CHAPTER 4

4-6. (a) The components of v are vx = dx/dt and vy = dy/dt. Also, the components of a are ax = dvx/dt
and ay = dvy/dt.
vx = − Ab sin bt v y = Ab cos bt
ax = − Ab 2 cos bt a y = − Ab 2sin bt

(b) | v | = (− Ab sin bt ) 2 + ( ab cos bt ) 2 = A2b 2 (sin 2 bt + cos 2 bt = Ab

2 2 2
|a|= (− Ab 2 cos bt ) 2 + (− Ab 2sin bt ) 2 = Ab2 cos bt + sin bt = Ab
†4-7. At t = 2.0 s, the missile has been falling with acceleration a = 0i − (9.81 m/s 2 ) j and horizontal
velocity equal to the velocity of the airplane. This means the missile is still directly below the
gt 2 (9.81 m/s 2 )(2.0 s) 2
airplane. Its displacement relative to the plane is r = 0i − j = 0i − j=
2 2
0i − (19.6 m) j, or 19.6 m @ 90º below the direction of travel of the airplane. At t = 3.0 s, which
is 1.0 s after igniting the engine, the acceleration is a = (6.0 m/s 2 )i − (9.81 m/s 2 ) j. Its
ax t 2 gt 2
displacement during this 1.0 s interval is r1 = i− j
2 2
(6 m/s 2 )t 2 gt 2 (6 m/s 2 )(1.0 s) 2 (9.81 m/s 2 )(1.0 s) 2
= i− j= i− j = (3.0 m)i − (4.9 m) j. Now
2 2 2 2
the missile’s total displacement relative to the plane is
r2 = (0 m)i − (19.6 m) j + (3.0 m)i − (4.9 m) j = (3.0 m)i − (24.5 m) j. The magnitude is
−24.5
r2 = (3.0 m) 2 + (24.5 m) 2 = 24.7 m. The direction is given by θ = tan −1 = − 83.0°, or
3
24.7 m @ 83º below the direction of travel of the plane.
dr
4-8. r = (5t + 4t 2 )i + (3t 2 + 2t 3 ) j + 0k m. v = = (5 + 8t )i + (6t + 6t 2 ) j + 0k m/s.
dt
d 2 r dv
a= 2 = = (8)i + (6 + 12t ) j + 0k m/s 2 . At t = 2.0 s, v = (21 m/s)i + (36 m/s) j + 0k m/s,
dt dt
which gives a speed of v = (21 m/s) 2 + (36 m/s) 2 = 42 m/s.
∆r
†4-9. v average = , where ∆r is the total displacement and ∆t = 1.5 h is the total elapsed time. To find
∆t
the total displacement, find the displacement during each part of the trip:
∆r1 = (300 km/h @ 30° N of E) × 0.50 h = 150 km @ 30° N of E. Taking the y direction to
point N and the x direction to point E, this is ∆r1 = (150 km)( cos 30°)i + (150 km)( sin 30°) j
= (130 km)i + (75 km) j. For the second part of the trip,
∆r2 = (300 km/h @ 30° W of S) × 1.0 h = 300 km @ 30° W of S. In terms of x and y, this
is ∆r2 = − (300 km)( sin 30°)i − (300 km)( cos 30°) j = − (150 km)i − (260 km) j. The total
∆r
displacement is ∆r = ∆r1 + ∆r2 = −20 km i − 185 km j. The average velocity is v average =
∆t

