e

s e nt e d o n t h e alg eb r aic diag r am .

N ON—
AL G E B RA I C C OND I T I ON S

219 I t happ ens s o meti mes that a p r oble m i s given like

.
,

MOD E L D whi c h implie s only o ne a lgeb rai c c o nditi on but

, ,

s till th e a n s w er i s r e s t r i c t e d t o a few pa r ticula r valu e s o r ,

e v en t o o n l y o n e S u c h a r es t r i c ti o n i s d u e t o a c o nditi o n
.
,

impli e d i n t h e s tat em ent of t h e p r o bl em s u c h that it can no t ,

be stat e d algeb r aically

I n MOD E L D o ur digit s mu s t be fro m th e nine Ar abic
,

numer al s We f ou n d by t r ial that o ur res ult wa s ab s u rd

.

u nl ess the s e c o n d digit w er e th e lar ger ; an d o ur algeb r ai c

c onditi o n s b o th r educed to the fact that th e s e co nd digit
 NON -
AL GE BRAI C C O ND ITI O N S 1 99

was twice the firs t . That leaves , fo r the o nly po ssible

so luti o n s :
a: 1, y 2; the n umb e r 12
x 2, y 4; t h e nu mbe r 24
x 3, y 6; t h e n um be r 36
x 4, y 8; t h e n um b e r 48

Fo ur particular ans wers t o th e p r o bl em .

CH E CK : 12 4 (1 21 2 1 (2 an d s imilarly for th e
o ther thr ee numb ers .

220 . which do no t give a s o luti o n fr o m the

E quati o n s
alg eb r aic c o n diti o n s al o n e ar e called ind ete rmi nate e qu a
ti o ns . T h e p r o bl e m s which give r i se t o s uch equati o ns ,

alth o ugh th ey may c o ntain eno ug h no n algeb r ai c c o n -

di ti o ns t o d eter mine the answer ar e o ften called i nd e ,

te rmi n ate pr ob le m s .

Fin d thr ee numb ers each o f which

, wi ll s atis fy o ne of th e two i n
cons is tent condi tions in M O DE L E .
 CH AP TE R XI
E L I M I NAT I ON BY S U BS T I T U TI ON

22 1 . A tw o -
l ett er e quati o n of the fir s t degr e e i s called a
l i n e ar e qu ati on .

Any e quati o n i n which at leas t o ne t er m c o ntai ns t w o

un k no w n l ett er s as fact o r s an d no ter m c o ntai ns m o r e ,

than tw o i s call e d a qua drati c e qu ati o n

,
.

Th es e two un known l ett e r s t h at a r e thu s u sed as fa c t o rs

o f a te r m may b e t h e s a me l ette r a s i n t h e t e rm s 5 x a n d
2
,

3 2 y ; o r th e y m ay b e di ffer e nt l ett e rs a s i n t h e t er m 3 xy
z
,
.

Th e equati o ns t h at f ollow ar e ex a mpl es o f two l ett er q u a d -

r at i c e quati o ns

5 2
x — 3 xy + 32 y 2 = 0 5y — x2 = 11 3 x — 2 y2 = 1

L I N EAR—
Q UA D RAT I C P A I R S
222 M od e l A
. A c ert ai n r e c tan gular fi e ld c o ntai ni ng
.
,

4 80 s qua r e r o d s r e qui r e s 1 04 r o d s o f fe n c e t o i n cl o se i t
,
.

What ar e i t s dim ens i o ns ?

1 Le t x
. t h e nu mb er o f r o ds i n l en gth .

4 80
Then th e n umb er o f r o ds in b re adth
7
.

(% )
Q
Q) 2 a: 2 104

x
2
+ 4 80 = 52 x
-
2
x —5 2
2
x + 4 80 = 0 ()
2 —52 x
and s o o n . O thr o e rwi se ,

II . Let x th e umb er o f r o ds
n i n l en gth .

Th en 5 2 x t h e n u mb e o f o d s
r r in b r e adth .

(D a: (52 x ) 4 80
52 x x
2
4 80 6) ame values
s

6) 0 = x
2 —52 x + 4 80 —5 2 :c :z: - 2

an d s o o n .
 —
LIN EAR QUADR ATI C PA I RS 2 01

S till ano th er way wo uld b e t o u s e tw o un known letters , as follows

111 Let x
. th e n umb er o f ro d s i n l en gth ;
3] t h e nu mb er o f r o ds i n b r e adth .

= 4 80
Q) xy

2 x 2
+ y = 1 04

+ = 52 -
2
x y

E quati o ns 6) ()
a nd 3 cann we
o t s o lv e by the meth o d o f
e li m i n ati o n h er e t o f o r e t r i e d We can find th e v alu e o f x
.

fr o m t h e thi r d e quati o n — n o t t h e num er ical valu e tha t

,

sa t i s fie s b o t h 6) a n d but a n ex plicit fo r mula fo r x We .

may th en s ub s titut e i n t h e o th er e quati o n ; that i s we can ,

us e i n th e fir s t e quati o n a fo r mula f o r 2: i ns t e ad o f x it se lf .

Th en if t h e fo r m ula fo r a: had no letter 56 i n i t w e shall have

, ,

a n e quati o n f r o m whi c h a: h a s be e n e limi n at e d Thu s .

6) = 52 —y ® ~

y
6) y (52 y) 4 80 ® sub s t in Q) .

52 y 4 80 6) s am e valu es
2
y
6) 0 —52 9 + y 2

an d s o o n .

Or we could am e w ay have e limi nat e d y Th e use

i n th e s .

o f a s e c o n d u n kn o wn l e tt e r may o fte n a s i n thi s ca s e b e a

, ,

way o f e x plai n i n g h o w t o get with o ne le tt er abb r eviati o ns

, ,

fo r tw o u nkn o wn n u mbe r s .

Th e m e th o d ju s t given i s th e o n e by whi ch eli min ation s h o uld usually

b e d o n e i n e quati o n s o f this ki n d but th e valu e o f o n e l e tt er may b e
,

fo und f o m th e quadr atic e quati o n an d s ub s titute d in t h e li ne ar ; as :

r

4 80
6) — .
® + y
y

52 ® s ub s t . in

4 80 + y = 5 2 y 2

2 — = —
Q) y 5 2 y + 4 80 0 Q 52 y

223 .M ode l B A c i s t e r n can b e fill ed by two pip e s

.
,

r un n i n g t o ge th er i n 2 h o u r s
, 55 mi n ute s Th e lar ge r pip e
, .

by its elf w i ll fill the ci s t er n 2 h o u rs s oo ner than the s maller

2 02 E LIMINATION BY S U BSTITUTION

pip e by it s elf Ho w lo n g w i ll it take

. th e lar ger pipe alo ne to
fill t h e ci s t er n ? Th e s mall e r pip e ?

Le t x th e n u mb e r of ho u s r fo r t h e s maller
pip e .

y t h e n u mb e r o f h o ur s fo r t h e lar ger pip e .

6) x —y =

1 1 12

35 y + 35 x = 12 xy

G) x = y + 2
® +y
® s ub s t i n . .

70 y 70 6) s ame values
2
12 y 24 g
0 = 2
1 y 2 —4 6 y —7 0 —7 0 y —7 0
0 = 6y 2 -
23 y — 35 —2
Th e = 5,
y or .

ho urs fo r th e lar ger pip e 7 fo r th e s maller

A ns . 5 , .

C HE C K : 5 h o urs 7 ho u s 2 h o urs r .

} o f th e tank tank 55 o f th e tank in 1 h r

.

1
1
, o i t h 7 e , .

2 h rs 5 5 min.
52 h s ; 55 X 55 1 . 7
; r . .

2 24 M od e l C
. . u mb er o f two digit s i s 9 l ess tha n
A n

th e s quar e o f t h e s um o f i t s digit s ; a n d if 4 5 i s s ubt r a c t ed

fro m th e number , t h e digit s a r e i nt er cha nge d .

Le t x th e t ens digit ;
y th e u nit s digit .

Th en 10 x y th e n u mb er .

(a: y)
2
t h e s qua e f th s u m o f t h e digit s
r o e .

10 y x t h e n um b er w ith digit s int er chan g e d .

e 10 x + y + 9 x + 2 xy + y
2

e 10 x + y — 4 5 = 10 y + x

e 9 x —9 y = 45 — 10 y —x + 45
e x —y = 5 —9
=
e x y + 5
e 1 0 (y 5) y 9
9 4—1
2
0 y + 2 5 + 2 y s ub s t . in
)
6 11 y + 59 =
+ 20 y + 2 5 4y2
. sa me v alu es

0 0 = 4 y + 9y
2 — 34 —1 1 y —59
5 = z 1 y
= J 7
g
_ '
I
I °

x = y + 5 = Ans . 72 .

C HE C K 7 2 9
72
 LINEAR —QUA D R ATI C P AI R S 2 03

22 5 . ule f o r thi s m e th o d which i s call e d e limi n ati o n

Th e r ,

by s u b stituti o n , i s : Fi nd a n ex p li ci t for mu la f or x (o r f o r y)

f m
ro th e li nea r equ a ti on , a nd s u b s ti tu te i t i n th e qu a dra ti c
equa ti on .

Bo th in M O DE L B and i n MOD E L C we u se d i n th e an swer

only that pai r o f values which was eas ily i nter p rete d i n th e
p ro ble m In gener al h o we ve r when two valu es o f x and y
.
, ,

o ccu r b o th pai r s s h o uld b e give n i n t h e an s we r if th e r e i s

, ,

n o i m pli e d c o nditi o n i n t h e p r o bl e m ma k in g eithe r o f them

u nre as o nable .

E XER CI S E 7 7
S ol ve
1 1 1
1 . x + y —
v 2
xy = 1 ; 3x —5 y = 2

3 . x ,
x + y — 25 2 _

2 2

7 x
2 — 8 xy = 15 9 5 x
; 2
+ y = 7
x —4 y -
8; x
2
+ 2y 2 = 34
3 x
2 = 336 — 4 2
y ; x + y+ 1 4 = 0
x
2
m+ y = l3

3 x — 10 y = l

3y

3 y 1’
.
2+ 2
x y
2
3 x

x 2 2
°
+
.

,
3 2: 2 y — 16
y x

x = 3y+ z
x + y 1 x + 3y
a: _

’ 1
2 2 x + 2

3 x — 10 y = 1 x2
;
— xy = 5 2
y + 79
204 E LIM INATION BY S U B STITUTION

— xy + 2 = 13
y
My 1 .

5
x 7
?! x y
g
19 . x
2 — 2 xy
2 x + 3y x + y
20 . 10 3 x
2 _
6 x 5
+ y — 20
2 3

29 + x —1
9

m+ y + l fi
— —
_

y
°

x 1 y
23 . Fi nd tw o umb ers w h o se s um i s 4 ti mes th ei r di ffe r
n

c
e n e , and th e differ en ce o f w h o s e s quar es i s 1 96 .

24 . pat h ar o u n d a re c tangular gar d en i s 7 feet wid e an d

A
1 806 s quar e fe e t i n a r e a Th e a r e a o f t h e pat h i s 994 s quar e
.

feet le ss t h a n th e are a o f th e gar d en Fi n d t h e ar ea o f t h e .

gar d en .

25 . Aumbe r i s 7 times t h e s um o f i ts two digits ;

n a nd if
t h e n umb er i s m ultipli e d by i t s fir s t digit t h e p r o du c t , i s 67 2 .

Fi n d t h e numb e r .

26 . Th e differ e n ce of two nu mber s is 5 5 5

of th e greate r
n u m be r ,
and t h e diff er en c e o f th e i r s quar e s i s 380 . Fi nd t h e
n u mb er s .

27 . I f a certain ctangular field wer e 7 5 r o d s l o nger and

re

2 0 r o d s wid er i t s l e ngth w ould b e double i ts b r e adt h a n d

, ,

i t s ar e a w ould b e do uble what it i s no w Fi nd its dimens i o ns . .

28 . a c ertai n bloc k c o ntai ni ng ex actly s imilar h o u ses

In ,

t h ere ar e 300 r o om s Ther e ar e 5 mo r e h o u se s i n th e bloc k

.

than there ar e r o o ms i n o ne o f th e h o u se s How many .

ho u se s are there in th e bl o c k ?
 LINEAR QUAD R ATI C P AIR S
- 2 05

29 . The fr o nt wheel o f a bicycle makes 16 tu rns l ess than

th e hi n d whe e l i n go i ng a mil e I f th e fro nt wheel were 6
.

i nc h es m o r e i n ci r c umf ere n c e it w ould t ur n 60 time s less

,

than t h e hi n d whee l i n go i ng a mile F i nd th e ci r cumf er en c e

.

o f e ach W he e l .

30 . When a c ertai n t r ai n h a s t r ave l e d 5 ho u rs it is s till ,

60 m il es s h o rt o f i ts t er m i nu s . One h o u r can b e s aved o n

t h e wh o l e t r ip by r u nn i ng 5 m ile s a n h o u r fa s t er Fi nd th e .

s pe e d o f th e t r ai n a nd t h e l e n gth o f t h e t r ip
,
.

3 1 . A a nd B s ta rt o n a r o ad r ac e t o ge th er A i s a sur e.

wi nner ; loo ki n g back o n c e o n th e r o ad h e s e e s B 60 r o d s ,

be hi nd A c r o ss es t h e line 4 m i n utes afte r that a n d B c o m es

.
,

i n 6 mi n ut es b e hi n d A .Whe n A loo ked back h e had as ,

far to r id e a s B had al ready r idde n F i nd th e s p ee d o f e a c h

. .

32 . Th e fo r e wh ee l o f a ca rr iage tur ns 1 32 tim es m o r e

than th e hi n d w h ee l i n go i ng a mil e 6 tu rns o f th e fo re .

wh ee l c o v e r 2 fee t l ess than 5 tu r ns o f t h e hi nd wheel Find .

t h e ci r c umf er en c e o f e ach wh ee l .

33 . I r o we d 24 m il es d o wns t re am a nd back a gal n I too k .

8 h o u r s l o n g er o n t h e r e tu r n t r ip b e c au s e t h e cu rr e nt r e du c ed
,

my s pe e d t o 5 o f what it w as go mg d o wns tream Fi nd the .

r at e o f t h e cu rr e nt .

34 . Two t r ai n s s tar t at th e o pp o s it e e n d s o f a double

t r a c k r ail ro ad 300 mil es l ong Af te r they pa ss o ne tr ain
.
,

tak es 9 h o urs th e o th er 4 h o urs to c o mplete th e j o urney

, , .

F i nd t h e s pe ed o f ea c h tr ai n .

35 . I f 1 is a dded to th e d eno m inato r o f a cer tai n fr acti o n ,

t h e valu e o f t h e fr acti o n b e c o m es 5 If i s a dded to the

.

fr a c ti o n t h e fr a c ti o n i s i nvert e d F i n d th e fr acti o n
, . .

36 . I f 2 is a dded t o the deno minato r o f a certai n fracti o n ,

t h e value of the fr acti o n bec o me s 5 I f 4 is a dd e d to e a c h

.

te rm o f the fracti o n its value is increased by 125 Find

, . .

the fracti o n .
2 06 EL IM IN ATION BY S UB STITUTION

3 7 . A
ectangular field 238 s quare r od s in area l o ses 58
r

sq uare ro d s b e cau s e a s trip o ne r o d wide i s taken o ff a ll

a ro u nd th e e dge fo r ro ad s F i nd th e dimens i o ns o f th e field
.

that r emain s .

