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CONTENT

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INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF DIFFRACTION

INTERENCE V/S DIFFRACTION

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FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION AT A SINGLE SLIT

FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION AT A DOUBLE SLIT

SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION V/S DOUBLE SLIT DIFFRACTION

DIFFRACTION IN MULTISLITS

DIFFRACTION BY PLANE TRANSMISSION GRATING

FORMATION OF SPECTRA BY GRATING

RESOLVING POWER OF GRATING AND MICROSCOPE

APPLICATION OF DIFFRACTION

APPLICATION OF DIFFRACTIION GRATING

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CONCLUION

PHYSICS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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We would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my teachers as

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well as our supervisors who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic DIFFRACTION which also helped me in doing

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a lot of research and we came to know about so many new things.

I am really thankful to them.Secondly, we would also like to thank my

friends who helped us in finishing this project in limited time.

It really helped us increase our knowledge and skills.

THANK YOU!

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PHYSICS
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INTRODUCTION

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01
When light from a narrow linear slit is incident on the sharp edge of an obstacle, it will be found that

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there is illumination to some extent within the geometrical shadow of the obstacle. This shows that
light can bend round an obstacle. All phenomena like this which are produced when the incident
wavefront is somehow limited are called diffraction of light.​
02
When waves encounter obstacles (or openings), they bend round the edges of the obstacles, if the
dimensions of the obstacles are comparable to the wavelength of the waves. The bending of waves
around the edges of an obstacle is called diffraction.

03
Diffraction of Light: If an opaque obstacle (or aperture) be placed between a source of light and a
screen, a sufficiently distinct shadow (or an illuminated region) is obtained on the screen. This shows
that light travels approximately in straight lines. If, however, the size of the obstacle or the aperture is
small (comparable to the wavelength of light), then there is a departure from straight-line

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propagation, and the light bends round the corners of the obstacle or the aperture, and enters the
geometrical shadow. This bending of light is called ‘diffraction.’

PHYSICS
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TYPES OF DIFFRACTION

YTR AF DON EOTCUETSI TDSANEI MI D

FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION​
IN FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION:​
SOURCE AND THE SCREEN ARE FAR AWAY FROM

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EACH OTHER.​
INCIDENT WAVEFRONTS ON THE DIFFRACTING
OBSTACLE ARE PLANE.​
DIFFRACTION OBSTACLE GIVES RISE TO WAVEFRONTS
WHICH ARE ALSO PLANE.​
PLANE DIFFRACTING WAVEFRONTS ARE CONVERGED
BY MEANS OF A CONVEX LENS TO PRODUCE A
DIFFRACTION PATTERN.​

FRESNEL DIFFRACTION​
IN FRESNEL DIFFRACTION:​
SOURCE AND SCREEN ARE NOT FAR AWAY FROM
EACH OTHER.​

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LEAVING THE OBSTACLES ARE ALSO SPHERICAL.​
THE CONVEX LENS IS NOT NEEDED TO CONVERGE THE

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SPHERICAL WAVEFRONTS​
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DIFFRACTION V/S INTERFERNCE

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DIFFRACTION

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INTERFERENCE
Diffraction, on the other hand, can be termed as secondary Interference may be defined as waves emerging from two different

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waves that emerge from the different parts of the same wave. sources, producing different wavefronts.
In diffraction, there is a variance of the intensity of The intensity of all the points on maxima is of similar intensity in
positions. interference.
We see a variance in the intensity of interference in It is absolutely dark in the region of minimum intensity, in the case of
diffraction. interference.
The sources are referred to as interference sources if the number
If the number of sources is more than to the sources are
of sources is as few as two sources
referred to as diffraction sources.

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01
FRAUNHOFER Let us first consider a parallel beam of light incident normally on a slit AB of width 'a' which is of

DIFFRACTION order of the wavelength of light as shown below in the figure

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AT A 02

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SINGLE SLIT A real image of diffraction pattern is formed on the screen with the help of converging lens
placed in the path of the diffracted beam

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03
All the rays that starts from slit AB in the same phase reinforce each other and produce
brightness at point O on the axis of slit as they arrive there in the same phase
04
The intensity of diffracted beam will be different in different directions and there are some
directories where there is no light
05
Thus diffraction pattern on screen consists of a central bright band and alternate dark and
bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides.