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−20 km i − 185 km j
= = −13.3 km/h i − 123 km/h j. To give this as a N
1.5 h
speed and heading, use vaverage = 13.32 + 1232 km/h = 124 km/h. Since E
θ
both velocity components are negative, the vector is located in the third vaverage
quadrant (between W and S), so we can give the direction
123
as θ = tan −1 = 83.8° S of W. Thus vaverage = 124 km/h @ 83.8º S of
13.3
W.
∆v v 2 − v1
The average acceleration is a average = = , where v1 is the velocity during the 0.5, v2 is
∆t ∆t
the velocity during the next 1.0 h, and ∆t is the time interval during which the velocity changes.
Since no value is given for ∆t, we can calculate ∆v and give the answer symbolically. Using the
definitions above, v1 = (300 km/h) cos 30°i + (300 km/h) sin 30° j = (260 km/h)i + (150 km/h) j.
30° W of S is the same as 240° N of E, so v 2 = (300 km/h) cos 240°i + (300 km/h) sin 240° j
= −(150 km/h)i − (240 km/h) j. Then ∆v = − (410 km/h)i − (410 km/h) j,
−(410 km/h)i − (410 km/h) j
and a average = . As a magnitude and heading, this
∆t
410 2 km/h 580 km/h
is a average = @ 45° S of W, or a average = @ 45° S of W. Even though we
∆t ∆t
don’t have a numerical value, it is important to note that the average acceleration is not zero, even
though the speed of the airplane is constant. The acceleration is caused by the change in direction
of the velocity.
dr d 2r dv
4-10. r = A cos bti + Btj. v = = − bA sin bti + Bj. a = 2 = = − b 2 A cos bti + 0 j. The equation
dt dt dt
for the speed is v = vx2 + v y2 = (bA sin bt ) 2 + B 2 .
dr y
†4-11. r = 90ti + (500 − 15t ) j m. v = = 90i − 15 j m/s. The equation
dt
for the speed is 90 m/s
2 2 2 2 x
v= v +v = (90 m/s) + (15 m/s) = 91 m/s. The direction θ
x y
15 m/s
vy ⎛ −15 ⎞
of the velocity is θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = − 9.5°.
vx ⎝ 90 ⎠
This is 9.5° below the x axis.

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 CHAPTER 4

4-12. Measure time from when the ball is thrown. At that instant, the y
receiver has traveled (7 m/s)(2.0 s) = 14 m along the x direction
relative to the quarterback. The receiver is at an initial vR
displacement r0 = (14 m)i + (20 m) j relative to the quarterback.
Since he’s running at a constant velocity of vR = 7.0i m/s, his total
displacement is rR = (14 + 7t )i + 20 j m. Once it’s thrown, the
displacement of the ball relative to the quarterback is θ vB
rB = vB , x ti + vB , y tj = (vB sin θ )ti + (vB cos θ )tj, where vB = 15 m/s.
Mathematically, the ball is caught x
1
when rB = rR : sin θ = cos θ = . Since the
2
x components must be equal and the y components must be equal, we get two simultaneous
equations:
(15sin θ )t = 14 + 7t
(15 cos θ )t = 20
20 4
Use the second equation to get t = = . Substitute this into the first equation to get
15 cos θ 3cos θ
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
15 sin θ ⎜ ⎟ = 14 + 7 ⎜ ⎟ . Simplifying gives 30 sin θ − 21cos θ = 14.
⎝ 3cos θ ⎠ ⎝ 3cos θ ⎠
This transcendental equation can be solved by trial and error, by graphical means, or by use of
tools like Solver in Excel or a Solve Block in MathCAD. The result is θ = 57.6°. The flight time
4
for the ball is t = = 2.5 s.
3cos 57.6°
dv v t
†4-13. a= = 3i + 2 j ⇒ dv = (3i + 2 j) dt. Integrate to find v: ∫ dv = ∫ (3i + 2 j)dt , which gives
dt v0 0

v − v 0 = 3ti + 2tj. The problem states that both components of velocity are initially zero, so we
dr
get v = 3ti + 2tj m/s. Since v = , we can follow the same procedure that was used to get v
dt
r t 3t 2
from a: dr = (3ti + 2tj)dt ⇒ ∫ dr = ∫ (3ti + 2tj)dt ⇒ r − r0 = i + t 2 j. The problem says
r0 0 2
3t 2
the particle starts moving at the origin, so both components of r0 are zero. r = i + t 2 j m.
2
4-14. 162.3 km/h = 45.1 m/s
20
Time to travel 20m: t = = 0.44 s
4501
1 1
The distance fallen vertically: z = gt2 = (9.8)(0.44) 2 = 0.95 m
2 2

