CHAPTER Factors and Multiples Natural Numbers ‘These are counting numbers excluding the number ‘0°, ¢.8. 1,2, 3, -+- Prime Numbers ‘These are natural numbers that are greater than I and have only two factors: ‘1’ and the number itself, ¢.g.2,3,5,7, Composite Numbers These are natural numbers that are greater than 1 and are not prime numbers, Factors and Multiples For natural numbers a, b and c, where a= b x ¢, then band c are factors of a, ais a multiple of b, ais also a multiple of c. Index Notation If a number N has n factors a, N=axaxa..X 4, e_— then it can be expressed as a”, where a is known as the base and the power n is known as the index (or exponent). 01 | CHAPTER 4 erewa prime Factorisation Iris the process of expressing a composite number into products of 2 or more prime factors, which is usually expressed in index notation. ‘The two methods commonly used to obtain the prime factorisation of a composite number are: Method 1: ‘Ladder method’ / Repeated division Method 2: Factor tree >>> EXAMPLE 11 [finding the prime factorisation of a ‘composite number) Find the prime factorisation of 360. >>> SOLUTION Method 1 (‘Ladder method’ / Repeated division) 360_ 180 90 45 15 a 1360 =2 x? x5 Method 2 (Factor tree) 360 ‘Itisnot necessary to start the tree ‘with a prime factor. 36 10 1 360=2°x3°x 5 CHAPTER 1102SSS... SEE'™|- °° °°. — Highest Common Factor (HOF) ‘The HCF of two or more natural numbers is the greatest natural number that is a factor of each of these numbers. ‘The three methods commonly used to obtain the HCF of two or more natural numbers are: Method 1: Listing ‘Method 2: ‘Ladder method” Method 3: Grouping >>> EXAMPLE 2 [finding the HCF of 3 natural number s) Find the HCF of 30, 60 and 126. >>> SOLUTION Method 1 {Listing} Factors of 30: 1, 2,3, 5,16, 10, 15, 30 60: 1,2,3,4, 5,48 10, 12, 15, 20,30, 60 126: 1,2,3,l8.7, 9, 14, 18, 21,42, 63, 126 <. HCF of 30, 60 and 126 is 6 Method 2 (‘Ladder method’) |B | 30 60 126 [Bi | 153063 5 10 21 *. HCF of 30, 60 and 126 is 2x 3=6 Method 3 (Grouping) : each group of factors ofthe ia ix 5 Cane bso he ft hat : fas th Tet index: omit hse | stn no omen er | niyo gett HC. 1D ix 13 ix 5 :. HCF of 30, 60 and 126 is 2x 3=6 03) CHAPTER 1Least Common Multiple (LCM) ‘The LCM of two or more natural numbers is the smallest natural number that is a multiple of each of them. >>> EXAMPLE 3 [finding the LCM of 3 natural numbers) Find the LCM of 20, 28 and 30. >>> SOLUTION Method 1 (Listing) Multiples of 20: 20, 40, 60, 80, ..., 380, 400, 0, 440, ... This method is not the most 28: 28, 56, 84, 112, ..., 364, 392, HBO, 448, .. cificient as 30: 30, 60, 90, 120, ...,360, 390, HBB 450, ... +. LCM of 20, 28 and 30 is 420 Method 2 [‘Ladder method’) a as 30 If a number is not @/ 0 4 15 the divisor, it i copied ine the Bi/ 5s 7 1 al ba sate boc a 107. 3 a 10701 1 1 ot . LCM of 20, 28 and 30 is 27x 3x 5x 7=420 Method 3 (Grouping) Jn each group of factors ofthe Sane base, extract the factor that has the largest index as well as those which have no ‘common factors and multiply Y them to get the LOM, 1 5 2. LCM of 20, 28 and 30 is 2’ x 3 x 5 x7 = 420 2 3 7 FACTORS ANDO MULTIPLES: i CHAPTER 1/04Divisibility Test. This isa test to di cover if a given number is divisible by another number, usually by observing the digits and without performing the division. This can also be u: Thi 62,410 en sed to determine if a given number is prime or composite. “The sum of all the digits of the given number is divisible by 3 135 (14345 =9, which is divisible by 3) ‘The number formed by the last two digits of the given number is divisible by 4 12 (24 is divisible by 4) ‘The last digit of the given number is either 0 or 5 145, 630 “The given number is divisible by 2 and 3 732 (its last digit is 2;7 +3 +2= 12, which is divisible by 3) The difference between twice the last digit of the given number and the rest of the number is either 0 or divisible by7 (this rule can be applied again to the answer first derived) @ (@ — 2 x 2 = 63, which is divisible by 7) ‘The last 3 digits of the given number is divisible by 8 2108 (104 is divisible by 8) “The sum of all the digits of the given number is divisible by 9 (this rule can be applied again to the answer first derived) 3897 (3+84+947 which is divis 7; 2+7=9, Ie by 9) 10 The last digit of the given number is 0 326 J The difference of the sum of the odd numbered digits and the sum of the even numbered digits is cither 0 or divisible byl 60.819 (6 +8+9- +1 =22, which is divisible by 11) “The given number is divisible by 3 and 4 216 (2+1+6 3; 16 is divis is divisible by le by 4) 05 | CHAPTER 1| ee Squares and Square Roots In general, if a number a can be expressed as a= b*, then ais the square of b and bisa square root of a. ‘A number is a perfect square if b is a whole number. Cubes and Cube Roots In general, if a number a can be expressed as a=”, then ais the cube of b and bis a cube root of a. ‘Anumber is a perfect cube if b is a whole number. >>> EXAMPLE 4 (finding the HCF and LCM of algebraic expressions) Find the HCF and the LCM of 4x’y and 12x*y*, >>> SOLUTION Po xexy Bx3xxvxy HCF =? xe xy =4x7y LCM =2x 3 xx’ x y= 12xy* >>> EXAMPLE 5 [use of the divisibility test) (a) Use the divisibility test to determine if 4 is a factor of 349 630, (b) What is the value of A if 349 634 is both divisible by 4 and 97 >>> SOLUTION (a) The number formed by the last two digits, i. 30°, is not divisible by 4. +. 