06
Let C be the center of the slit AB.The secondary waves, from points equidistant from center

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C of the slit lying on portion CA and CB of wave front travel the same distance in reaching O
and hence the path difference between them is zero.

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CONDITIOM FOR MINIMA

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WE NOW CONSIDER THE INTENSITY AT POINT P1 ABOVE O ON THE SCREEN WHERE ANOTHER SET OF RAYS DIFFRACTED AT A ANGLE Θ
HAVE BEEN BOUGHT TO FOCUS BY THE LENS AND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF THE SLITS DO NOT ARISE IN PHASE

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AT P1
IF WE DROP A PERPENDICULAR FROM POINT A TO THE DIFFRACTED RAY FROM B,THEN AE AS SHOWN IN FIGURE CONSTITUTES THE

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DIFFRACTED WAVEFRONT AND BE IS THE PATH DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RAYS FROM THE TWO EDGES A AND B OF THE SLIT.

LET US IMAGINE THIS PATH DIFFERENCE TO BE EQUAL TO ONE WAVELENGTH.

THE WAVELETS FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SLIT DO NOT REACH POINT P1 IN THE PHASE BECAUSE THEY COVER UNEQUAL

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DISTANCE IN REACHING P1.THUS THEY WOULD INTERFERE AND CANCEL OUT EACH OTHER EFFECT. FOR THIS TO OCCUR

BE=Λ
SINCE BE=ABSINΘ

ASINΘ=Λ
OR SINΘ=Λ/A
OR Θ=Λ/A ---(1)
AS ANGLE OF DIFFRACTION IS USUALLY VERY SMALL SO THAT
SINΘ=Θ

SUCH A POINT ON SCREEN AS GIVEN BY THE EQUATION (1) WOULD BE POINT OF SECONDARY MINIMUM
IT IS BECAUSE WE HAVE ASSUME THE SLIT TO BE DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS, THEN WAVELETS FROM THE CORRESPONDING
POINTS OF THE TWO HALVES OF THE SLIT WILL HAVE PATH DIFFERENCE OF #955;/2 AND WAVELETS FROM TWO HALVES
WILL REACH POINT P1 ON THE SCREEN IN A OPPOSITE PHASE TO PRODUCE MINIMA

AGAIN CONSIDER THE POINT P2 IN THE FIGURE 1 AND IF FOR THIS POINT PATH DIFFERENCE BE=2Λ ,THEN WE CAN IMAGINE SLIT TO BE
DIVIDED INTO FOUR EQUAL PARTS

THE WAVELETS FROM THE CORRESPONDING POINTS OF THE TWO ADJACENT PARTS OF THE SLIT WILL HAVE A PATH DIFFERENCE OF
Λ/2 AND WILL MUTUALLY INTERFERE TO CANCEL OUT EACH OTHER

THUS A SECOND MINIMUM OCCURS AT P2 IN DIRECTION OF Θ GIVEN BY

Θ=2Θ/A

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SIMILARLY NTH MINIMUM AT POINT PN OCCURS IN DIRECTION OF Θ GIVEN BY
ΘN=NΘ/A ---(2)

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CONDITION FOR MAXIMA

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If there is any point on the screen for which path difference
BN=asinθ=3θ/2

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Then point will be position of first secondary maxima

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Here we imagine unblocked wavefront to be divided into three equal parts where the wavelets from the
first two parts reach point P in opposite phase thereby cancelling the e effects of each other

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The secondary waves from third part remain uncancelled and produce first maximum at the given
point

we will get second secondary maximum for BN=5θ/2 and nth secondary maxima for
BN=(2n+1)θ/2 =asinθn ---(3)

where n=1,2,3,4..