38 . Five le aks and a d r ai n pip e empty a ci s tern i n 4 h o u rs .

Th e ave r age ti me fo r o ne o f t h e l e ak s t o em pty th e ci s t ern

w ould b e 24 h o u rs mo r e t h an half th e time th e d r ainpip e
r e qui r e s Ho w lo n g wi ll it tak e t o e mpty t h e c i s t ern if th e
.

leaks are s to pp e d ?
39 . Wh en a c ertai n ki nd o f cl o th i s wette d it s h r i nks 5 ,

in l e ngth a n d 1 5 i n width A pi e c e o f thi s c l o th u s e d fo r

1
.

a re c tan gular awn i ng w as f ound to have s hr u nk 85 s quar e

yar d s i n ar ea Th en th e e dgi ng b o ught f o r it b efo r e it s h r ank
.

( i nt e n d e d t o go o n o n e lo n g s id e a n d b o th e n d s ) w a s fou n d t o
b e 2 ya r d s to o l o ng What wer e the l ength an d th e width
.

o f t h e cl o th b e fo r e s hr inki ng ?

40 . Th e ar e a o f a r e ctangula r pl o t o f land i s 1 6 s quare

feet l ess than a s quar e pl o t o f e qual p er i me te r ; an d i ts
bre adth i s 1 fo o t m o r e t h an 5 o f it s l en gth Fi n d t h e di .

me ns i o ns o f t h e r e ctangular pl o t .

4 1 . Tw o b o ys r un i n o pp o s ite di r e c tio ns a r o u nd a r ec
tangular field t h e are a o f w h i c h i s o n e ac r e
, Th ey s tar t at .

o ne c o rne r a n d m ee t 1 3 ya r d s f r o m t h e o pp o s it e c o rne r ;

a nd o ne o f th e b o y s could go a r o u n d 6 tim e s whil e th e o t h er

w as go i n g 5 time s Fi n d th e di mens i o ns o f th e field

. .

An acr e 1 60 s quar e ro ds . A s qua r e ro d is a s quar e yar ds on

a sid e .

AL G E B RA I C DIA G RA MS

2 26 . algeb r ai c diagr am fo r a two l ette r quadr atic

Th e -

e quati o n can n o t be a s t r aig h t li n e ; fo r as w e l ear n e d in ,

C hapte r IX a s t r aight
,
lin e i s alway s t h e l o c u s o f a t w o - o

letter e quati o n of th e firs t d egree To get a diagr am for a .

two-lette r quad r atic we must use the e q uati o n as an im

,
 ALGE BRAI C D I A G RA M S 2 07

pli c i t formula in which we can give a s e r ie s o f value s t o o n e

letter l n o r der
, to find t h e c o rr e s p o ndi ng value (o r valu es )
o f the o ther .

22 7 . f ollow i n g e x ample fur n i s he s o ne o f the s imple s t

Th e
—
illu s tr ati o ns o f thi s met h o d o f pl o tti g a two letter quad
n

r a t i c e quati o n

M od e l D Th e diag o nal o f a r e ctan gl e i s 5 i n ch es l o ng

. .

Th e p er i me ter o f ano th er r e ctangl e o f t h e s ame width but twice

as lo n g i s 22 i n ch e s Fi nd the dime n s i o ns o f th e firs t r ectangl e
. .

Le t x n umb er o f inch es in t h e len gth o f th e rectan gle ;

y n u mb er o f i n ch es i n th e w idth o f t h e r ectan gl e .

2
y t h e s qua e o f th e di ago n al
r .

4 x 2 y th e p eri met er o f th e o th er r ectan gl e .

6) $
2 2
21 25
4 a: 2 y 22

2 x + y = 11 - 2
Q) = 11 —2 x Q —2 x
+ 4 ) 25 Q) s ub s t i n ®
2
x 44 91: 23
2

—4 4 m+ —2 5
.

5 x
2
96 = 0 (5)
(5 x 24 ) (x 4) 0 f act or e d
E quati o n 6) l e ads t o t wo s o lutio ns o n e gi vin g a rectan gl e ,
4 inch es
by 3 inch es th e o ther a r ectan gle
, in ches by inches .

I n d r awi ng the l o ci that fo r m th e algeb r aic diagr am

tw o
fo r thi s ex ampl e 69 give s u s a s t r aight li ne with i n te r c e pt s
,

5 5 an d 1 1 We mu s t c o ns id er 6) a n implicit fo rmula so
.
,

that w e c an give a s eri es o f valu e s to o ne letter and find the

co rr es p o ndi ng valu es o f the o ther .

Thus w e fin d that when a: 1 1 y 2 5 an d y2

24 ,
2
, .

Wh en ce y an d y
,

We s hall have th e s ame values if x 1 .

I n that way w e can c o ns tr uct a tabl e as follows

x 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
y 4 —4 3 —3 0
When x i s greater than 5 y be c o mes negative and ,
2
, con

s equently we cann o t find a c o r r e s p o ndin g value o f

y .
2 08 E LIM IN ATION BY S UBSTITUTION

228 . If we pl o t th e valu es in t h e abo ve tabl e we

no w ,

s hall fin d that t h e y li e o n a s em i c i r cl e t o t h e r ight o f t h e

,

y
-
a xi s ,
with i ts c e n t e r at t h e p o i n t wh e r e t h e a x es c r o ss

( th e o r i gi n ) I f.w e pl o t t h e valu es o f y c o rr e s p o n di n g t o t h e

n egativ e v alu e s o f as we s hall ,

fin d th em l yi n g o n th e o th er
half o f th e s am e cir cl e Th e .

l o c u s o f e quati o n C D then is
, ,

a c i r c l e with r adiu s 5 having ,

i ts ce n t er at t h e o ri gi n .

22 9 With o ur kno wl edge o f

.

geo met ry we c an p ro ve t h at
th e c ir cl e j u s t d e s c r ib e d i s t h e
FI G 1 '

re qui r e d l o cu s o f e q uati o n Q) ;
2
fo r t h e e quati o n x 2 5 s imply me ans that t h e s lant
2
y
s id e O P o f t h e r ight t r ia n gle 0 M P (wh ere P i s th e po int
r e p r e sen ted by x and y)

mu s t always b e e qual to 5 .

C o n se qu e n tly t h e po i n t
P wi ll have a c o n s tant
di s tan c e 5 fro m th e o r igi n .

2 30 . Fi n d th e e quati o n
of a ci r cle with r adiu s 1 0 ,

h aving i ts c ente r at th e
po int which r e p re sents
t h e n umb e r pai r -

n umb e pair
“
Th e r-

means th e p air o f valu es

FIG 2
y
. .

a: 5 an d 7 .

v
E er y p i
o n ot n t h e c i r cl e w i ll r e p r es e nt a pa i r o f nu m b e r s .

T hu s P r ep r e s ent s the n umb ers 16 a n d y o f wh

,
i ch a: is de
 ALGE BRAI C DIA GRA M S 2 09

fin ed by the len gth o f UK and y by the l ength of K P j u s t , ,

as t h e l ength o f 0 L i s 5 u n it s a n d t h e l en gth o f LO i s 7 unit s .

S i n c e P i s o n t h e ci r cl e CP mu s t b e e qual t o 1 0 un it s ; and
,

that give s us the e quati o n

( x (y 1 00 (W y )
h ?

Thi s wi ll
t r u e wh ene ver P i s o n the ci r c l e Eve n when
be .

x i s less than 5 maki ng 56 5 negative t h e s qua r e (2:

, ,

w i ll b e p o s itive In t h e s ame way (y

. wi ll always be ,

po s itive We s hall b e c o nc er n e d then only with t h e di ffe r

.
, ,

e nce o f y and 7 no t with i ts s ign Fo r eve ry p o int o n th e

, .

ci r cle the refo re

, ,

(x
x
2 —10 x + 2 5 + y —1 4 y + 2
49 = 100 ® same values

x
2
+ y — 1 z
0 x — 14 y —100

E XE RCI S E 7 8

1 Find the equati o n

. of the ci r cle with cente r at a nd

th e r adiu s 5 .

2 . Fi nd th e equati o n of the ci r cle with cente r at and

th e adiu s 3
r .

3 Find th e e quati o n o f the ci r cle with the cente r at

.

a nd t h e r adiu s 8 .

Fin d th e e quati o ns of th e ci r cl e s having

4 . C e nt e r
at a nd r adiu s 6 .

5 . C ent er at a n d r adiu s 7 .

6 . C ente r at 5 — 3 a nd r adiu s 4 , .

7 . C ent er at — 4 — 3 and r adiu s , 9 .

8 . Ce t
n er at 7, —2 a nd r adius 11 .

9 . C enter at and radiu s 3 .

10 . C ente r at 4, —4 and r adi us 4 .

2 10 E LIM INATION BY S UBSTI TUTION

Find
”

11 . quati o n o f t h e ci r c le wi th cente r at the

th e e

o rigin and r adiu s 1 7

, Wh er e i s thi s ci r cle i nter se cted by
th e s tr aight li ne that pass es thr o ugh t h e po i nt s and

12 . Fi nd th e
quati o n o f the ci r cl e that h a s i t s c enter at
e

t h e p o i nt a nd i t s r adiu s e qual t o 5 Wh er e i s thi s ci r cle .

i nter s e cte d by the li ne that cut s e ach ax1s 14 u nit s fro m the
o r igi n ?

O th e r Q u adr ati c L o ci

231 . quat i o ns o f c i r cles t h at We have thu s fa r

Th e e

foun d have fo r t erm s o f th e se co nd d egr ee t h e sum o f th e

, ,

s quar e s o f x a n d y We h ave no t yet pro ved tho ugh it is

.
,

tr u e that e ver y equati o n of thi s typ e r e p resents a c ir cle

, .

Q uad r ati c t w o l e tt er e quati-

o n s o f o th e r typ es h o w e v e r , ,

a r e v e ry c o mm o n Let us c o ns id er first th o se appeari ng i n

.

th e m odel p r o bl e m s o f thi s chapte r .

I n M O D E L A we have the e quati o n

,

4 80

a nd take thi s a s an i m pli c it fo rm ula fo r y u s i ng only s uch

we ,

valu es o f x as make c o m putati o n easy a nd give p o i nts c o n

ve ni ently plac e d in the diagr am

2: 8 10 12 -
15 16 20 24 30 32 40 48 60

y 60 48 40 32 30 24 20 16 15 12 10 8

If we changed the s ign of e ach valu e o f m, we s h o uld have

t h e ne gativ e s o f t h e s am e valu es o f y Th e p o i nt s t h u s .

r e p r e s e nt e d w ould li e i n t h e l o we r l eft hand qua rt er o f t h e

-

diagr am .

Dr awing the li ne re presented by th e li near eq uati o n o f

M O D E L A w e find that th e l o ci i nte rs e c t i n two po int s whi ch
,

c o rre s po nd to the two solutio ns o f th e eq uatio ns .

 AL G EBR AI C D IA GR A M S 211
‘

FIG . 3 .

2 32 . In MOD E L
equati o n 6) gives fo r each value o f a:
B,
o ne valu e o f y j u s t a s in MOD E L A ;
, but in thi s cas e th e
negativ e value s o f a: give t o tally d iff er ent valu e s o f y Thu s .

we have f o r the valu e x

, 1 0 t h e f ollo wi n g e quati o n fo r y :
,

35 y + 350 1 2 0 11

fro m which we ob ta in y
On th e o ther hand , fo r t h e value x -
1 0, the e q uati o n
b e c o mes

6) 35 y 350 —120 y
1 55 g 35 0 (D 1 zo g 3 50

fro m which we o btain y

2 12 E LIM IN ATION BY S UBSTITUTION

The table o f c o rre s p o ndin g valu es is

—1 0 —7 —5 —2 —1 0 1 2
. 7 O

We c an pl o t t h e l o cu s o f x y 2
po i nts of i nt ers e cti o n o f th e lo ci .

FIG . 4 .

2 33 . I n M OD EL 0 , th e e quati o n we have for an implicit

fo r mula is
10 x + y + 9 = x
2
+ 2 xy + 9 2

a nd w h en w e s ub s titut e s ucc ess ive valu es o f m we get in

e a c h ca se a quad r atic fo r y whic h w ould ge ne r ally hav e two
,

r o o ts
. Thu s we get th e followi n g tabl e
Qu adratic f o r y
w -
y
— 9 = O
O
w + 3y —2 O
N 0
C Q
‘
0 O
O 0
O
Q
Q 0

0 O
0
1 O
1
0 O
0 O
1
0 O
 AL GE BRAI C D IAG RAM S 2 13

By pl o tting the value s we get

,
the c ur ve g iven in the f o l
l o wi ng diagr am Thi s cu rv e i s cut by the lin e a: y
.
5 in
th e o p i n t a n d al so i n the p o int 5 — 4 5 ,
.

FI G 6
. .

2 34 . Th e equati o ns o f Ex 5 , Exe r ci s e 7 7 ,
. give th e diagr am
of Fig . 6 .
 ELIM IN ATION BY S U STI TUTIO N B

235 . cu r v es o btai n e d f o r M o d el s A a n d B ar e c all e d

Th e
h yp e rb o l as E ach o f th es e cu rv e s c o n s i s t s o f two b r a n ch es
.
,

a n d d o es n o t i n cl o s e a s pac e .

T h e cu r v e o btai n e d f o r M odel C i s a cu r v e o f o n e b r a n c h ;
t h i s al s o i s o p en t h at i s it d o es no t i n c l o s e a s pac e I t i s
, , .

c all e d a parab o l a .

Th e cu rv e s h o w n i n Fig 6 i s a cl o s e d cu r v e n o t all th e .
,

diam e t er s o f whi c h ar e e qual a s i n a ci r cl e ; it could b e ,

d es c ri b e d a s a c i r cl e s h r u n k c r o s s wi s e I t i s call ed an .

e ll i p s e .

A quad r atic l o cu s can n ev er be a s in gle s tr aight li ne but ,

it c an b e a pai r of s trai gh t li nes .

S u c h figur es a s th ese fo r m the s ubj e ct matt er o f a very

i nter es ti n g s tudy c alle d Analytic Geo metry Fo r o ur pur .

po se h ere it i s eno ugh to no tic e t h at th e l o cu s o f a quad

rat i c t wo lett er e quati o n can gener all y be cut by a s t r aig h t
-

li ne i n two p o i nt s .

E XE R CI S E 7 9

Pl o t th e fo ll o wi ng 10 01

1 .
(C i r cle) 56
2
y
2
85 :3 6 y

( C i r c l e) 90
2
y
2
3 x 28

( r
Pai of s rt aig h t lines ) 24 y 2
25 x
2
25

( P a r ab o la ) y
2
4 x 20

(P ar ab o la) 3 ( x 2 y) 2
7 x 62
2
6 xy 9y 4 x 48

(Ellip se) $
2
3y 2
5 x 18

( E llip s e) x
2
my y
2
_
28

( H ype r b o la ) 2 x
2
my 6y 2
28

H9 ( Hyp erb ola) 5 x

2
3 xy 65
 AL GE B R AI C DIAG RAM S

Th e S tan dar d P ar ab o la .