349 630 is not divisible by 4, i.e. 4 is not a factor. (b) For 349 634A to be divisible by 4, the value of digit A is either 2 or 6. In the divisibility test of 9, the sum of all the digits must be divisible by9. 34+4494+64+3+A=254+A If A= 2,25 +2 = 27 (which is divisible by 9) If A = 6, 25 + 6 = 31 (which is not divisible by 9) Az | FACTORS ANDO MULTIPL CHAPTER 1/08eS eesoSEE-|' °° © >>> EXAMPLE 6 [realilife application of HOF) ‘A rectangular piece of aluminium sheet measuring 450 om by 350 emis ‘cut into identical small squares such that no material is left or wasted, Find (the largest possible length of the side of each small square, (ii) the number of small squares cut out. >>> SOLUTION @ | gi | 450 350 m| % 7 ‘The length of the side of each small square is 50 om. 450x350 _ 30x50 72%? = 63 Gi) ‘The number of small squares cut out is 63. >>> EXAMPLE 7 (reattife application of LCM) ‘Three types of colour markings, done on lamp posts, are found at 15 m, 20 m and 30 m intervals respectively along a straight road, At the beginning, of the straight road, all three colour markings are on the same lamp post. (At what distance from the beginning of the straight road will the three colour markings next appear on a lamp post again? (ii) If the straight road is half a kilometre long, how many times do all the three colour markings appear on a lamp post? >>> SOLUTION @ 1s= 3x5 29=P x5 30=2 x3x5 LOM=2’x3x5=60 “The three colour markings will next appear 60 m from the beginning of the road. 4. 500m _ ot @® “Som = 83 ‘The three colour markings appear on a lamp post 8 times 07 | CHAPTER 1ee 1 aaa 5 1. Find the HCF of each of the following. (a) 48 and 64 (b) 72 and 144 (©) 15,35 and 45 (d) 63,84 and 126 2. Find the LCM of each of the following. (a) 10 and 16 (b) 21 and 28 (©) 6,14 and 16 (d) 12,30 and 36 3. Find the HCF and the LCM of 35, 56 and 91. 4, Find the sum of all the perfect squares that lie between 40 and 150. 5. By using prime factorisation, determine if 324 and 588 are perfect squares. 6. Find the 2-digit prime number which is less than 40 such that the product of its digits is 18. 7. Given that 14 400 = 3° x 4’ x 5°, find the values of a,b and c. 8. Find the HCF and LCM of each of the following, leaving your answers in index notation. (a) 2x3 x5 and 3x 5x7 (b) 2x 3°x 77, 3°x 5? x7 and 2x 3x5*7 9. (i) Express 57 600 in index notation. (ii) Hence, find the value of ,/57 600. 10. Express 12 and 90 as products of their prime factors. Find (a) the smallest integer which is an exact multiple of both 12 and 90, (b) the largest integer which is a common factor of both 12 and 90. Ss CHAPTER 1/0813. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 09 | CHAPTER 1 wy . Given that k and h are prime numbers, which of the following statements are ‘True’? (a) (b) © ‘Skis a prime number. h+h-+ 2his a composite number. Hk has only 2 factors. |. Find the HCF and LCM of each of the following, Jeaving your answers in index notation. (a) (b) (a) (b) @) ©) (@) (b) © 3x'y, 12x"ye’ and 15 5x°y*, 15x’y and LOxy* Ga'bc’, 8ab* and 186% Express 1440 as a product of its prime factors. Hence, find the value of 1440x150 - If 1512 = 2° x 3° x 7°, find the values of a, b and c. Hence, find the exact value of q 1512 x 49 - 1f 7938 = 2" x 3” x c’, find the values of a, b and c. Bx 7938 Hence, find the exact value of Y—z—- Express 135 and 525 as products of their prime factors. Hence, find (() the largest integer which is a factor of both 135 and 525, (ii) the smallest integer n such that 525n is a perfect square. Find the prime factorisation of each of the following numbers and write your answers in index notation. @ 144 Gi) 648 Hence, find the smallest possible value of (i) a whole number A, if 648 x A is a multiple of 144, (ii) a whole number B, if 144 x B is a multiple of 648. Express 405 as a product of its prime factors. Find the smallest value of n if 405n is a perfect cube. Find the smallest value of m if 405m is divisible by 55. 5AS AND MULTIPLE19. (i) Write 90 and 126 as products of their prime factors. 20. a. 22. 24. 