Intensity of these secondary maxima is much less then central maxima and falls off
rapidly as move outwards

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Figure below shows the variation of the intensity distribution with their distance from the center of the

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central maxima
 01

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LThe Double slit have been represented as AB and CD in the above figure. The slits are narrow
FRAUNHOFER and rectangular in shape. The plane of the slits are perpendicular to plane of the paper. Let the

DIFFRACTION width of both the slits be equal and its “a” and they are separated by opaque portion of length
“b”. Lens L is placed between slits and the screen, focuses the interference-cum-diffraction

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AT A pattern on the screen. .A monochromatic plane wave front of wave length “λ” is incidently

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SINGLE SLIT
normally on both the slits.

02

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Light is made incident on arrangement of double slit. The secondary wavelets travelling in the
direction of OP are brought to focus at P on the screen MN by using a converging lens L. P
corresponds to the position of the central bright maximum. The intensity distribution on the
screen is the combined effect of interference of diffracted secondary waves from the slits. The
diffracted intensity on the screen is very large along the direction of incident beam [i.e along
OP]. Hence it is maximum at P. This is known as principal maximum of zero order.

03
The intensity at point P’ on the screen is obtained by applying the Fraunhofer diffraction
theory at single slit and interference of diffracted waves from the two slits. The diffracted
wave amplitude due to single slit at an angle θ with respect to incident beam is images,
where 2α is the phase difference between the secondary wavelets arising at the end points of
a slit.

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 INTERFERENCE MAXIMA AND MINIMA DIFFRACTION MAXIMA AND MINIMA

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If the path difference ,
If the path difference ,

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where n = 1, 2,3…
then ‘θn’ gives the directions of the maxima due where n = 1, 2, 3…
to interference of light waves coming from the then θ ngives the directions of diffraction
minima. The ± sign indicates minima on both

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two slits. The ± sign indicates maxima on both
sides with respect to the central maximum. sides with respect to central maximum.

On the other hand if the path difference is odd For diffraction maxima
multiples of λ/2
i.e;
is the condition.
then θn gives the directions of minima due to
interference of the secondary waves from the
The ± sign indicates maxima on both sides with
two slits on both sides with respect to central
respect to central maximum.
maximum.

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THE DISTRIBUTION ON THE SCREEN

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DUE TO DOUBLE SLIT DIFFRACTION
NOW WE SEE CERTAIN VALUES OF A AND B FOR WHICH

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INTERFERENCE MAXIMA ARE MISSING.

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(I)LET A=B
THEN 2A SINΘN=NΛ AND A SINΘ=MΛ

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OR N=2M
IF M = 1, 2, 3 … THEN N = 2, 4, 6… I.E., THE INTERFERENCE ORDERS 2,
(A) REPRESENTS THE GRAPH FOR INTERFERENCE TERM.
4, 6 … MISSED IN THE DIFFRACTION PATTERN.

(II) IF 2A = B THEN 3A SIN ΘM = NΛ AND E SIN ΘM = MΛ IF, Μ

= 1, 2, 3… THEN N = 3, 6, 9…

I.E THE INTERFERENCE ORDERS 3, 6, 9… ARE MISSED IN THE

(B) SHOWS THE GRAPH FOR DIFFRACTION TERM
DIFFRACTION PATTERN.

(III) IF A + B = A
I.E B = 0 THE TWO SLITS ARE JOINED.
SO, THE DIFFRACTION PATTERN IS DUE TO A SINGLE SLIT OF
WIDTH 2E.
(C) REPRESENTS THE RESULTANT DISTRIUBUTION
MISSING ORDER IN A DOUBLE

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SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN

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01

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In the double slit experiment, slit width is taken as “a” and separation between the slits as “b” . If the slit width “a”
is kept constant , the diffraction pattern remains the same.

02

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Keeping “a” constant if the spacing “b” is altered the spacing between the interference maxima changes.
(a+b) sinθ = nλ
03
Depending on the relative values of “a” and “b” certain orders of interference maxima will be absent in the
resultant pattern
04
The direction of interfernce maxima are given by
(a+b) sinθ = nλ

05
The directions of diffraction minima are given by
a sinθ = pλ

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SINGLE SLIT VS DOUBLE SLIT

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In a single slit diffraction, light spreads out in a line perpendicular to the slit. No particular interesting phenomena are

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observed.