2 36 . Th e l o cu s of th e quati o n y
e x is called 2
th e
S tandar d P ar ab o l a . It i s pl o tt e d a s f o llo w s (Fig 7 ) .

x d: 6 :: 17 h8
:

y 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64

237 . tandar d par ab o la and i ts e quati o n can b e

Th e s

utili ze d as will no w b e s h o wn , fo r a gr ap h ical ch e ck o n th e

,

So luti o n o f a o ne l e tte r quad r atic equati o n

- .

C o ns id er th e e quat io n x 2
5 x 7 .

Thi s can b e wr itt en 2 ? — 5 a: 7 .

Thi s e quati o n will be s ati s fied by any value o f a: that will

make a nd — 5 a: 7 e qual ; t h at i s by any valu e o f 51: ,

that will give th e s am e valu e o f y i n th e two ex plicit fo r mulas

y = w an d y
2
5x + 7 -
.

Th e firs t o f th es e fo r mulas i s the s tan dar d par ab o la a nd ,

t h e o th er i s a s t raight li ne having a n i nt er cept o n 0X

an d 7 o n O Y Wh er e th es e two lo ci i nter s ect the s ame

.
,

numb er pai r will s ati s fy b o th fo r mula s

-
.

Our Ch eck then i s as f o ll o ws : On a care f ully d r awn dia

, ,

gr am o f th e s tandar d par ab o la lay a s tr aight li ne (a r uler ,

e dge o r a li ne r ul e d o n t r aci ng pape r) thr o ugh the inte r cepts

,

o f the li e yn — 5 a: 7 E ither p o i nt where thi s lin e .

c ro sses th e par ab o la will r ep re s ent a value o f a: which gives

t h e s ame valu e o f y i n b o th l o ci T his value o f x is there .
,
»

f o r e a r oo t of th e equ ati on x
,
2
5x 7 .

2 38 . In th e s am e w ay ,x 2 0the e quati o n 5 x
2
14
can be w r itt e n x 4 It s ro o t s wil l be indicate d . .

by th e i nter s e cti o n s o f the s tandar d par ab o la with th e

s t r aight li n e y x 4 or 5 y 14 x 2 .
, .

I t is easy to see that the s tr aight line will s o metimes .

to uch the s tandar d par ab o la in o nl y one po int What may .

2 16 E LIMINATION BY S UBSTITUTION

FI G . 7 .
 AL GE B RAI C D IA GRA M S 2 17

we then co nclude ab o ut the roo ts o f the e q uati o n ? Al so ,

the line might mi ss the parab o la alto ge ther Then we kno w .

that th e r o o ts o f t h e e quati o n a re imaginary .

E XER CI S E 80

By u sin g the diagr am o f th e s tan dar d par ab o la Fig 7 , .

,

find r o ughly t h e r o o ts o f th e f o ll o wi ng e quati ons and ,

th em by the algeb r aic s o luti o ns .

1 . x
2
x 30
2
2 . x 15 2 x

3 . 2 x
2
x 15
4 .

5 .
 C H AP TE R X II

S U PP L E M E N T AR Y P R O B LE M S FO R P RAC T I C E
AND RE VI E W

I
I nvent algebr aic ex p r es s i o ns fo r t h e fo ll o wi ng se s t of

number s .

1 . Any tw o n u mb e rs ; a ny th ree n umb er s .

2 . Th e su m o f a ny tw o n u mb e r s ; t h e di ff er en c e o f a ny

t wo n umber s .

3 .Th e p ro duct o f any two n umb e r s ; th e p r o duct o f a ny

thr ee n umb er s .

4 .Any two c o ns e c uti v e n umb e r s ; a ny th r ee .

5 .Th e p r o duct o f any tw o c o nse c utiv e nu mb ers .

6 .T h e p r o du c t o f any t h r ee c o n s e cutiv e n umbe rs .

7 .Th e s um o f a ny tw o c o n s e cutiv e numb er s .

8 .Th e s um o f a ny t h r ee c o ns e cutive n u mb er s .

9 .Any o dd n umb er ; any e ven n u mb er .

10 .Any two o dd n umb er s ; any two e v e n n umb ers .

11 .Any two c o ns e cutive o dd n umb er s ; thei r s um ; their

p ro duct .

12 .Any t wo c o nse cutive even n umb ers ; th e i r s um ; thei r

p r o duct .

13 .Any th r ee c o n se cutiv e o dd numb ers ; th e i r s um ; th eir

p r o duct .

14 .Any th r ee c o nse cutiv e e v en n umb er s ; thei r s um ; their

p ro duct .
 P RO BLE M S FOR PRACTI CE AND R E VI E W ‘
2 19

15 . Th e s quare o f any n umbe r ; the s quare s of any t wo

nu m be r s .

16 . Th e su m o f th e s quar e s o f a ny numb er s
tw o .

17 . Th e di ffer en c e o f th e s quar es o f any two n umb ers .

18 . Th e s qua r e o f t h e s um o f a ny tw o n umb e r s .

.
19 , Th e s quare o f t h e di ffe r en ce o f any t wo n umb e r s .

20 . Th e di ffer e n ce o f th e s quare s o f two c o n se cutive o dd

n u mb er s .

2 1 . Th e differe nc e o f the quar e s o f th e two difl e rent

s

nu mb e r s formed by the same

. two digit s ; the s q uare o f th e i r
differe n c e .

II
1 . What
the s uppl e ment o f X d egre e s ?
is
2 What i s th e c o mpl e ment o f 3 X d egree s ?
.

3 W h at i s th e c o mple m ent o f Y d egrees?

.

4 What i s th e s upplement o f 5 Y d egr ee s ?

.

5 Two a ngl es hav e a r ati o 3

. I f the n umber o f degr ees
.

i n th e s m all er i s r e p re s ent e d by A h o w many degr ee s a r e ,

ther e i n t hei r s um ? I n th e co mple menz t o f th e i r s um ?

6 Two a ngle s have a r ati o 1 1
. I f th e n umb er o f d egrees
.

i n the s mall er i s r e pr e s e n t e d by B h o w many degr ee s ar e ,

there in the s uppl em ent o f th e i r s um?

7 Two a ngl es have a r ati o 4 : R e p r esen t t h e numb e r o f
.

d egr ees i n t h e s m all er by so m e l ett er a n d o btai n a way o f ,

e x p r es s mg fir s t th ei r diff e r en c e ; a nd th e n the c o mple

, , ,

ment o f t hei r di ffer en c e .

8 What i s t h e co mplement o f C degr ee s ? Of 0

. 1
d egree s ? Of C 2 d egr e e s ? What w ould the se th r ee
value s b e if t h e valu e o f C wer e 2 0?
9 What i s th e s uppl em ent o f D degr ee s ? Of D
. 1
degrees ? Oi D 2 degr e e s ? What would these three
value s be if the value o f D we re 68?
2 20 P R OBLE M S FOR PRACTI C E AND R E VI E W

10 . What i s th e c o mpl e ment o f A 2 0 d e gr ees ? Oi

A 3 3 d e gr ees ?
11 . W h at i s t h e s uppl em en t o f X 30 d e gr ees ? Th e
c o mpl emen t o f X 2 5 d egr ees ?
12 . W h at i s th e c o mpl ement o f 2 X 3 d e gr ee s ? Th e
c o mpl em ent o f 3 X 2 d egre es ? Th e s uppl e ment s o f th e
s a me a n gl e s ?

13 . I f two angl es have a r ati o 5 h ow would yo u repr e ,

sent th e m ? I f th e angl es were s uppl ement s h o w c o uld yo u ,

s tat e t h at fact by m e a ns o f a n e quati o n ?

°
14 . In th e s tr ipe i n Fig 1 t h e angl e A i s 8 l ess tha n X
.
,

A a rid Y have t h e r ati o 3 Ho w many d egr ees a re t h ere in X

.

FIG . 1 . FI G . 2 .

°
15 . In th e t ipe i n Fig 2 th e angl e X i s 12 l es s than
s r .
,

t h r ee tim es t h e angl e Y Ho w m any d egr ees a r e th ere i n X

.

16 . I n Fig 3 A
.
,
C Ho w lar ge i s B ?

FI G . 3 . FI G . 4 .

17 . In Fig 4 .
,
Z X and Y have the r atio 2 .

Ho w lar ge i s X
 P R O BLE M S FO R PRACTI CE AND RE VIE W 22 1

18 . In the r ati o o f Q to P i s
Fi g 5 , . and R i s 24
°
le ss
than thei r sum How lar ge i s each a ngl e ?
.

19 I n Fig 6 A
. C . 5 and the r ati o o f A
, ,
to B is 5.

How large is each angl e ?

FIG . 5 . FI G . 6 . FIG . 7 .

20 . I n Fig . 7,
°
X i s 35 1688 than Y and Z is 2 grea ter ,
°

than Y How la rge i s ea ch angl e ?

.

2 1 In each o f t h e f o ll o wing s t r ipe dia gr am s h o w many

.
,

degrees d oe s A rep r es ent ?

FI G . 8
.

22 .I n each o f the fo ll owing diagrams , h o w many degr ees a re

ther e in the angle X

FI G 9. .
2 22 P RO BL E M S F O R PRACTI C E AND R E VI E W

23 . Th e r ati o of th e
angl es at th e base o f a t r iangle is 1 5;
and the r ati o o f th e an gl e at th e vert ex to t h e larger bas e
angl e i s F i n d th e an gl e s o f t h e t r iangl e .

Le t o ne an gl e equal 1 80 minus th e s u m o f t h e o th er t wo an gl es
°
.

24 Th e r ati o of the
mall er angl es o f a t r iangle
tw o s is
'
.

and t h e r ati o o f t h e la r ges t a ngl e t o t h e s malle s t is

Find t h e a ngl e s o f t h e t r ia n gl e .

III
C o nve r t int o Fah r enhe it th e fo llo w 1ng tempe r atu res
C entigr ad e
°
1 . 5 . 20 C .

°
2 . 6 . 3 1 32 C .

°
3 . 7 . 98 1 6 C
. .

4 8 . C .

9 . C .

C o n v e rt i nto C e ntigr ad e th e fo ll o wi ng t em pe r at ur es
Fah r en h e it
° °
10 . 0 F . 14 . 40 F .

11 .
5

16 F
°
. 15 .
—80 F °
.

° °
12 . 15 F . 16 . 68 F .

° °
13 . 32 F . 17 . 9 1 56 F .

18 . W hat temp er atur e Fah r enh eit j u s t double the co r is

r e s po ndi ng temp er atu r e C entigr ad e ? What temp er atu r e
C entigr ad e i s j u s t double t h e c o rr es p o ndi ng tempe r atu r e
Fahr enh e it ?
19 W hat temper atur e h as t h e s ame number o f degrees
.

in b o th C entigr ade and Fahr enh eit s cales ?

20 A certain tempe r ature o b ser ved with C entigr ade and
.
,

Fahr enheit the rm o m ete rs i s rec o rded by wr iting number s ,

that diff er by 60 What are the two therm o mete r r eadings ?

.
 PR O BLE M S FOR PRACTI C E AND R E V IE W 2 23

S o lve
1 . 7 ( 19 x 1 1 ( 12 x — 3) -
30
2 . 9 ( 2 5 x + 1 1) 1 9 ( 12 x

3 . 51 x -
x ) 1 1 (2 m+ 20)
203 —l7 x = 3 (:c — 5 05) 5
-
2
1 1 7 0 + (x — 4) 11 (x
9 ( 1o3 gz 82 0) 2 06 (2 ) x 1 39
800 (x — 32 8) — 1 — 35 x = 0

3000 ( 5) 1 0 ( 1 00 2 7 x) + 35 5 —
jx
f
x

— 3)
10 . 3 (3 x

11 . 5 (7 x

12 . 17 (3 x
13 . 1 1) + 17 ( 2 x -
27 ) 1 = 3 (x — 2 9)
14 . l 01 (5 x + 17 ) = 2 03 (3 x + 2 3) + 3 x 305 9
— 4) — 81
15 . 4 (x
16 . 1 17 (x
17 . 8 (x — 4 x) —x )
18 .
— 5)
19 . 51 x 1 1 37 + 1 3 ( 103 — x) 11 2
— 2 52 ) — 3 x) + 1
20 .
5 ( 18 x
— 800 — 5 x) — 5
2 1 .
5 (24 x )
22 .
5 <60 x — 87 5 ) 5x
23 .
5 ( 1 1 85 x 5 92 5 ) 5 5
9
55 )
24 .
5 (93 x 1 3 8 ) 5 2 5)

25 .
5 (56 x + 42 ) 5 (2 x + 16)
26 .
g( 4 2 x — 4 8 ) — x

5 — 50 x) = 0
— 2 8)
224 PR O BLE M S FOR P R ACTI C E AND R E VI E W

5( l
2 x — 57 )
— l2 x ) —x) + 11
3l (x
5 x —3 3 x —5 1
4 10
5 x + 1 21 — 3 2:
6 _

4 3

V
1 . A is 12 years old er t h an B ; i n 2 years he will be 4
times a s o ld a s B . What ar e th ei r ages now ?
2 . A is 6 times as o ld a s B ; in 4years he 56 11 b e o nly 4
times a s o ld a s B . W h at are th ei r ages no w ?
3 . A is 1 8 years o ld er t h an B ; i n 5 yea rs h e will b e 3
times as o ld as B . Fi n d th ei r ages now .

4 . A is 9 ti mes a s o ld a s B; in 6 ye ars he will b e ly

on 6
tim es a s o ld a s B . Ages no w ?

5 . yea r s yo u nger than B ; i n 4 years he will be half

A is 7
a s o ld as B Ages n o w ? .

6 In 3 year s A will b e 5 a s o ld as B ; no w he i s 2 0 years

.

yo unger than B Ages now ? .

A s age at p res ent i s 5 o f B s ; 10 ye ar s ago it was 5 o f

’ ’
7 .

’
B s age Age s no w ?
.

8 A w as 8 tim es as o ld a s B o ne ye ar ago ; h e i s no w
.

o n ly 5 tim e s a s o ld as B Ages no w ? .

9 . years o ld er than B ; 5 ye ars h en ce h is age will

A i s 30
b e 6 ti mes B s Ages n o w ?
’
.

10 A i s 7 time s as o ld as B ; in 10 ye ars h e will be o nly

.

twic e as o ld as B Ages no w ? .

’
11 . Th e di fferen c e between a fathe r s age and h is so n s is ’

2 8 years . Ho w o ld was th e fath er when the so n was 5 o f his

 P R OBLE M S FO R PRACTI CE A ND REV I E W 2 25

father s age ? Ho w
’
o ld was the son when the f ather was 9
times as o ld as th e so n ?

12 . I paid $68 with $ 10 bill s a nd $2 bill s u s i ng 10 mo r e

,

two s than t ens . Ho w many bill s o f e ach kind did I u se ?

13 . I paid with quart er s an dnickel s u s i ng 5 m o r e

,

n ickels than quart er s Fi nd t h e . n umb er o f c o i n s o f e ach

d en o minati o n .

14 I paid $ 1 39 with fives

. an d two s u s i ng 3 m o r e two s
,

than five s F i n d th e n umb er

. of bill s o f e ach d eno mi nati o n .