25. (ii) Use the results of (i) to find (a) the highest common factor of 90 and 126, (b) the smallest integer value of p such that 90p is a multiple of 126, (c) the smallest integer k such that 126k is a perfect square, (a) the smallest positive integer value of m for which {26x21 xm is a whole number. (a) Find the possible values of A if the number 56 A41 is divisible by3. (b) Given that A and B are the digits of a number 9AB2, find the possible values of A and of B if the number is divisible by 4and 11. (a) Find the prime factorisation of 4950 and write your answer in index notation. (b) Hence, evaluate each of the following and express your answer in index notation. @ (22% 4950 [2x 4950 @) tr ( , 15 x 4950 22 Flashlights A, B and C light up once every 20 seconds, 30 seconds and 45 seconds respectively. Calculate the interval, in minutes, at which all flashlights light up at the same time. Adeline, Belle, Callie and Dolly shared a ball of string equally Adeline cut hers into lengths of 5 cm, Belle’s into 9 cm, Callie’s into 18 cm and Dolly’s into 27 cm without any leftover string Find the total length of the ball of string Mrs Sim bought a big bag of sweets, She wanted to re-pack the sweets into smaller packets of 6, 12 and 20. However, she realised she is always short of 5 sweets. How many sweets were there in the bag initially? ‘A farmer uses + of his land to plant sugarcane, bfor lime, jfor 3 ‘mango and the remaining 176 hectares for vegetables. Find the area allocated for planting lime. NO MULTIPLES: CHAPTER 1 1026. 27, 28. 29. 30. 31. ‘Three airlines leave from an airport for the same destination via different routes at the same time on 27 March. The first departs from the airport every 16 hours, the second every 24 hours and the third every 30 hours. When do they next depart from the airport at the same time? (a) The HCF and the LCM of three numbers are 2° x 3 and 2° x 3° x 5 respectively. Given that wo of the numbers are 36 and 60, find a third number. (b) The HCF and the LCM of three numbers are 15 and 750 respectively. Find all the possible values of the third number if two of the numbers are 15 and 375. (a) If 45 6AB is divisible by 5 and 6, find the possible values of Aand B. (b) If a S-digit number 69 844 is divisible by 6 and 9, find the values of A. (a) Find the smallest possible value of () a whole number A, if it leaves a remainder of 3 when divided by 6,7 or 9, (ii) a whole number B, if it leaves a remainder of 2 when divided by 3, 4 or 7. (b) Hence, calculate the HCF and the LCM of A and B. A large rectangular box measures 60 cm by 90 cm by 120 cm. If'it is to be filled completely with identical smaller cubes, find (a) the greatest possible volume of each cube in m’, (b) the least possible number of cubes required. The Boy Scouts would like to prepare gift bags to donate for the Children’s Day celebration. They have 360 notebooks, 240 erasers and 600 pencils. If the maximum possible number of each item is to be packed in cach bag, find (a) the number of gift bags they can prepare, (b) the number of each item in a gift bag. 41 | CHAPTER 1PP 7” 32. The dimensions of a large tile are 108 em by 48 em. (a) If such identical tiles are used to lay a large floor area of a square unit, what is the least number of tiles required? (b) Ifone such tile can be cut into smaller squares equally without any wastage, what is the longest length of each side of the smaller square? 33. The product of the ages of Mrs Lee and her three children is 5180. If none of her children differ in age of more than 2 years, find the average of their ages. MATH WONDERLAND: Sieve of Eratosthenes 17/273 ]74]s]foe][7]8]9 | 10 ui | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 31 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 71_| 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 91 [92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 ‘The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple ancient step-by-step procedure that is used to find prime numbers. Follow these steps: 1. Cross 1 out. 2, Starting with 2, circle 2 but cross out every multiple of 2 from your sieve. 3. Starting with 3, circle 3 but cross out every multiple of 3 from your sieve. 4, Repeat the steps with all the primes until all the numbers are either circled or crossed out. 5. The numbers that are circled are primes. You may visit http://www worksheetworks.com/math/numbers/sieve- of-eratosthenes.html to create your own sieve, Food for thought 1. Twin primes are two primes that differ by 2, e.g. 3 and 5. ‘How many twin primes can you find from your sieve? 2, Symmetrical primes are primes where their digits are reversed, eg. 13 and 31, How many symmetrical primes can you find from your sieve? 3. Would you be able to determine if 347 is prime? PL CHAPTER 1112