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But in a double slit diffraction, light diffracts when passing though the slits, but the light waves coming out from those
slits interfere with each other to produce an interference pattern on the screen. The light is spread out in a line, like in
the single slit, but here there is interference, producing regions of constructive (bright fringes) and destructive (dark
fringes) interference and a very bright spot at the centre of the screen, called the central maxima.
So, looking at diffraction only, there is no difference between single slit and double slit because in both cases diffraction
happen; but in a double slit there is diffraction as well as interference among the diffracted rays.

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PHYSICS
 DIFFRACTION IN MULTISLITS

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An interesting thing happens if you pass light through a large number of evenly spaced parallel slits, called a diffraction grating.

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An interference pattern is created that is very similar to the one formed by a double slit . A diffraction grating can be
manufactured by scratching glass with a sharp tool in a number of precisely positioned parallel lines, with the untouched regions
acting like slits. These can be photographically mass produced rather cheaply. Diffraction gratings work both for transmission of

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light, and for reflection of. In addition to their use as novelty items, diffraction gratings are commonly used for spectroscopic
dispersion and analysis of light. What makes them particularly useful is the fact that they form a sharper pattern than double slits
do. That is, their bright regions are narrower and brighter, while their dark regions are darker. Figure 4 shows idealized graphs
demonstrating the sharper pattern. Natural diffraction gratings occur in the feathers of certain birds. Tiny, finger-like structures
in regular patterns act as reflection gratings, producing constructive interference that gives the feathers colors not solely due to
their pigmentation. This is called iridescence.

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The colors reflected by this compact disc vary with angle and are not caused by pigments. Colors such as these are direct evidence of

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the wave character of light
A diffraction grating is a large number of evenly spaced parallel slits. (a) Light passing through idiffracted in a pattern similar to a
double slit, with bright regions at variouss angles. (b) The pattern obtained for white light incident on a grating. The central

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maximum is white, and the higher-order maxima disperse white light into a rainbow of colors.

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As seen in Figure each ray travels a distance d sin θ different from that of its neighbor, where d is the distance between
slits. If this distance equals an integral number of wavelengths, the rays all arrive in phase, and constructive interference
(a maximum) is obtained. Thus, the condition necessary to obtain constructive interference for a diffraction grating is d

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sin θ = mλ, for m = 0, 1, −1, 2, −2, . . . (constructive) where d is the distance between slits in the grating, λ is the
wavelength of light, and m is the order of the maximum. Note that this is exactly the same equation as for double slits
separated by d. However, the slits are usually closer in diffraction gratings than in double slits, producing fewer maxima
at larger angles.

Where are diffraction gratings used?

Diffraction gratings are key components of monochromators used, for example, in optical imaging of
particular wavelengths from biological or medical samples. A diffraction grating can be chosen to
specifically analyse a wavelength emitted by molecules in diseased cells in a biopsy sample or to help
excite strategic molecules in the sample with a selected frequency of light. Another vital use is in optical

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fiber technologies where fibers are designed to provide optimum performance at specific wavelengths. A
range of diffraction gratings are available for selecting specific wavelengths for such use.

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 YGOLONHCET
DIFFRACTION BY PLANE TRNSMISSION GRATING

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An arrangement consisting of a large number of equidistant parallel narrow slits of equal width separated by equal opaque

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portions is known as a diffraction grating.
The plane transmission grating is a plane sheet of transparent material on which opaque rulings are made with a fine diamond
pointer. The modern commercial form of grating contains about 6000 lines per centimetre.