15 . I paid W ith dim es a nd quarters u s i ng ,

12 mo re
quar t ers than dim es F i nd t h e n umb er o f c o i ns
. of e ach

d eno minati o n .

16 I paid
. with ni c ke l s a nd hal f—
d o llar s u s i ng 4 ,

m o r e halve s than ni c kel s Fi nd t h e n umb er o f c o i ns o f e ach

.

d en o mi nati o n .

17 Thr ee times as many dimes a s nickel s 5 tim es as

.
,

many quar ter s a s dim es ; i n all Ho w many o f e a c h ?

18 . A ma n b o r r o w e d m e c o i ns a nd paid ba c k 33 m o r e
so

c o ins o f ano th er s o r t Th e c o i ns b o r r o we d wer e half—

. d o llars ,

tho se r e paid w ere n ickel s ; h e s till owe d Fi nd the

n umbe r o f c o in s b o r r o w e d .

19 .I sent fo r d e p o s it two r o ll s o f bill s ; a r o ll o f two s and

a r o ll o f fives The latte r r o ll c on tain e d 5 0 bill s fe wer but
.
,

was wo r th $ 2 6 m o r e than t h e fir s t r o ll
, Ho w many bill s .

were th er e i n e a c h r o ll ?
20 . a pa ck et o f $ 10 bill s th er e a r e 3 f ewer bill s than in
In
a pack e t o f $ 2 bill s which li es n e ar b y T h e fir s t pack et i s .

wo rth $ 7 4 m o r e than the s ec on d Ho w many bill s a re th er e

.

i n each pack e t ?
2 1 A s h o pkeepe r c o unting h is ca s h finds 2 6 m o r e nic kel s
.
, ,

than quarte rs T h e n ick els amo u nt t o 1 0 cen ts less than the

.

q uarters Ho w many co ins of each k ind h as h e ?

.
226 PR OBLE M S FOR PR ACTIC E A ND R E VI E W

22 . A ma n paid i n quar t e r s a n d ni c kel s u s i ng two ,

mo re n icke l s t h an quar t e r s Fi n d th e n umb er o f each ki nd

.

o f c o in .

23 . A c a r p e nt e r w o r k e d
a job a nd at th e end o f th e
on ,

d ay s e n t in h i s t i me a s 1 0 h o ur s alt h o ugh h e had wo r ke d

,

but 8 h o u r s He h ad wo r ke d o ver ti me a nd fo r ever y h o ur

.
,

o v er ti me h e c o u nt e d 1 5 h o ur s Ho w many h o u r s did h e
.

wo r k o ver time ?
24 . A c ar p ent er wo r ke d fr o m 2 :30 t o 8 :30 R M He s ent .

i n h is tim e as 1 0 h o u r s co u nti n g e ve r y h o u r o vertime a s 2

,

h o u rs Ho w many h o u r s did h e wo r k o vertime ?

.

25 . A plu mb e r wo r ke d fr o m A M to P M and
. . . .

se n t i n h i s ti m e a s 1 0 h o u rs co u nti ng every h o u r o verti me

,

a s 1 5 h o u rs Ho w m any h o u r s did h e wo r k o vertime ?

.

26 . A ga s fit t er w o r k e d fr o m A M to R M an d . . .

s e n t i n h i s ti me a s 1 2 5 h o u r s c o u nti n g e v er y h o u r o v e rti me
,

a s 1 5 h o u rs Ho w many h o u rs did h e wo r k o ver ti me ?

.

27 . A s t e am fitter wo r k e d 7 5 h o u r s a n d s ent i n h i s time

a s 1 1 h o u r s c h ar gi n g o v er tim e d o ubl e
,
Ho w many ho u rs.

did h e wo r k o v er ti me ?
28 . A plu mb er wo rk e d 9 h o u r s an d s en t i n h i s time as 1 05
h o u rs c har gi ng o ver tim e as time and a half How many
,
.

h o u r s did h e wo r k o ver ti me ?
29 . A gas fitter s pe nt o n a jo b 12 5 ho u r s and sent i n h i s ,

time as 15 ho u rs c har gi n g o ver time a s time a nd a thi r d

,
.

Ho w many h o ur s did h e wor k o ver ti me ? 5

30 . Th e c o mm o n s t o c k o f a gas c o m pany pays 4 per c en t

a n d t h e p r efe rr e d s t o ck 7 pe r c e nt 4 5 s h ar es part o f whi ch
.
,

i s p r eferr ed s t o c k pay $24 0 p er y e ar

,
Ho w many o f t h ese
.

s h ar es a re c o mm o n s t o ck ? Ho w m any ar e p re ferr ed s t o ck ?
3 1 . An i n s ur a n c e age nt pr o p o ses to i ns ure a man for
39000 by two li mit e d payment p o licie s o ne at $4 0 per
-
,

th o usa nd the o the r at

, Th e aggregate a nnual
 PR OBLE M S FO R PR ACTI C E AND R E VI E W 227

pr emium o n th e two p o li c i e s i s $338 Ho w ma n y th o u s and .

do llar s ar e th ere i n ea c h p o licy ?

32 . An i ns u r a n c e agen t p r o p o s es to i ns ur e a man fo r
by t wo p o li c i es o ne at , pe r th o u s an d t h e ,

o th er at p er th o u s an d t h e aggre gat e p r emium b e

,

i ng Ho w ma ny tho u s and d o llar s are ther e in ea c h

po licy ?
33 . A c o llege s tud ent b o rr o we d $ 1000 a nd 2 0 ye a r s aft er
war d h e re pai d it w ith $ 1080 i nt er e st Th e i nt er es t r a n at .

6 per c ent fo r s o m e y e ar s a nd w a s afte r war d r e du c e d t o 5

p e r c e nt H .o w lo n g w a s t h e highe r r at e o f i n t e r e s t in
for ce ?
.

34 . An invest o r b o ught 24 s har e s o f s t o ck fr o m whi c h ,

h e r e ceive d a nn ually $ 1 00 i n divid en d s S o m e o f th e s t o c k

.

paid 5 5 per c ent divid end s ; fo u r ti mes a s man y s h ar e s paid

4 5 per c en t an d t h e r es t paid 3 p er c e n t divid en d s
, Ho w .

many s har es o f e ach ki nd did th e i nves t o r buy ?

35 . A t o w n i s s u e d 4 0 31 000 b o n d s s o m e be ar i ng i n t er es t at
,

5p e r c e nt a n d, t h e r e s t at 5 p e r c en t T h e t o wn t rea s u r er
.

had to make a nnual paym en t s o f $ 1 7 30 i nt eres t o n th es e

b o nd s Ho w many b o nd s o f e ach ki n d wer e i s s ue d ?
.

36 . t o o k o ut a li fe i ns u r an ce p o licy when h e was

A ma n -

2 1 ye ars o ld payi ng , pe r th o u s a n d When he wa s .

30 ye ar s o ld h e to o k o u t m o r e payi n g
, ,p e r th o u s a n d .

At 4 0 h e t o o k o ut eno ugh t o double h i s i ns u r an c e payi ng

, ,

fo r t h e additi o nal p o li c y pe r th o u s an d He wa s then .

c ar r ying i n s u r an ce a nd payi n g i n p r em iu m s
,

p e r year What w as t h e am o u nt o f h i s fir st p o licy ?

.

37 . ati o o f bi rth s t o d e aths i n a c ertai n co untr y i s

Th e r

ann ually abo ut t h e r ati o o f i mmigr ati o n t o emigr ati o n

i s abo ut 1 7 and th e r ati o o f d e aths to e migr ati o n i s 2 0 .

The net annual i n cr ease of po pulati o n is

‘
Find the
annual immigr ati o n .
228 PR OBLE M S FO R PRACTI CE A ND R E VIE W

38 . I d ro ve wes twar d
a c ar r iage f o r te n h o u rs an d t h en
in ,

ro d e in a t r ain 5 ti me s a s fa s t fo r t w o day s a nd n ight s Th e .

t o tal j o urn ey wa s 600 m il es Ho w fas t did t h e ca rr ia ge go ? .

39 . t r ave le rs s tar t e d t o war d e ach o ther fro m o p

Two
p o s i t e e n d s o f a s t r aig h t r o ad 1 3 2 mil es l o n g ; o n e w e n t 4
miles an ho u r th e o th er 7 mil es How lo n g wa s it b efo re
,
.

they met ?
40 . Two tr ains s tar t i n o pp o s it e di r e cti o ns fro m th e s ame

statio n at th e same time a nd i n 5 h o u rs a re 337 5 miles

,

apart . I f th e r atio o f their s peed s i s 2 what i s the s p ee d o f ,

e ach ?

4 1 . A ma n tarts o n a j o u r ney o f 1 63 miles He walks

s .

13 h o urs ,
t h en r id es twi c e a s fa s t fo r 2 0 h o ur s a nd finally h as ,

to t p
s o 4 mi les s h o rt o f h i s j o u r ney s e nd Ho w fas t did h e ’
.

walk ?
42 . t r ai ns star t at the same mo ment fro m o pp o s ite
Two
e nd s o f a 3 3 m il e t r a c k o n e go i n g 2 0 mil e s a n h o u r
-
, th e
T h e y s t o p w h e n tw o m
.
,

o th e r 24 miles a n h o u r iles apart

. .

Ho w lon g wer e th e tr ai ns r u nni ng ?

43 . B s tar t at 8 A M fro m o ppo s ite e n d s o f a 10
A an d . .

m ile ro ad a nd wa lk to wa r d e a c h o t h e r A wa lkin g o ne mile , .

a n h o u r f a s t e r tha n B T h ey mee t at A M . Ho w fas t . .

d o e s e ach walk ?
44 . A fro ntiers man es c aped at midnight fr o m a b es ieged
po st and starte d at 4 m il es per h o u r fo r a fo r t 64 m iles away .

He was met by a caval r y t ro o p W hi c h had star te d fro m th e

fo r t at 3 A M go ing 9 mil es an ho u r At what ti me did they
. .
,
.

m ee t ?
45 . tro lley car s tarted at noo n fro m Bo s to n fo r Wo r
A
oe s t e r a 44 mile ru n
,
At 1 2 :30 a carr iage which wa s 8 miles
- . ,

an ho u r slo wer than th e car start e d fro m Wo r ce st er fo r ,

Bo sto n They passed at 2 E M Ho w f ast did the carriage go ?

. .
 PR O BLE M S FO R P RACTI C E AND R E V IE W 2 29

46 . I mil es an h o u r t h en walke d 7 time s as lo ng

ro de 6 ,

at th e r ate o f 4 miles an ho u r th en went 2 3 miles by tr ain , .

I tr a v ele d 9 1 mil es i n all Ho w lo n g did I walk ? .

47 . A man s tar t s o n a wager t o walk 1000 mil es i n 5 0

, ,

days Af t er t r ave li ng fo r 30 days h e fin d s that h e c an go

.
,

a di s tan c e o f 5 m iles l e s s per day a nd s till ha v e ti me to go 2 0

mile s ext r a b e fo r e th e e nd o f t h e 50 days Ho w m any mile s .

e r day did h e walk at t h e s ta rt ?

p
48 . A village bl o ck 680 fee t lo n g h as o n o ne s id e 1 0 h o u se
lo t s T h r ee ar e narr o w lo t s all o f t h e s ame width ; th e o th er
.
,

lo t s ar e 20 fee t wid er Ho w wid e a r e t h e l o t s ? .

49 . A wall 2 0 fee t high i s built with 8 c o u rs e s o f gr an ite

blo c ks an d 1 6 c o u r s es o f b r i c k E a c h gr a nit e bl o ck i s 22 5 .

i n c h es h ig h er than t h e thickness o f a br ick Ho w thick i s .

e ac h b r i c k ?

50 . A platfo r m i s laid wit h b o a r d s that a re all e ith e r 6

i nch es o r 8 i nch e s wid e Th er e a r e 5 m o r e o f t h e 8 i n ch
.
-

b o ar d s t h an o f t h e o th er s a n d t h e platfo r m i s 15 fe e t wid e
, .

Ho w many bo a r d s w er e u se d ?
5 1 . A platfo r m 85 fee t wid e i s laid with 4 3 ha rdwoo d
s tr ip s o f which 1 6 a r e e a c h an i n c h wid er tha n ea c h o f t h e
,

2 7 o t h er s What a r e t h e width s o f th e s t r ips ?

.

52 . A b o y s ta rt s fr o m hi s r o o m i n c o ll e ge at noon o n e day
t o walk t o h i s h o m e 4 1 m il e s away At t wo o c l o ck o f t h e
’
.
,

s am e day t h e fath er s ta r t s o n h o r s e back fo r t h e c o ll e ge

, ,

r idi n g 3 m il e s a n h o u r fa s t e r t h a n t h e s o n ca n walk Th ey .

m ee t at 5 P M Ho w fas t c an t h e b o y walk ?
. .

53 .A pil e o f 2 7 c anno n ball s i n thr ee s i z es w e igh s 2 54

po u n d s The re ar e 1 3 o f t h e s m all e s t s i z e a nd 1 0 t h at ar e
.
,

twi c e a s h e avy Th e o the rs a r e e a c h by 2 po u nd s t h e

.

h e avi e s t i n t h e pil e Fi nd t h e weight o f e ach s i ze

. .

54 .A tank h o lding 594 0 gall o ns i s filled i n th r ee h o u rs by

thr ee pip e s Th e first pipe carr ies twi ce as much as th e
.
2 30 PR O BLE M S FO R PR A CTI C E A ND RE VI E W

t h i r d a nd t h e s e c o nd pip e c ar r i es 3 gallo ns l es s
, , per mi nute ,

t h an th e t h i r d Fi nd t h e n u m ber o f gall o n s
.
p er m i n ute
pas s i ng t h r o ug h e a ch pip e .

55 . A r e s er v o i r h o ldi ng gall o ns i s fille d i n o ne

day by t h r ee p u mpi n g s tati o n s Th e fir s t s t a ti o n d e liver s .

4 tim e s as m u c h a s t h e t h i r d a n d t h e s e c o n d s t a ti o n d e live r s
,

2 00 gall o n s l es s p er m i n ut e t h an t h e t h i r d
, Ho w m u c h, .

d o e s e a c h d e li v er ?
56 . A
tank h o ldi ng 882 0 gall o ns i s d r ai ne d i n 2 h o u r s by
4 pip es m ar k e d A B C a n d D
, Th e pip e m ar k e d A car
, , , .

r i es o n e gall o n p er m i n u t e m o r e t h a n B a n d 2 ga ll o n s
p er ,

m i nute l e s s tha n C D c arr i e s h alf a s mu c h a s all th e o th er

.

t h ree What i s th e c apa c ity o f e ac h pip e ?

.

57 . A c i s t er n fr o m t h e wat er m ai n i n 1 2
can b e fille d
h o ur s I f al s o a n ex t r a pu mp i s r igge d fro m a neig h b o r i ng
.

c i ste rn it c an b e fille d in 8 h o urs ; an d wit h all th e fire

,

e n gi n e s i n to wn t o h e lp by pu m pi ng fr o m a lake n ear b y
, ,

it c o uld b e fill e d i n 6 h o u r s Ho w lon g w ould it take to fill .

th e ci s ter n if th e m ai n w e r e s h u t o ff a n d t h e fillin g de p e n ded ,

e n ti r ely o n t h e e x t r a pu m p ? Ho w lo n g if t h e filling de p e n ded

e n ti r e ly o n t h e fir e e n gi n e s ?