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The rulings act as obstacles having a definite width ‘b’ and the transparent space between the rulings act as slit of width ‘a’.
The combined width of a ruling and a slit is called grating element (e). Points on successive slits separated by a distance equal
to the grating element are called corresponding points.
Theory
MN represents the section of a plane transmission grating. AB, CD, EF … are the
successive slits of equal width a and BC, DE … be the rulings of equal width b (Fig. 5.21).
Let e = a + b.
Let a plane wave front of monochromatic light of wave length λ be incident normally on
the grating. According to Huygen’s principle, the points in the slit AB, CD … etc act as a
source of secondary wavelets which spread in all directions on the other side of the
grating.
The path difference between the wavelets from one pair of corresponding points A and C
is CG = (a + b) sin θ. It will be seen that the path difference between waves from any pair
of corresponding points is also (a + b) sin θ.
The point P1 will be bright, when (a + b) sin θ = m λ where m = 0, 1, 2, 3
 YGOLONHCET
EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE WAVELENGTH OF
MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT USING A PLANE TRANSMISSION
GRATING.

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The wavelength of a spectral line can be very accurately determined with the help of a diffraction grating and spectrometer.

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Initially all the preliminary adjustments of the spectrometer are made. The slit of collimator is
illuminated by a monochromatic light, whose wavelength is to be determined. The telescope is
brought in line with collimator to view the direct image. The given plane transmission grating is then
mounted on the prism table with its plane is perpendicular to the incident beam of light coming from
the collimator. The telescope is slowly turned to one side until the first order diffraction image
coincides with the vertical cross wire of the eye piece. The reading of the position of the telescope is
noted (Fig. 5.22).
Similarly the first order diffraction image on the other side, is made to coincide with the vertical cross wire and
corresponding reading is noted. The difference between two positions gives 2θ. Half of its value gives θ, the diffraction angle
for first order maximum. The wavelength of light is calculated from the equation λ = sin θ/ Nm. Here N is the number of

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rulings per metre in the grating.

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.
 FORMATION OF SPECTRA WITH GRATING

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The principle maxima in a grating are formed in direction given by

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where (e+d)sinθ=nλ

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is the grating element, ‘n’ the order of the maxima and the wavelength of the incident light.
1) For a given wavelength the angle of diffraction is different for principal maxima of different orders.
2) For white light and for a particular order n, the light of different wavelengths will be diffracted in different directions.

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The longer the wavelength, greater is the angle of diffraction. So in each order, we will get the spectra having as many lines as
the wavelength in the light source.
At centre (n = 0, zero order) gives the maxima of all wavelengths. So here different wavelengths coincide to form the central
image of the same colour as that the light source.
Similarly the principal maxima of all wavelengths corresponding to n = 1 will form the first order spectrum, the principal maxima
of all wavelengths corresponding to n = 2, will form the second order spectrum and so on.

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From this we conclude that

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Important characteristics of grating spectra:
1) Spectra of different orders are situated symmetrically on both sides of zero order.
2) Spectral lines are almost straight and quite sharp.

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3) Spectral colours are in the order from Violet to Red.
4) Spectral lines are more dispersed as we go to higher orders.
5) Most of the incident intensity goes to zero order and rest is distributed among the other orders.

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Maximum number of orders formed by a Grating:
The principal maxima in a grating satisfy the condition
(e+d)sinθ=nλ
Or n= [(e+d)sinθ]/λ
The maximum angle of diffraction is 90o, hence the maximum possible order is given by

Ex: Consider a grating having grating element which is less than twice the wavelength of the incident light, then

i.e., only the first order is possible.

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 YGOLONHCET
ABSENT SPECTRUM WITH A DIFFRACTION GRATING
Sometimes it happens that the first order spectrum is clearly visible, second order is not visible and third order

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is again visible, i.e., the second order is absent, and so on. This happens when for a given angle of diffraction q ,

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the path difference between the diffracted rays from the two extreme ends of one slit is equal to an integral
multiple of l . Suppose the path diffrerence is l , then each slit can be considered to be made up of two halves,
the path difference between the secondary waves from the corresponding points in the two halves will be l / 2 .

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Now they will cancel one another resulting zero intensity.
We know that, in case of a grating the principal maxima are obtained in the directions given by
(e+d)sinθ=nλ
Also, in case of a single slit, the minima are obtained in the directions given by
e sinθ=mλ
If both the conditions are satisfied simultaneously, a particular maximum of order n will be missing in the
grating spectrum. Dividing above equations we have

which is the condition of absent spectra.