58 . If 50 is ubt ra c t e d fr o m 55 o f a n umb er t h e r es ult is

s ,

th e a me
s as if 1 w ere s u bt r a c t ed fro m T 0 o f i t F in d th e
1 '

n u mbe r .

59 . S ubt r a c ti n g
h alf a numb er fro m 5 0 l eaves as mu ch a s
s ubt r a c ti n g a t h i r d o f it fr o m 35 F i n d t h e n u m b er . .

60 . S e v en n in t h s o f a c er tai n nu m b e r i s gr e at er t h an 2 5
by a s mu ch as 5 5 o f it i s l ess t h an 6 Fi n d t h e n u mb er
1
. .

6 1 . Tw o t h i r d s o f a c er tai n n u mb er e x c ee d s 99 by as
mu ch a s 5 o i it i s l es s than 3 1 Fi n d t h e n u mb er . .

62 . Five s ixth s o f a c ertai n n umb er i s l ess than 2 60 by as

much as 5 of it ex c eed s 4 5 What i s t h e nu mber ? .
 PR O BLE M S FO R P R AC TI C E A N D R E VI E W 23 1

63 Five s ixth s o f a n u mb e r ex c e e d s 2 7 by
. as mu c h as 5 5
1

of it i s le ss t h a n 6 W h at i s th e n umb er ?
.

64 . If a
a dded s u c c es s iv ely t o 4 0 a nd to 2 2
n u mb er is ,

a n d 5 o f t h e fir s t s u m i s a dded t o 5 o f t h e s e c o n d s u m t h e , ,

las t s um Wi ll b e 2 8 F i nd th e n umb er a dded t o 4 0 a n d 2 2

. .

65 . I f a c ertai n nu mb er
ubt r a c t e d s u cc es s ively fr o m 4 0 is s

a n d fr o m 55 a n d th e n 5 o f t h e firs t r e mai n d e r i s tak e n fr o m

,

5 o f th e s e c o n d th e la s t r em ain d er will be 1 0 Fi nd th e
, .

n umb e r fir s t s ubt r a c t e d .

I f a c ertain n u mb er i s s ubtr acted s uc c ess iv ely fr o m 53

66 .

a nd fr o m 62 a n d t h e n 5 o f t h e fir s t r em ai n d e r i s tak e n fr o m
,

5 o f th e s e c o nd t h e l as t r emai n d er will b e 10 Ih nd th e
'

.
,

n umb er fir s t s ubt r a c t e d .

VI
2 39 . M o d el A — At
. w h at tim e b e tw e en 4 and 5
o
’
c l o ck h an d s o f
ar e th e a c l o ck 9 mi n ut es apart ?
Le t th e n umb e o f mi n ut e s pa t 4 r s .

1 13
Then th e n u mb o f mi n ut e s pac es t av ers e d by t h e h o ur han d
er r
12
i n 2: min ut es .

An d 20 t h e n u m b er o f m in ut e s pac s f o m 1 2 o cl o ck t o t h e
’
e r

ho ur han d .

If th e h o ur han d i s 9 min ut es ah ead o f th e mi nut e han d th e e quati o n ,

b ecomes
23

2 40 + x = 12 x + 108 12
132 = 1 1 x —x —108
Q) l2 = sc -
11
inut es pas t 4 A ns . 12 m .

C HE C K : At o cl o ck th e h o ur han d i s 5 o f th e w ay fr o m 4 t o 5
’
, ,

that i s at th 2 1s t minut e mark ; th e mi nut e han d is at th e 12th minute

,
e

mar k o r 9 mi n ut e s paces b ehi n d

, .
2 32 PRO B LE M S F OR PRACTI CE AND RE VIE W

If th e min ute h n d i s ah ad
a e of th e h u hand
o r , th e e quati o n b e co mes
3:

3 ame values
29
12
a
: 6) s

34 8 + x = 1 2 v
z

G) 348 = 1 1 x —x

A ns . 2 814; mi nut es of 5 .

Of thes e two ans w e s th e firs t o nly c an b eali ed o n an o r dinary

r , e r z

clo ck b caus e th e mechan i m o f th c lo ck is s uch that

,
e smin ut o f 5 e es

i s n ev in dicat d by th p o itio n of th han ds They mo ve by j e ks

er e e s e . r ,

o n e f o r e ach tick f th e p en dulum and p n dulu ms that tick el v n ths

o ,
e e e

o f a s ec o n d w o uld hav e n o r e as o n f o r e xi s t e n c e o th er than th e n e e d o f

illus t atin g this p b l em

r ro .

I ns te ad u mb er s 4 5 a n d 9 i n th e s tat emen t o f
of th e n , , ,

MODEL B u s e t h e f o ll o wi n g s e t s o f n u m be r s a n d s o lv e t h e
, ,

re s ulti n g p r o bl e m s f o r a n a c tual c l o c k : ,

1 . 4, 5, 2 6 . 5 , 6 , 14 1 1 . 12 , 16 . 1 2 , 1 , 22
2 . 3, 4 , 4 7 . 6 , 7 , 14 12 . 9 , 10, 2 6 17 . 4 , 5 , 24
3 . 6 7, 3 ,
8 . 8, 9 , 7 13 . 1, 2, 2 1 18 . 7 , 8, 24
4 . 7 8 2
, , 9 . 8 9, 4
,
14 . 2 , 3 , 26 19 . 9 , 1 0, 2 3
5 . 3 4 7
, ,
10 . 5 , 6, 3 15 . 1 0, 1 1 , 2 1 20 . 1 , 2 , 17

2 1 . A s tud en t of m u s i c always p r acti c e d at th e pi a no b e

twee n 5 R M a nd 7 R M One day h e no ti c e d as h e b egan to
. .

p r acti c e that t h e han d s o f h i s wat ch wer e ex a c tly 3 mi nutes

apart He p r a c ti c e d u ntil th ey wer e agai n 3 mi nut es apart
.
,

a n d th en s t o pp e d Ho w l o ng did h e p r acti c e ?.

22 Find wh en t h e han d s o f a n actual cl o c k a r e ex actly

.

t o geth er .

23 Find wh en the hands o f an actual cl o ck ar e at r ight

.

angl es .

24 Wh en are the hand s o f an actual cl o ck p o i nti ng o ppo

.

s it e way s ?
 PRO B LE MS FO R P RACTI C E ,
AND RE V IE W 2 33

Wh en ar e th e han d s
25 . of an actual clo ck maki ng with
e a c h o the r a n a ngl e o f

26 . Fi nd wh en o n an actual cl o ck the hand s

, , ar e exactly
o ne mi nut e S pac e apart .

V II
1 . One r h o mb o id
a bas e me a s u ri ng h as 1 2 8 ft . a nd an

altitud e o f 5 6 ft Ano ther h as a base o f 64 ft

. . a nd a n altitude
o f 1 1 2 ft W h at i s th e r ati o o f thei r ar e as ?
.

2 . One tr iangl e h as an altitud e o f i h and a bas e 2 .

ih l o ng
. . An o th er h as a b as e 2 i n l o ng a nd an altitude o f
.

in . Wh at i s t h e r ati o o f their ar eas ?

3 . ctangle h as an ar e a o f 50 s q f ft a nd i ts bas e i s 5
One re .

ft . l o ng An o ther h as an ar e a o f 12 5 s q ft and i ts b ase al s o

. . .
, ,

is 5 ft What i s t h e r ati o o f t h e altitud es ?

.

4 . One trian gl e h a s an are a o f 1 2 8 s q . ft . an d a n altitud e

of 1 6 ft . Ano t h er h a s t h e s am e ar e a and an altitud e of 4 0 ft .

What is th e r ati o o f t h e ba s es ?

5 . ctangl e h a s a ba s e o f
One re ft and an altitud e o f .

1 0 ft An o th er re c ta ngl e h a s a ba s e o f 1 00 ft a nd a n altitud e
. .

o f 10 ft What i s t h e r ati o o f the ir ar e as ?

.

6 . O ne tr iangl e h as a bas e o f 1 2 ft a nd a n altitud e o f Zi

. ft .

An o th er t r ian gl e with the s ame b as e h as a n altitude o f 3 6 ft .

What is t h e r ati o o f th ei r ar e a s ?

7 . One ci r cl e h as a r adiu s o f 68 ft a nd ano th er a r adius of

.

1 7 ft . What i s t h e r ati o o f th ei r ci r c umfer en c es ?

8 . One ci r cle h as a r adiu s of 10 ft a nd an o ther a diameter
.

of 1 2 5 ft . Wh at i s t h e r ati o o f the i r ci r cumfer en c es ?

9 . Tw o
tr ap e z o id s have altitud es o f 12 5 ft and 1000 ft . .

One t r ape z o id h as ba ses 3 1 ft and 1 9 ft l o ng ; t h e o th er h a s

. .

bas es 24 ft and 36 ft lo ng What is the r ati o o f t h e ar ea s ?

. . .
2 34 PR O B LE MS F OR PRACTI C E A ND RE V IEW

10par all elo gram h a s a base o f 1 10 ft a n d a n altitude o f

. A .

44 ft An o th er par all el o gr am h a s a base o f 44 ft and an

. .

altitud e o f 1 10 ft W h at i s th e r ati o o f th e are as ?

.

11 . On e re c t a ngl e h as anltit u de o f
a f t a nd a .

bas e of ft . An o t h er r e c tan gl e h as a base o f ft .

a nd an altit u d e of ft .W h at i s th e r ati o o f their

a r e as ?
12 . O ne tr iangle h a s a bas e in . l o ng a nd an alti
tud e i n l o ng . Ano t h er h a s
. a b as e of in .

and a n altitud e o f in What . i s th e r ati o of t h ei r

a r e as ?

13 . h o mb o id h as a bas e 1 96 ft l o ng
One r . an d a n altitud e
9 7 3 ft l o n g An o t h er h a s a bas e o f 3 92 ft
. . . and a n altitud e
o f 9 7 3 ft What i s th e r ati o o f t h e ir ar e as ?
.

14 . On e r h o m b o id h a s a base o f 4 96 7 ft a nd . an altitud e
of 896 1 ft . An o t h er h as a ba se o f ft a n d . an altitud e
of 896 1 f t . W h at i s th e r ati o o f the ir are a s ?
15 . On e tr ap e z o id h as bas es in . and in . l o ng , and

an altitud e o f in . An o t h e r h as ba s es in . a nd

i h l o n g a nd a n altitud e
.
, of ih . W h at i s th e r ati o of t h e ir
a r e as ?
16 . One tr ap e zo id h as bas es o f ft a nd o f ,
. ft .

a nd an altitud e o f ft An o th e r h a s bas es. ft .

a nd f t l o n g an d an altitud e o f 1 9 1 0 ft
. What . i s th e
r ati o of t h ei r are as ?
17 ci r c le h as a r adiu s o f 6 i n a nd a no th er c i r cl e h as a
. A .
,

r adiu s o f 1 % ft What i s th e r ati o o f t h ei r are as ?

.

18 Two c i r c l e s hav e r adii o f

. ft a n d ft r es pe c . .
,

t i vely W h at i s t h e r ati o of t h ei r ar eas ?

.

19 . Twoquar es have p er imeters o f

s i n and .

in .
,
r e s p e c tiv e ly What i s th e r ati o o f the ir are as ?
.
 PRO B LE MS FO R P R ACTI C E AND RE VI E W 2 35

24 0 . M o del B . Th e p e r i m e t er of a r h o mb o id i s
in . a nd th e altitud es ar e in . a nd . 3 87 i n Fi n d th e ar ea
. .

5
S:
S in ce S apl b p g, a 1 an d b an d a b half p e imet er
-
r
;
.

1 2

S
W h e n ce T3 87
,
——

S o lvin g this e quatio n w e fin d S 2 81 A ns ,

. . .

To C HE C K ge t 2 a 2 b af t er t h e s id e s hav e b een f o un d
,
.

Fi nd S a , and b , fo r th e r h o mb o id s wit h th e fo ll o wi ng data

20 p.
l p
20, p g
e r im e t e r 1 4 0 15 ,
2 1 p.
l 1 2 192 9 p e r
, i m e t er 56 ,

22 p.
l p g p e r im e t e r
'

23 p.
l l 5 9 p g . ,
p e r i m et er

24 p.
l 3 7 1 p g 5
. 86 , p e r i m et e r .
,

25 Th e r ati o o f th e s id es o f a r e c ta ngl e i s
. and th e

p er i m e t er i s in Wh at i s th e ar e a ? .

26 One b as e o f a r ho mb o id ex c eed s t h e altitud e th er eo n

.

by twic e a s much as th e o t h er altitude ex c ee d s t h e o t h e r

ba se Th e l o nger ba s e i s
. ft l o ng a n d t h e s h o r t er ba se .

is ft Fi nd th e ar e a
. .

2 7 Th e altitud e s o f a r h o mb o id di ffe r by
. i n a nd t h e .

bas es by i h Th e p er imet er i s j u s t 2 ft Fi n d t h e a r e a
. . .

28 Th e altitud es o f a r h o mb o id hav e a r atio

. a nd

t h ey differ by 6 in I f th e s h o r ter bas e i s 1 00 ft l o ng what

. .
,

i s t h e ar e a ?
29 Th e altitud es o f a r h o mb o id hav e a r ati o
. and the
p e r i me t e r i s ft Fi n d th e ar e a . .

30 Th e r ati o o f t h e alti tud es i n a r h o m b o id i s

. an d

t h e r ati o o f o n e altitud e t o t h e ba s e it s tan d s o n i s Th e

are a i s s q ft Fi n d th e p e r i met er
. . .

3 1 The r ati o o f two s ides o f a triangle i s

. and th e
thi r d s ide i s i n l e s s tha n their s um . Th e p er imete r is .

in Fi nd th e s ides
. .
2 36 PRO B LE MS FOR P RACTI C E A ND R E VI E W

32 . Tw o
tr iangl es ar e i ns cr ib e d i n th e ame s tr ip e
s ft .

wide Thei r bases differ by

. ft .
, a n d th ei r a r ea s have a

sum o f s q ft Fi nd t h e bas es . . .

33 t riangl e a n d a r h o mbo id h ave th e s ame base

. A ,

ft l o ng ; t h e altitud e s o n thi s ba s e di ffer by

. ft a nd .
, th e
s um o f t h e ar e a s i s s q ft Fi nd th e t wo altitud es . . .

34 . Two tr iangl e s i ns c r ib e d i n a s t r ip e i n wid e h ave .

bases t h at differ by i n a nd t h e r ati o o f t h ei r are a s i s

.
,

Fi nd th e bas es an d t h e ar e as o f th e t r iangl es .

35 tr iangl e and a r h o mb o id ar e i ns cr ib ed i n th e s ame

. A
s t ripe Th e ba s e o f th e t r ian gl e i s
. i n lOn g an d t h at o f ‘
.

th e r h o mb o id i s in Th e t r iangl e i s s q i n lar ge r . . .

t h an th e r h o mb o id What i s th e width o f t h e st r ip e ?
.

36 . ba s es o f a tr iangl e are re s p e c tively

Tw o ft . a nd

ft l o ng a n d t h e c o rres p o ndi n g altitud es di ffer by

.
,

ft . Fi nd t h e two altitud es .

3 7 . ame s t r ip e a triangl e a nd a r h o mbo id are

I n th e s

i ns c r ibe d with th e base o f th e r h o mb o id b eari ng to th e ba se

,

o f t h e t ria n gl e t h e r ati o Th e r h o mb o id i s 63 5 s q i n . .

larger t h an th e t riangl e Th e s t r ip e i s i n wid e Fi n d . . .

th e ba ses o f t h e tr iangl e an d t h e r h o mb o id .

38 tr ian gle and a r e c tangl e have bas es meas u r i ng

. A
cm a nd . c m r es p e c tively Th e t r iangl e b ear s t o
.
, . th e
re c tan gl e th e r ati o 3 2 7 Th e altitud e o f t h e t r ia ngl e i s
. .

cm What i s th e altitud e o f th e r e ctangl e ?

.

39 . Two tr iangl es i n s c r ibed i n th e s ame s trip e h ave base s

in . an d i n r es p e ctive ly a n d t h e di ff e r e n c e o f thei r
.
, ,

are as is s q in . Fi nd th e width o f th e s trip e

. .

40 . a tr ap e z o id i s
Th e altitude ft Th e bases of .

diff er by 0364 ft The ar ea n umber ex c eed s th e s um o f th e

. .
-

len gth numbers o f th e base s by 014 0 Fi nd th e bases

- . . .
 PRO B LE M S FOR P RACTI CE AND R EV IEW 2 37

4 1 . bas es o f a t r ap e z o id ar e
Th e i n a nd in . .

l o ng Th e ar ea n u mb er ex ceed s th e l ength num ber o f th e

.
- -

altitud e by Fi n d t h e altitud e .

42 . The nu mb er o f d egrees i n a c er tai n ar c i s e qual to th e

n umb er o f i n ch es i n i t s c o mpl eme n t I f e a c h d e gr ee o f ar c
.

i s 2 i n l o ng h o w man y d e gr ees a r e ther e i n th e a r e firs t

.
,

menti o ne d ?
43 . Th e n umb er o f d e gr ee s i n a n ar c ex c ee d s by 6 t h e n um
b er o f i n c h e s i n i t s c o mpl e me nt ; a n d t h e e n ti r e c i r cumfe r en c e
i s 7 5 f t l o ng .Ho w many degrees a re ther e i n the ar e fir s t
.

m enti o ne d ?
44 Two s uppl e me ntar y ar cs have a u nit e d l ength o f 90 ft
. .

Th e n u mb e r o f i n c h e s i n o ne add e d to t h e n u mb er o f d e gr e e s
,

i n t h e o th e r gives a t o tal o f 7 7 5
,
Ho w man y degrees are
.

th ere i n e a c h ar e ?
45 Th e n umb er o f d egree s i n an a r c i s e qual t o the numbe r
.

o f i n ch e s i n t h e wh o l e c i r c umf e r e n c e a nd t h e r e s t o f t h e c i r
,

c u mfe re n ce mea s u r e s 50 i n What c entr al angle inter c epts

.

this ar e ?
46 On a cir cle 308 i n in ci r c umfer e nc e the numb er o f
. .
,

i nche s i n a certain ar c i s e qual t o t h e n u mb er o f d e gr ees in i ts

c o mplem en t How many d egrees ar e th er e i n th e ar c s ?
.

Of t h e t wo angle s at t h e ba s e o f a t r ia ngle o ne i s 3
°
47 .
,

l es s than d o uble t h e o t h er Th e angl e at th e ver t ex be ar s

.

t o i ts o wn s uppl e m en t the r ati o Fi nd th e angles of th e

t r iangl e .

48 Th e n umbe r o f i n ch es i n an arc i s i th e n umber o f de

.

gr ee s i n i ts c o mplem ent Th e c ir c umfer en c e i s 7 2 i n Fi n d

. .

t h e l ength o f t h e are a n d the n u mb er o f d e gree s i n i t .

49 Th e altitude o f a par all el o gr am i s 3 in

. Its bas e i s 7 .

i n l o nger than th e ba s e o f a t r iangle i n s cribe d in the s am e

.

s t r ipe Th e ar eas o f t h e t wo figur es have a r ati o

. Find
the area o f the t riangle .
2 38 PROB LE MS FOR PRACTI C E A ND RE VIE W

by 3 37 in. .
,
and th e r ati o of i ts area t o th e ar ea of th e triangl e
is 1 7 3 Fi n d th e b a s es .

5 1 . A t r iangl e and h o mb o id have bas es r es p e c tive ly

a r

and ft . l o ng Th e altitud e o f th e t r iangl e i s th e

.

lo nger b y in .
, a nd i t s a r e a b e a r s t o t h e a r e a o f t h e r h o m

bo id t h e r ati o 5 00 Fi nd th e two . .

altitud es an d th e area .

A t i s a figure b o un ded by n
s e c or a

a c o f a ci rcl e an d by t h e s id e s o f th e
r

cent al an gl e that int e c pt th e a c If

r r e s r .

t h e cen t r al an gle i s A d e gre es th e a e a , r

o f t h e s e ct o r will b e
£0 f t h e area o f o

t h e en ti e circl e r .

52 . Fi n d t h e are a o f th e se c to r of a c i r c le of r adiu s 20 in

if th e c entr al a ngl e i s
53 . Fi n d th e ar e a of a c i r c l e if a s e ct o r
, of
°
38 h as an are a
of sq . in .

54 . Fi n d th e are a o f th e se c to r of a cir c le of r adiu s

c m if .
,
th e c entr al angle i s 83 7 °

55 a ci r c le wh o s e r adiu s
. In is in .
, h ow wide a centr al
angl e will c o ntai n a se ct o r o f sq . in ? .

56 . In a c i r cle of ft
adiu s a . r , se c to r h as a t o tal per
imeter of ft . Ho w m any d e gr ees a re th ere in th e se c to r ?
57 . a c i r cl e o f r adiu s
In i n a s e c t o r c o ntai n s .
, 2 83 sq .

in . Ho w many d egr e es ar e th er e i n i t ?
58 t r ap e zo id s i ns c rib e d i n th e s ame st r ipe have o ne
. Tw o
bas e th e s ame ; t h e o th er bases are 3 o f an i n ch and g o f an
i nch r e s pe ctively The rati o of their areas i s . Find th e
co mm o n base .
 PRO B LE MS FO R PR ACTI CE AND RE VI E W 2 39

59 . areas o f two el r c les differ by

Th e sq in Th e . .

ar e a o f a s e cto r o f 4 0 o n o ne ci r cl e ex c ee d s th e a r ea o f a sec
°

sq i h Fi n d th e areas o f th e
°
to r o f 60 o n the o ther by . .

c i r c l es .

60 . base angl es o f a t r iangl e differ by o ne d egr ee

Th e .

Th e s um o f th ese angl es ex c e e d s th e an gl e at t h e v er tex by as

much as half th e lar ger bas e angl e Fi n d the a ngle s o f the .

t r iangl e .

61 . cir c l e s o ne ci r cumfer en ce i s d o ubl e t h e o th er

I n tw o , .

An ar c o f t h e sm all er ci r c l e ex c ee d s i t s c o mpl em entar y ar e o n

t h e lar ger c i r c l e by {3 o f t h e s m all er ci r cumfer e nc e Ho w .

many d e gr ees ar e th er e i n e ach ar e ?

62 . Th e p o i nt 0 c ut s quad r an t A B an a rc
o ff f ro m th e ,

A O of
,
Ho w far s h all th e p o int C be m o ved i n o r der
that th e r ati o o f A O to CB s hall b e 65 —

68 .Th e ba s e s o f t w o r h o mb o id s di ffer by 2 3 ft Th ei r .

altitud e s a re ft fo r th e o n e with th e s h o r t er ba se an d
.
,

ft fo r the o th er
. Th e r ati o o f th e i r a r e a s i s 3
. Find .

th e a r e a s .

64 . A
c ertai n ci r cl e h a s twic e th e ar e a o f a ce r tain r e ctangle .

I f th e r e c tangl e were 1 2 5 s q ft s maller th e c i r c l e wo uld be

. .
,

3 tim es a s lar ge a s th e r e cta ngl e W h at ar e th e ar ea s ? .

65 . A re c tangl e is sq . ft lar ger i n ar e a than a tr i

.

angl e I f th e t r i angl e wer e

. times a s lar ge t h e two ar e as
,

w o uld b e t h e s ame What . ar e th e ar e a s ?

66 . t r iangl e i s 4 times a s large as ano t h er and th e

On e ,

su m o f th e a r e a s o f b o th i s o n e half t h e a r e a o f a c e r tai n c i r cle .

I f th e larger tr iangl e wer e 5 times a s large an d th e s mall er ,

tr iangl e wer e 100 s q ft l e ss t h e ar e a o f t h e ci r c le wo uld b e

. .
,

j u s t e qual to th e ar e a o f th e tw o t r ia n gl es Wha t are the .

thr ee a r e a s ?
67 . What i s th e c o mpl ement of an angle of
24 0 PR O B LE M S FOR PR ACTI C E AND R E VI E W

68 . What i s th e s uppl ement o f a n a ngl e o f 4 7 Wh at

i s t h e s uppl em ent o f t h e c o mpl e m enta r y a n gl e ?
69 . What i s th e c o mplement o f a n a ngle o f Wha t
i s t h e s uppl e m en t o f t h e s a me a n gl e ? What i s t h e s upple
m ent o f t h e c o m pl em en tar y an gl e ?
70 . What i s th e s uppl ement o f a n a ngl e o f What
i s th e c o m pl e m e n t o f t h e s uppl em entar y a n gl e ?
7 1 . What i s t h e c o m pl em ent o f a n a rc o f What
i s th e s uppl e me n t o f t h e s ame a r e ?
72 . Two c o mpl em entary ar c s have a r ati o 4 . What ar e
th e y ?
73 . Two s uppl e me nta ry ar c s have a r ati o What a re
they ?
74 . Of tw o s uppl e m entar y a r c s o ne i s
, ti mes th e o th er.

What a r e t h e ar c s ?
75 . Th e r ati o o f t w o c o m pl em en tar y a r c s i s What
a re t h e a r c s ?

76 . Tw o a ngl e s o f a t r ia n gle a r e a nd What

i s t h e t h ir d a n gl e ?
77 . Th e s um o f two a ngles o f a t r ia ngle i s What
i s th e t h i r d a ngl e ?
78 . One a ngl e o f a t riangl e i s O f t h e o t h er tw o
a ngl e s o ne i s twic e th e o th er W h at ar e th e o t h er two
,
.

angle s ?
79 . One angl e o f a t r iangl e e qual s half t h e lar ge s t a nd
twi c e th e s mall e s t angle o f t h e tr ian gl e What ar e th e angles
.

o f th e t r ia n gl e ?

80 . One angl e o f a t r ia ngl e i s T h e o th er two a ngl es

ar e e qual . What are they ?
81 . I n a t r ia ngl e with two e qual a ngl es t h e r ati o o f th e
,

thir d an gle to the s um o f t h e o th er two i s What a re

the an gles o f th e tr iangl e ?
 P R O BL E M S FO R PR ACTI C E A ND R E VIE W 24 1

82 . a tr iangle with two e qual a ngle s th e r ati o o f e ach

In ,

o f the e qual a ngl e s t o t h e thi r d a n gle i s W hat ar e the

a ngl es o f the t ria ngl e ?
83 I n a t r ia ngl e t h e r ati o o f the lar g es t angle to the
.
,

s ma ll es t i s a n d t h e r ati o o f t h e thi r d a n gle t o t h e

s mall es t i s What ar e the thr ee a ngl es ?

84 One o f two s uppl em e nta r y ar c s o f a c ir c le o f
. in .

r adiu s i s in l o nger than t h e o ther

. Fi n d th e number o f .

d e gree s in e ach ar c .

V III
24 1 . In multiplyi ng and dividi ng algeb r aic p o lyn o mial s it i s ,

o f gr e at imp o r ta n c e to a rr a nge n o t o nly t h e giv e n e x p r e ss i o n s

but all th e ex p ress i o ns o btai ne d i n t h e c o u r s e o f the w o r k

acc o r di ng to the po wer s o f s o m e o ne l etter Fo r ex ample .
,

t h e ex p r e ss i o n

6 a b
5
15 a b
4 2

s h o uld b e r earr ange d in o ne o f t h e tw o fo ll o wi ng ways

a
6
+ 6 a
5
b + 15 a
4
b 2 —
l 6 ab
- 5 -
b 6

6 “2
b + 6 ab
5
+ l5 a b -
6 a
5
b + a
6

R e ar r an g e t h e fo ll o wi ng ex pr ess i o n s if , n ece ss ar y b e fo re
,

multiplyi ng
(x + 9 ) (x + 4 x
2 — 4 5)
( ) ( 36 5 x)
2
x + 9 x

( 9 + x ) ( 7 4 6 11: x )
2 —2

(33 4 9) (7 2
- — x + x)
2

(3 x + x 2
1 0) (x 5)
Z — 2 —
(p q + 7 pq) ( 7 p q)
(x
2
14 — 5 33) (2 — v)
:

(x 2
14 5 33) (x + 7 )
242 PR O B LE MS FO R PRA CTI C E AND R E VIE W

(4 k + h ) (h k 2 —4 2 —3 hk)
(d d a) ( 1 g)
2
2
9
2
0
2
9 d
2 —
( 10 y 3 x y + x ) (m + 3 y)
2

2 —
( 10 y + x
2
3 x y) (m+ 5 y)
2 —
( 10 y + x
2
3 x y) (m+ 2 y)

( c + 6 cd
2 — 5 d ) (6 d
2 — c)

( d
5 — c)
(l 4
z
y + 5 wy

( y
1 4 2 —2 y)
( a
z
+ m — 5 ax )2

( )
2
x + 4 -
2 x

(x
2
l5 + 2 x ) (2 x + 15 — x )
2

( 3
)
2 2 3
T 7 3 4-
73 3

( 1 2 xy —2 x
2 — 9 y2)
( 8+
1 x
2 — 6 x)
—2 p
z — 25 2
q )
(2 hs — 3 h 2 — 4 s 2)

— 3 b 2 — 8 ab )
(3 + 3b 1 0 ab ) (3
2 2 2
a a

(4 x
2 — 9 y2) (3 y2 — 5 xy —2 x
2
)

(5 a
2 —3 ax
- —
l 2 a ) (
3
a
2
+ 2 ax )
(3 ab — a 2 — Z b 2)
(4 hk + h + 2
(h + k + 6 h k
4 4 2 2

(5 y
2

( 2 xy — 5 y2 — 3 x2)
( y
2 2 — 3 xy —
l 3x)
2 -

—p 3
+ p (2 — 3 P (p —3) l
 PRO B LE MS FO R PR ACTI C E AND RE VIE W 24 3

38 .
( 3 a + % — 2
2 a ) (5 a
2 — 1 — a)

39 .
(x + xy + 3 y ) ( 3 y
2 2 — xy + x )
2

40 3 18 + 3) (3 30 + 3 x 2
3)
(a 3
6 3
) (a (a
b) ab b )
2 ?