If the width of the ruling is equal to the width of the slit,

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the second order spectrum will be missed.
 YGOLONHCET
DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH USING GRATING
In laboratory, the grating spectrum can be obtained by using a spectrometer.

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Adjustments: Before performing the experiment, the following adjustments are made.

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(1) The spectrometer is adjusted for parallel rays by Schuster’s method.
(2) The grating is adjusted for normal incidence.

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Measurement of θ : When a white light is incident on the grating normally, the beam gets dispersed and in each order of the
spectrum we can observe constituent wavelengths ( i.e., VIBGYOR)
1) The telescope is now turned to get the first order spectrum in the field of view on left.
2) The cross-wire is adjusted on the line whose wavelength is to be determined (say on RED line)

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3) Now, the readings of the two verniers are noted.
4) The telescope is then turned to the right side to receive the first order spectrum and repeat steps (2) & (3).

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5) The difference between readings of the same vernier gives twice the angle of diffraction q for that line in first order.
6) By substituting the values of θ , (e + d ) and n in (e+d)sinθ=nλ we can determine the wavelength of light.
The same procedure from step (1) through (6) is repeated for second order and even in higher orders.
 YGOLONHCET
THEORY
The imaging system’s resolution can be limited either by aberration or by diffraction
causing blurring of the image. These two phenomena have different origins and are
RESOLVING

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unrelated. Aberrations can be explained by geometrical optics and can in principle be

POWER OF

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solved by increasing the optical quality — and cost — of the system. On the other hand,
diffraction comes from the wave nature of light and is determined by the finite aperture of
MICROSCOPE the optical elements. The lens’ circular aperture is analogous to a two-dimensional version

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of the single-slit experiment.
Light passing through the lens interferes with itself creating a ringshape
diffraction pattern, known as the Airy pattern, if the wavefront of the transmitted
light is taken to be spherical or plane over the exit aperture.
The interplay between diffraction and aberration can be characterised by
the point spread function (PSF). The narrower the aperture of a lens the
more likely the PSF is dominated by diffraction. In that case, the angular
resolution of an optical system can be estimated (from the diameter of the
aperture and the wavelength of the light) by the Rayleigh criterion
invented by Lord Rayleigh:
wo point sources are regarded as just resolved when the principal diffraction

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maximum of one image coincides with the first minimum of the other, If the

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distance is greater, the two points are well resolved and if it is smaller, they are
regarded as not resolved. If one considers diffraction through a circular aperture.
 YGOLONHCET
• The resolution R (here measured as a distance, not to be confused with the angular resolution of a previous
subsection) depends on the angular aperture :

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where . Here NA is the numerical aperture, is half the included angle of the lens, which depends on the diameter
of the lens and its focal length, is the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the specimen, and is
the wavelength of light illuminating or emanating from (in the case of fluorescence microscopy) the sample.

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It follows that the NAs of both the objective and the condenser should be as high as possible for maximum resolution.
In the case that both NAs are the same, the equation may be reduced to:
The practical limit for is about 70°. In an air objective or condenser, this gives a maximum NA of 0.95. In a high-
resolution oil immersion lens, the maximum NA is typically 1.45, when using immersion oil with a refractive index of
1.52. Due to these limitations, the resolution limit of a light microscope using visible light is about 200 nm. Given that
the shortest wavelength of visible light is violet ( ≈ 400 nm),
which is near 200 nm.

• Oil immersion objectives can have practdue to their shallow depth of field and extremely short working
distance, which calls for the use of very thin (0.17mm) cover slips, or, in an inverted microscope, thin
glass-bottomed Petri dishes.

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However, resolution below this theoretical

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 THEORY

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RESOLVING The resolving power of a grating is the product of the diffracted order in which it is
used and the number of grooves illuminated by the incident radiation. It can also be
POWER OF expressed in terms of grating width, groove spacing, and diffracted angles. Resolving

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GRATING power is a property of the grating, and therefore, unlike resolution, it is not dependent

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on the optical and mechanical characteristics of the system in which it is used.