( ab b ) (a
?
ab b )
‘
2 ?
42 . a
?
2 2

43 . a) (a
2
b b) ab
2
b 3

(at
2
b ) (a
? 2
b )
z
(a b) 4

45 .
3 2 2 3 —
( a + 3 a b + 3 a b + b ) ( a + b ) (b a )
R e ar r a n ge t h e fo ll o wi ng ex pre s s i o ns if n e c e ss ary b efo r e
, ,

dividi ng :
48 .
( x
3 — 9 x2 + 8x 1 2) ( 33
2
+ 7 x — 6)
4 7 .
(7 k + 9 h + 14 10 + 12 )
3 z
( 7 k + 2 k + 1 2
2 )
— 8)
(7 3 2
48 . x 12 33

( ab + b ) (2 ab b )
z 3 2 ?
49 . 2 a
s
a 2
—34 — (6 y + 1 8 my
(6 y ) )
2
y 4
2 2 3 2
50 .
3
6 xy x $ 2 x

5 1 .
(x 3 — 2 x + 1 ) —(x — 1 )
(2 a + b ab 28 5 ) ( 7 b)
3 2 2 3
52 . a 13 2 a

53 .
( 1 2 56 3
8 w i) 2
(3 x 2 y)

57 xy 3 1) (2 xy 1)

( d d 5 8 dg 21 g ) (7 d 3 g)
2 2 3
55 . 1 4 + 1 5 g
3

( + 4)
4
56 . a

( y ) ( )
2
57 . 4 4
+ 8 1 2 y + 6 y + 9

( d 4 ) ( d d )
4 2
58 . 32 6 1 8
59 .
( 1
64 9
4 —
1 8 1 ) — ( 8-
p
2
12 3 + 9)
)

(5 4 S b + 9)
2 -
60 .

) ( + k)
4 8 4
6 1 .
(n n
2
k + 76
4
12
2
nk
2

62 .
(19
4
27 pq + q)
2 4
+ (p 5 m q
?
)
63 .
4 4
(81 33 11 8 my
z 2
(9 113 11
2 2
8 wy 4)
64 . 14 a
4 4
b 62 5 ) (a b
4 4
6 a b + 2 5)
2 2
244 PRO B LE MS FOR PRAC TI C E A ND RE VIE W

(a 2 — b 2 — 2 b c — c2 — —
65 .
) + ( a b c)

66 + xy
4
+ y)
5
(
51
3 —
4 11 )
3

(8 c
4
22 3
+ 43
2 2 3 4
) (2 0 —3
38 cx + 24 )
2 2
67 . c x 0 x x cx +4 x

( a
3
+ b +
3
c
3 — 3 a b c)

(3
6 2
+ 1) (3 + 1)
3
69 . 2 3 2 8

70 .
(x
5
x a
3 2
x
2
a
?
) (x 2
x a )
7 1 .
(T
°
(7 +
4 3
r
2 —r s —
l -
r

m m
) (h
5
(k h g )
5
72 .
g
2
hg Q
2

73 (3 33 + 1 )
74 .
( 3a 3
3d )
3
?
35 )
3
(% a b)
4 —
(3 0 + 3 ab )
4
75 3
3 1
7 3 (0 + 3 19)
(3 x 3 ab m b 3 ) (3 x ab )
3
76 .
2
a
z z
x a
3 3
b

( 3 61 3 3 61 (3 6 +
4
35 ) 3 06 )
4
77 - 2
5 ? 2 4

Where ver ther e i s a r emai n d er i n t h e fo ll o wi ng divi s i o n s ,

wr ite t h e r em ai n der as t h e n um er at o r a nd th e divi s o r a s t h e

d eno mi nat o r o f a fr a c ti o n whi ch i s an additi o nal ter m o f the
c o mpl e te qu o ti ent
78 .
(x + y )
3 3 -
(x — y)
3 — — —
79 .
(x 6x +
2
12 x -
6) (x 2)
4
80 .
(a + 65)

81 .
( a a 34 4
a + 22 6 ) —e ( a
2
2 5) 2

— 4 2 —
( ) ( )
2
82 . 2 00 + 3 a 34 a + a a 4 -

4 — — 2 — —
88 .
( 3 00 + a 2 a 3 4 a
2
) ( a 2 a 1 5) -

84 .
( 1 50 + a
4 — 34 a 2) —(a 3 + 20

+ a
2
b +
é ab
2
+
”
(9
4°
) (x 11 )
5 5 5 5
86 x y y
87 °
[( fl3
2
W $ 21 y
2
3 $ 20] (x ?
xy
?
y )
 PR O BLE M S FOR PR ACTI C E AND RE VIE W 2 45

IX

Plo t the l o ci of th e fo ll o wi ng e quati o ns

1 . 2 x
2 —5 x + 3 y = 17 1 11 . xy = 36

2 . 3 x
2
+ 3x 13 y 2 39 12 . x
2
+ 26 3 xy + 2y
8 .
y
2 —4 xy + 8y = 1 6x —7 —4 x2 13 . 5 x
2
6 xy 1 44
4 . w + 2 x y = 24
2
14 . x
2
+ y + 6 2
x —4 y = 12

5 . x
2
+ xy + 2y
2 = 74 15 . xy + 3 z —4 y = 36

6 . 24 y 2 — 25 xy = 25 x 2
16 . 9x + 4 y + 1 4 5
2 2 = —
54x 4 0y
7
"
.z
z
z -l — 2 = 5 17 9x 2
.
f y .

8 . 2 x
2
+ xy + y
2 = 8 18 .
y
2 —8x + 28 = 4 y
9 . x
2
19 . m 2 = 8y
10 . x
2
+ y 2 = 53 20 .

2 1Fi n d where e a c h o f
. th e l o ci of the e quati o ns in Ex s .

—
1 2 0 i nt e r se ct s th e li ne a: 2y 5 .

S o lve t h e fo ll o wing pair s of s i m ultane o u s e quati o n s

1 x y
—2 = 9 6 x —2 = 6 42
. .
y .

my = 68
2 . x —2 y = 47 2 7 . 2 x + y = 8 45 .

2 2
xy 2 995 2 x y
8 . x —2 y = 3 42 . 8 . 2 x + y = 9 45
.

xy = 8 98
.

4 . 2 x + y = 13 9 . 14 0 x 2 — 30 x y = 23

x
Z — y2 = 16 5 x + = 2 7
y .

5 2 x + y = 7 55 10 7 x
2 —6x = 40 6
. .
y .

x
z — y2 = 64 87 5 x 2
+ y = 9 85 .

11 . t r ian gl es th e v erti c al an gles ar e equal and

I n tw o , ,

t h e r ati o o f t h e r ight s id e s ex c ee d s by 1 t h e r ati o o f th e l e ft

s id e s The r at i o o f t h e ar e as o f the tr iangles is 9
.
4 9
What .

a r e the r ati o s o f t h e s ide s ?

246 PRO B LE MS FO R PRACTI C E AND RE VI E W

12 . In two triangles th e ver tical a ngles are equal and

, ,

t h e r ati o o f t h e r ig h t s id e s i s i t h e r ati o o f the left s id es .

Th e r ati o o f t h e a re as i s 8 W h at a r e t h e r ati o s o f t h e s id es ?
.

13 . Tw o tr iangl es h a v e v erti c al a ngl e s e qual a n d t h e ,

r ati o o f t h e l e ft s id e s i s pe r c e nt o f t h e r ati o o f t h e r ig h t
s id es . Th e r ati o o f t h e a r e as i s What are th e rati o s
o f t h e s id e s ?

14 . Tw o s id es o f a t r ia ngle a r e 2 8 c m a n d 2 7 cm .H alf .

t h e ar e a i s c ut o ff by a li ne that c ut s t h e l o nger s id e 3 c m .

h ig h er up t h an th e p o int w h er e it c uts t h e s h o rter s id e .

Wh er e d o es th e line out th e s h o r ter s id e ?

15 . Th e r ati o o f th e ar e a s o f tw o s i milar tr iangl es ex c ee d s ,

t h e r ati o o f t h e bas e s by 4 2 I f th e are a o f t h e s mall er tr i

.

a ngl e i s 4 0 s q i n what i s th e are a o f th e larger ?

. .
,

16 . I n a t r ap e z o id t h e upp e r a n d l o we r ba s e s are 5 6 c m
, .

and 7 0 c m a n d t h e r ight s id e i s 1 5 c m
.
, I f t h e s ides a re
.

e x t e n d e d u n til th e y m ee t h o w f ar up wi ll t h e l e ft s id e c ut t h e
,

r ig h t ?

17 . T h e r ati o o f th e a re a s o f tw o s i mila r t r ia ngles i s 10

l e s s t h a n 7 6 3 ti me s t h e r ati o o f t h e bases I f t h e ar e a of th e
. .

larger tr iangl e i s s q ft w h at i s t h e are a o f t h e s maller ?

. .
,

18 . Th e r ati o o f t h e a re a s o f two s i milar t ria ngl e s is 1 2

l es s t h a n 7 ti mes t h e r ati o o f t h e ba se s I f th e are a o f o ne .

t riangl e i s 5 s q mi what i s th e a re a o f th e o th er ? (Fo ur

. .
,

ans wer s ) .

19 . Th e r ati o o f two re ctan gl es i s 1 3 gre at er tha n t h e

r ati o o f th e i r ba s e s a nd 3 l e ss tha n t h e r ati o o f t h e i r alti
,

tudes What i s t h e r atio o f th e r e ctangles ?

.

20 . In two re c tan gl es w h i c h have e qual a re as th e r ati o ,

o f t h e ba s e s e x c ee d s by 3 t h e r ati o o f the altitud e s Wh at .

i s th e r ati o o f t h e r e cta ngl es ?

2 1 . The r ati o of th e base s o f two re ctangl es ex ceed s by 1
t h e r ati o o f the altitud e s ; a n d t h e s u m o f the s e t w o r ati o s is
 PR O B LE MS FO R PR ACTI C E A ND R E VIE W 24 7

1 less than t he r ati o o f the r ectangle s What i s the r ati o o f .

t h e r ectan gle s ?

22 Th e altitud e o f a t r ia ngl e i s 2 5 per cent gr e ater than

.

t h e bas e I ts ar e a i s e qual to a r e c tan gl e h a vi ng a n altitud e

.

of 9 cm a nd a ba s e 2 c m
. s h o r t e r t h an t h e ba s e o f t h e
.

t r iangle Fi nd t h e altitud e a n d t h e ba s e o f th e t r iangle

. .

23 One s id e o f a t r ia n gl e i s 1 1 c m l o nger t h a n t h e o t h e r
. . .

A li ne c utti n g t h e se s id es at di s ta n ce s o f 6 cm and 7 c m
, . .
,

r e s p e cti v e ly f r o m t h e v e r t ex c u
, t s o ff a quad r ilat er al e qual to
,

3 th e o r igi n al t r ian gl e Fi nd t h e l en gth s o f t h e s id e s

. .

24 Th e tw o s id e s o f a r ight t r iangl e di ffe r by 3 t h e h y po t

.

e n us e nd t h e hyp o t en u s e i s 2 th e i r s um Fi n d the th ree

a , .

s id e s .

Th e s lan t s ide o f a r ight t rian gl e i s call e d th e h yp otenu s e .

25 The two s id es o f a r ight t r iangl e diff e r by 2 cm and

. .
,

th e h yp o t e n u s e i s 8 cm l o n g Fi n d th e le n gth o f t h e tw o s id e s
. . .

26 On e s id e o f a r ig h t t r ia ngl e i s 1 2 c m m o re than
. .

do ubl e t h e o th er a n d th e h yp o t enu s e i s 7 8 c m l o n g Find

, . .

t h e l engths o f t h e l eg s .

2 7 On e s id e o f a r ight t r ia ngl e i s 1 cm le s s tha n 4 tim es

. .

ano ther a nd th e hyp o ten u se i s 14 cm l es s than t h e s um o f

, .

t h es e t wo s id es Fi n d t h e t h ree sid es
. .

28 Th e hyp o t e n u s e o f a r ight t r ia n gl e i s 1 1 cm gr eat er

. .
,

a nd t h e lar g e r le g i s 2 c m g r e at e r tha n d o ubl e t h e s h o rtes t

.
,

s id e . Fin d t h e thr ee s id es .

29 In a t r iangl e with tw o e qual s id es t h e a re a i s 1 2 0 s q

.
, .

cm One o f th e e qual s id es is 1 7 cm F i nd t h e bas e and

. .

t h e altitud e .

30 Th e l engt h o f a r ecta ngl e i s 3 c entime ter l es s than 5

.

times the width and the diago na l i s 44 millimeters Find

, .

the area .

1 me t er 100 centim et ers

1 c entim et er 1 0 mi lli met ers
248 PRO B LE MS FOR PRAC TI C E A ND RE VI E W

81 . One s idea r ight t r iangle i s 3 meter les s than th e

of

hyp o tenu s e and t h e w h o l e p er imet er i s 66 centimeters l ess

,

than 3 times t h e hyp o tenu s e Fi nd th e s id es

. .

82 . Of t h e n umb er s r e p resen tin g t h e t h re e an gl es o f a

t r ia n gl e t wo ar e fo r me d by th e s ame digits i nter c hanged
, ,

a nd t h e o t h er i s t h e s quar e o f th e s um o f th o s e digit s . Th e
fir s t tw o a n gl e s w o uld b e c o m pl e m ent s if o ne wer e di mi n i sh ed
by What a r e t h e angl es ?
33 . Th e ar e a o f a r e c tangl e is 4 80 s quar e c entimet ers and ,

th e diago n al i s 34 c e nti met er s Fi n d th e p er imeter

. .

84 . Th e l ength o f a r e c tangl e ex c ee d s th e widt h by 4 9

millimeter s a nd th e per i meter ex cee d s the s um o f t h e diago
,

nals by 2 c e ntim e t er s Fin d th e s ides

. .

0 85 . Th e diago n al of a r e ctangle ex ceed s 5 times th e width

by 2 c entimet ers and the per im e ter is 1 94 millimeters
, .

Fi nd the s ides .
 I NDE X
Abb re viatin g explanati o ns of p ro b Ax io m 4 1 ,
.

16 11 18 , 1 1 . Ax iom A 130 , .

Abili ty and time pr oblem o f 100 , ,

. Ax is of x 17 0 , .

Accur acy 1 8 ,
. of y, 1 7 0 .

limit ed by da ta 59 , .

o f diagr a ms 1 7 1 ,
. Bas e 67 ,
.

Acr e 1 60 s qua e r o ds 2 06 r , . Bin o m ial 1 1 1 , .

404 7 h ecta es 60. r ,

. B ace 1 08
r ,
.

acr es i n a hectar e ,
Br ack et 1 08 , .

60 .

Ad di ti on , app r o imat e x ,
59 . C en t er 4 6 ,
.

Age p ro bl ems 38 , . C en tig ad e an d Fahr en h eit 1 7 5

r , .

Air w e ight o f 20 60
, , ,
. C han ge o f fo m 4 2 r , .

Algeb a 1 1 r ,
. C han ges o f value i n an e quati o n ,

an cien t t extb o oks 42 ,

. 4 1 , 83 .

d e ivation of th e wo d 42
r r , . C h eck by co ns t ructing l o ci 1 86
, , .