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A beam of light including two wavelengths λ and λ+ ∆λ is made to fall on the surface of a diffraction grating. The
grating elementis (a+b) and N is the total number of slits on the grating. After diffraction from the grating, both
wavelengths in the source will form a pattern on the screen. The wavelength will be deviated through angle θ and
the corresponding maxima will be formed at P; while the wavelength λ+ ∆λ will be deviated through θ + dθ and
the
diffraction maxima will be formed at P2. These diffraction patterns are observed through an optical instrument

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like
spectrometer and the point where these two maxima’s appear as two distinctimages, then they are said to be

PHYSICS
resolved and the resolving power of the diffraction grating will be given as: λ/d λ It is clear that smaller the λ,
greater will be the resolving power. That means the diffraction grating, which can resolve closely spaced lines will
have more resolving power.
 YGOLONHCET
APPLICATION OF DIFFRACTION
• A new way to image single biological particles has emerged over the last few years, utilising the bright X-rays generated by X-

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ray free electron lasers. These femtosecond-duration pulses will allow for the (potential) imaging of single biological

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macromolecules. Due to these short pulses, radiation damage can be outrun, and diffraction patterns of single biological
macromolecules will be able to be obtained.

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Reflecting Gratings
They are produced by scribing fine lines on metallic or reflected glass surface.
Incoming light will be separated into different wavelengths
Different colors are separated
Refraction grating and interference produce the similar patterns

Holograms
A form of Photography that produces a three-dimensional image
(credit cards holograms)
A coherent beam of light (laser light) is passed through a mirror and is divided into two beams
1. The reference beam
2. The object beam

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The object beam is reflected from a mirror to illuminate the object
The beam in turn reflects from the object into photographic film

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The reference beam is first reflected from a mirror, then it is spread by a lens and is directed over the object beam on the film
Intensity and relative phase of the light is recorded by interference pattern
When the film is developed the result is a hologram of the object
 YGOLONHCET
APPLICATION OF DIFFRACTION GRATING
A diffraction grating acts like a prism to separate light into parts based on wavelength. It has small, usually periodic features that

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distort the angle of the incident light.

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IRUGILIS
The polychromatic (multi wavelength) light source is composed of monochromatic (single wavelength) constituents. Upon interacting
with the diffraction grating, light of various wavelengths spread at varying degrees.
Other common uses include various forms of spectroscopy, which use diffraction gratings to separate an unknown source
of radiation into its spectra. An exciting application of spectroscopy is the analysis of gas spectra of cosmological bodies.
By breaking up the electromagnetic radiation from distant stars into their spectra, we are able to know more about their
chemical composition.
Diffraction gratings are used in systems needing
high resolution separation of wavelengths. One of

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the most common uses is in a laser - like the green
laser below - in which a monochromatic light source

PHYSICS
is an important feature to induce lasing
 CONCLUSION

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Diffraction is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object. The amount of bending

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ETUTITSNI
depends on the relative size of the wavelength of light to the size of the opening. If the opening is much larger
than the light's wavelength, the bending will be almost unnoticeable.
However, if the two are closer in size or equal, the amount of bending is considerable, and easily seen

IRUGILIS
with the naked eye.
Diffraction – the spreading of light into a region behind an obstruction .
All waves can be diffracted, not just light waves. W
ave diffraction affects us every day!

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PHYSICS
 YGOLONHCET
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BOOKS

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Basic Engineering Physics(Amal Kr Chakrabarty)

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WEBSITES
https://testbook.com/learn/physics-diffraction-of-light/
https://www.slideshare.net/insighter007/diffraction-7787543
https://physicscatalyst.com/optics/diffraction0.php
https://www.studypug.com/physics-help/application-of-diffraction

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PHYSICS
 YGOLONHCET
PRESENTED BY:-

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IRUGILIS
DHIRAJ GOURAB HIMANSHU SOURAV SUDIPTO
AGARWAL DEBNATH MISHRA GHOSH PAUL

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PHYSICS