Algeb r aic exp e s s i on 1 3 r ,

. f o app o i mat e divis i o n 55
r r x , .

Al g eb aic n e gativ e 1 3 6
r ,
. f o r app o xim at e mul tiplicati o n
r ,

Al phab et us e o f i n algeb r a 23
, , , . 53 .

Al ti tud e 67 ,
. fo r lo n g di vis ion 1 17 , .

An alyt ic geo met r y 2 14 ,

. C h eckin g 1 4 ,
.

Ang l e s id es o f 2 2
, , . by co effi cien t s 106 1 1 1 , , .

Ang l es m ea s ur emen t o f 2 1
, , . quadr atics with th e s tan dard
o f a p o lyg o n 1 64 ,
. par ab ola 2 1 5 , .

in a s tr ip e 3 2 ,
. C ir cl e 4 6 7 8, ,
.

Answ r s co mplet e lis t o f 1 7 5

e , , . e quati o n o f 2 08 , .

meani ngl es s 1 40 ,
. C i cumf er en ce 4 6 7 8
r , , .

Appr oxi m at e additi on 59 , . len gth o f th e 7 8 ,

.

co mputatio n 50 ,
. C lo ck p r o blem s 2 3 1 , .

divis io n 5 4 ,
. C o al c o mp o n en t s o f 20
, , .

Ar e, 4 7 . w eight o f 5 3 ,
.

Area , atio s o f 148

r ,
. C o effici en t , 4 1 .

o f ci cl e 7 8
r ,
. of a te r m, 4 1 .

o f tr ap e o id 7 5 z ,
. ch eck b y 106
C o e ffici en ts , , .

o f t rian gl e 7 1 , . C o mpl emen tary arcs 47 , .

2 50 INDEX

C omplement s , 2 3 . D is tributive factor ing , 1 13 .

C o mpl e t e qu o ti en t , 2 44 . law , 1 12 .

Com pletin g th e qua e 1 27 s r , . D ivis io n appro ximate , , 54 .

C o mp o s itio n o f m o ti o n 9 5 , . D o ubtf ul c o lumns 5 2 , , 54 .

C o mputati on app r o xi mat e 50 , , . figures , 5 1 .

C o n di ti o n e quati o n o f 1 1 9, , .

C o n di ti o n t o d et er mi n e tw o un
s, E gyptian s 1 47 , .

kn o wn s 1 81 , . E ight figu -
accu acy 1 8 re r , .

C o n tin u e d multiplicatio n 109 , . E lim in ati n by co mbin ati o n 1 86

o , .

C o n v n ti n 14
e o , . b y s ub s ti tuti o n 203 , .

C on v e se s tat ement s 1 7 9
r ,
. E lli p e 2 1 4
s , .

C o r d ( f wo o d )
o 4 X 4 X 8 feet , E quati o n 1 3 ,
.

13 6 . lin ea 200 r, .

C o rr es p o n d ence of angles an d o f co n diti o n 1 1 9 , .

s ides 1 5 5 , . qua dr atic 1 2 1 1 30 200 , , , .

o f n umb ers 1 69 ,
. E quati o n s co ns tr uc ti on o f 9 1
, , .

C r o s s p r o ducts 12 2 ,
. in co nsis t ent 1 9 8 ,
.

C ub e o f a n u mb er 1 10 , . indep en dent 1 98 , .

C ub e r oo t 1 1 0 ,
. in det e min ate 1 99 r , .

C ubic m et er cubic yar ds ,

s i mul tane o u s 1 81 , .

60 . E quian gular p o lygo n 1 65 , .

C ubic yar d cubic yar ds t iangle i s e quilate al 1 66

r r , .

i n a cubic m et er ) 60 ,
. E quilat e al p o lyg on 165 r ,
.

C u r en t p o blems 98
r r ,
. t ian gl e i s e quian gul a 166
r r, .

C u r ve o f a r ailr o ad t rack 6 1 , . E qui valen t s o f in ch es i n t en ths o f

C ylin de (lat er al s ur f ace) 1 3 3
r , . a fo o t 5 3 ,
.

E rr ors o f e j e c ti n 5 2 5 3r o , , .

D ata accur acy o f

, ,
1 8, 5 8 . E xplan ati o n s o f p r oblems ab b e r

D ecim al data 1 8 , . vi at e d , 11 .

p o int plac ing o f 50 5 1

, , ,
. Ex pli it f or mulas
c ,
80 .

s ub di vis i on 1 8 , . E xp on en t 1 10 ,
.

D e g ee 2 1
r ,
.

in a r a di an ) 60 , . Factoring by cro s s multipli cation

, ,

o f a t er m 1 1 0 , . 12 3 .

o f an exp es i o n 1 1 0 r s ,
. dis tr ibutive 1 1 3 ,
.

D iagr am algeb aic 1 7 0 ,

r , . Fa ct o s 109r ,
.

D iamet er 4 7 , . o f a n e quati o n 1 3 1 ,
.

D iff er ence o f s quares 120 ,

. Fahr enheit an d C en tigr a de 1 7 5 , .

o f unk n o wn n umb e s giv en r 30 Figur es ins c ib e d i n a st ip e 67 r r

Five—
.
, .
,

Digits p o b l m of th e 92
,
r e , . figu e a c c ur a c y 1 8
r ,
.

Dis cardi ng figur es 5 1 , . Fix ing th e decimal p oint 50 5 1 , , .

 IND EX 25 1

Foo t (5280 fee t in a mile) ,

1 90 . Law igns 1 1 5 116
of s , ,
.

Fo rmula 63 , . Left han d o r der o f par tial pro d

-

S ab , 63 . u ct s , 50 .

S a pi b pz, 68 . Len gth me as ur emen t o f , 1 7

,
.

S 3 b p2 3 017 3 , 7 1 . o f th e ci r cu m fer e n c e , 7 8 .

S 2 p (b l b z) 7 5 80 , , . L imits o f accu r acy , 1 8 .

c 2 1r7 , S ‘ ’
7 rI ,
‘ 2
78 . L in ear e quatio n 200 ,
.

s vt, 95 . Linear quadr atic pair s 200

-
,
.

W (n 2) 1 64 . Lit er 85 lit er s i n a gall o n ) , 60 .

H a c ti o n al e quatio ns 83 L ocus o f an e quation 1 7 5 , .

—
.
,

of a lett er quadratic 2 14
tw o , .

Gallon liters , 60 . Lo n g di vis io n 1 17 , .

G eo met y 1 4 7 r , .

M eas uremen t in dir ect 65

G reek s 1 47 , .
,

o f a n gl es 2 1
.
,
.
,

o f l en gth 1 7
H ectar e acres , 60 .

M eas ur e men t n umb ers 50

,

. h ecta es i n an acre
4047 r , 60 .

M emb er o f an e quatio n 13
, .

H i t ry o f e quatio n s 1 4
.
,
s o , .

M e t er 1 7
Hyp e b o la 2 1 4
r , .
,

inches 20 5 6 .
, ,

M ile 5 2 80 f ee t 1 90
I denti c al e quation 1 1 9
.
,
, .

M inus t erms 104

I dentiti es 1 1 9
.
,
, .

M in ute ( 60 min ut es i n a de gr e e)
I magin ar y r o o t s 144 , .
,

22
I mpli c it fo r m ulas 80
.

,
M o n o mial 1 1 1
.

I n ches r educe d to t en ths o f a fo o t

.
,
,
M o tio n co mp o s iti on o f 9 5
, , .

53
M ultiplicatio n co n tinue d 109
.

Inco n s is t ent e quatio ns 1 98

.
, ,

(di s t r ib utive law ) , 36, 37

, .

I n dep en den t e quati on s 1 98

.

In de terminat e e qua tio ns 1 99

, .

h ow in di cat e d 1 4 , .

o f p o lyn o m ials 1 1 4
.
,

I n d ex 1 1 0
.
,

r e ver se d 50
,
.

I n direct m eas ur emen t 65

.
,
, .

In e quality s ign fo r 7 2 , , . Natural o d er o f partial p r o duct s

r ,

I ns cr ib e d figur es in a s trip e 67
, , , . 50 .

I n t e g er 1 7 , Negative answers , meani n g of

I nt er cept s 1 7 8 , . 1 36, 1 38 .

Irr atio n al n umb ers 1 42 , . N e gative n umb ers (subt rah en ds ) ,

I talian me th o d o f divi s ion 5 6 , . 1 03 .

of s ubtr action , 56 . N egative t erms (s ubtrah ends ) , 37

1 04 .

K i lo gr am p o un d s 2 0 , . No tati o n i n geometry , 1 47 .

. 4 536 k il o gr ams in a p o un d , 60 . N ull ro ot , 1 44 .

2 52 INDEX

N umb er pair 208 -

, . P ur e quadr ati c 1 43 , .

N umb er 7 8 r , . Pythago rean the or em ,

1 62 .

N umb ers irr atio n al , , 142 .

Quadr an t ( quar ter of a c i cle) r ,

O dd an d e ven angles in a s trip e , 23 .

32 . Qua dr atic e quatio n 1 2 1 130 , , ,

2 00 .

Quadrati c e xp r ess ion 1 2 1 , .

Pair o f s tr aight lines ,2 14 . Quadr ati c lo c i 2 10 , .

Parab ola 2 14 , . Q uadr ati c pr o duct s 12 1 , .

Par allel lin es 32 , . Quadr atics p e culiar 1 44 , , .

Parall el o gr arn , 68 .

Parenthes es r emo val o f 89 106 , , ,

. R adian 57 60 .

withi n par en th es es 1 08 , . R adius 4 7 , .

Partial p ro ducts as s uccess ive , R ail o ad curv e 61

r , .

corr e c tions 5 1 , . R ati o, 16 .

i n di vis io n 5 4 , . R atio s o btain ed by me as ur in g a n

o r d er o f 50 , . gl e 65 s, .

P er i m e t er 2 3 5 , . R ati o s o f a a 1 4 8 re , .

7 r, 78 . R e c ip ro cal s lving f o r 194 s, o ,

.

Plo ttin g o f p o in t s 1 7 1
, , . R e ctan gl e ar e a o f 63 , , .

a quadr atic 207 , . R e du c in g an e quati o n 83 ,

.

Plus t er ms 104 , . an e p r s i n 83
x e s o , .

Po lygo n an gl es o f a 1 64
, , . R e gul ar p o lyg o n 1 66 , .

e quian gula r e quilat e r al 16 5 , ,

. R j ec tin g fi gu s 5 1 62
e re , , .

r e gula 1 66 r, . R e j e c tio n o s f 52 , e rr r o , .

P o lyn o mial 1 1 1 , . R e j ecti n f 5 53 o o , ,

.

Po lyn o mials multiplication ,

of, R emo val f pa n h e es 89 1 06 o re t s , ,
.

1 14 . R h o mb o id a e a o f 67 ,
r , .

a an g e m e n t o f 2 4 1
re rr ,
. R ight t r ia n gl es s imilar 15 9 , , .

P o s itive t e m 104 r s, . Rod f ee t ,

Po un d 4 5 36 kilo gr ams 60 .
, .
( 320 r o ds i n a mile) .

Po we 1 10 r, . R o o t 1 10, .

Prec i io n f m eas ur ement 18

s o , . R o o t e qual an d pp o s it
s, 1 43 o e, .

o f i n t u m en ts 50s r , . o f a n e quati o n 1 3 1 1 4 3 , ,
.

o f data 58 ,
. R o ugh c h eck 5 1 , .

Prob lem o f ability an d time ,

R ule f o s o lvin g imple e quatio n s
r s ,

100 . 42 .

clo ck 2 3 1
of th e , . fo r s ubt ra c ti o n , 1 07 .

o f t h e digit 92 s, .

o f t w o V el o c itie s ,
94 . S cal e , algeb r ai c , 1 68 .

P o tracto r 2 3
r ,
. o f a diagr a m , 1 7 2 .
 INDEX 2 53

S eco n d ( 60 s ec o n ds in a minut e ) , S um of th e bas e angles of a t ri

22 . angle 3 3 , .

S ect o r , 2 3 8 . o f t h e un kno wn n umb ers give n ,

S h o p meth o d o f s ubt racti on 56 , .

S h o r tages 3 7 ,
S ummati o n , 1 04 .

S ign o f id en tity 1 19 ,
. S upplementary a rcs , 47 .

o f p erp en di cula r ity 1 7 7 , . S upplement s , 2 3 .

o f s i mila ity 1 63 r ,
.

S i gns law o f 1 1 5 1 16
, , , . Tan gent o f an an gle 1 60 , .

S im ilar figu es 1 5 5 r , . Tan gent s tabl e o f 1 60

, ,
.

p olygon s 1 5 5 ,
. Terms i n alg eb r aic exp res s io ns ,

r ight t r ia n gl es 15 9 , . 13 .

t erms 4 1 1 1 1 , , . Th eorem 3 3 1 19 , , .

t ian gl s 15 6
r e , . Theo r em A 120 , .

S i mpl e e quati o n s tudy o f 4 1 , , . Theo rem o f Pythago r as 162 , .

S i multane o u s e quati o n s 1 81 , . Three figur e accur acy 1 8

-
, .

S i figur e accur acy 1 8

x- ,
. checkin g 62 ,
.

S quare o f di ff e en ce 120 r , . Tr acin g pap e u s e o f 7 1 1 86 2 15 r, , , , .

o f a n u mb er 5 7 1 10 , , . Tr ain di s patch er s di agr am 1 69 ’

, .

o f su m, 12 0 . Tr ans vers al 3 2 , .

S qua re ro d 301 quare yar ds s . Tr ap e o i ds 7 5

z ,
.

( 1 60 s quar e r o d s in an acr e) 206 ,

. T ial p o duct 5 1
r r , .

S quare ro o t 57 1 10 , , . Tr ian gles 7 0 , .

i n e quati o n s 65 , . havin g o n e angle th e s ame 15 1 , .

S tan dar d par ab o la 2 1 5 , . ins crib ed in a s t ip e 1 48 r ,

S tr aight lin e l o cu s 1 7 6
-
, . s i mila r i f e quian gula r 1 5 6 , .

S t r aigh t lin e s pai r o f 2 14 , , . Tr ino mial 1 1 1 ,

.

S t r aight p r o duct s 1 2 2 , .

S t ip ar e a o f 64
r , , . Unit o f l en gth 1 7 , .

S trip e 3 2 , . Uni t wid e s trip are a

-
, of, 64 .

figur es in s cr ib e d in a 67 , .

S tudy o f a s im pl e e quatio n ,
41 . Valuation p r obl ems 2 6 , .

S ubt r acti o n r ule f or 107 , , Ve lo cities p ro blem o f th e two

, , 94 .

o f f r acti o n s 88 , . Vert ex o f an an gle 23 , .

o f par en th e s es 88 , . Vin culum 108 , .

S ubt r ah en ds in divis io n 5 5 , .

S uffixes , 3 2 . Weight o f air , 2 0, 60 .

S um of th e angles of a p o lygon , of ca b on di oxide

r , 60 .

164 . of c o al 5 3 , .

of th e angles of a tr ian gle ,

33 . Zer o o btain ed by addi ng , 104 .