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 CHAPTER 4

†4-15. Assume the divers launch themselves horizontally from the edge of the cliff, so voy = 0. The time
2h 2(36 m)
to fall a distance h = 64 m is t = = = 2.71 s. During this time, the diver must
g 9.81 m/s 2
travel a horizontal distance of at least x = 6.4 m, so the minimum horizontal velocity required
x 6.4 m
is v0 x = = = 2.4 m/s.
t 2.71 s
4-16. From Example 6, t = 3.19 s (An extra digit has been kept so the final results of this problem can
safely be rounded to the two digits required by the data given in the Example.)
(a) vx = 83.3 m/s (83 m/s to two digits) (ax = 0, so the horizontal velocity is constant)
v y = − gt = −(9.81 m/s 2 )(3.19 s) = −31.3 m/s. To two digits, vy = −31 m/s.
(b) v = vx2 + v y2 = (83.3 m/s) 2 + (31.3 m/s) 2 = 89 m/s. The speed has increased by about 6
m/s.
†4-17. The stunt car will fall 2 m while it travels 24 m horizontally.
2h 2(2 m) v0
The time to fall 2 m is t = = = 0.639 s. The 2m
g 9.81 m/s 2
car must travel 24 m horizontally in 0.639 s, so its horizontal 24 m
speed must be 38 m/s. (This is about 135 kph, or 84 mph.)
4-18. v = v0 + at = (3i + 2j) + (i − 4j)t = (3 + t) i + (2 − 4t) j
The maximum y-coordinate is reached when the y-component of the velocity is zero. Thus, 2 − 4t
= 0 or t = 0.5 s
1 2
r = ro0 + v0t + a t = 3t i + 2t j + 0.5t2 i − 2t2 j = (3t + 0.5t 2) i + (2t − 2t2) j.
2
At t = 0.5 s, r = (1.625 i + 0.5 j) m
4-19. The maximum distance, xmax = v02 /g
(i) v0 = xmax g = 441 × 9.8 = 65.7 m/s
(ii) v0 = 889 × 9.8 = 93.3 m/s (336 km/h)
4-20. xmax = v02 sin 2θ/g with θ = 12°, xmax = 250 m
gxmax ⎛ 9.81 × 250 ⎞ 2 2 2 2
v02 = = ⎜ ⎟ m /s = 6030 m /s
sin 2θ ⎝ sin 24 ° ⎠
vo = 77.7 m/s
v02 sin 2 θ 6030 sin 2 12°
max ht = zmax = = m = 13.3 m
2g 2 × 9.81
2v02 sin θ cos θ
4-21. (a) The horizontal range is given by xtarget = . Using sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ gives
g
gxtarget 1 −1 ⎛ gxtarget ⎞ 1 −1 ⎡ (9.81 m/s 2 )(12 , 500 m) ⎤
sin 2θ = 2
. Thus θ = sin ⎜ 2 ⎟ , so θ = sin ⎢ ⎥ = 7.25°.
v 0 2 ⎝ v0 ⎠ 2 ⎣ (700 m/s) 2 ⎦

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 CHAPTER 4

(b) In this part of the problem, it will be necessary to assume that all the digits given are
significant, and that the values of g are specified exactly as given. Suppose the gunner uses g =
9.80 m/s2 in the calculations. Then the elevation angle would be calculated using
v 2 sin 2θ *
xtarget = 0 , where xtarget is the given distance to the target and θ * is the wrong angle
9.80 m/s 2
2
(9.80 m/s 2 )xt arget
(associated with g = 9.80 m/s ). As in part (a), sin 2θ * = . But the actual range
v 02
v02 sin 2θ * ⎛ 9.80 ⎞
will be xmax = 2
. Substituting the expression for sin 2θ * gives xmax = xtarget ⎜ ⎟
9.81 m/s ⎝ 9.81 ⎠
⎛ 9.80 ⎞
= (12, 500 m) ⎜ ⎟ = 12,487 m. The gunner will miss the target by 13 m.
⎝ 9.81 ⎠
4-22. Initial speed, v0 = xmax g = 1500 × 9.8 = 121.2 m/s
v02 sin 2θ x
zmax = = max = 375 m
2g 4
2v sin θ 2 × 121.2
tflight = 0 = = 17.5 s
g 2 × 9.8
4-23. (a) vty = 0 = viy − gt
viy ⎛ 87 × 103 ⎞ sin 45
t= =⎜ ⎟ = 1.74 s
g ⎝ 60 × 60 ⎠ 9.8
2
viy2 ⎛ 87 sin 45 ⎞ 1
(b) zmax = =⎜ ⎟ = 14.9 m
2g ⎝ 3.6 ⎠ 2 × 9.8
2
v 2 ⎛ 87 ⎞ 1
(c) xmax = 0 = ⎜ ⎟ = 59.6 m
g ⎝ 3.6 ⎠ 9.8
4-24. Denote Berlin by x1, g1 and Buenos Aires by x2, g2.
v 2 sin 2θ v 2 sin 2θ
x1 = 0 x2 = 0
g1 g2
x g xg 9.8128
Then 1 = 2 ≥ x2 = 1 1 = 68.11 m × = 69.22 m
x2 g1 g2 9.7967
∆x = 0.11 m
4-25. v0 = xmax s = 106 × 9.8 = 3.13 × 103 m/s
vy2 (3.13 × 103 )2 sin 2 45
zmax = = = 2.5 × 105 m
2g 2 × 9.8
2v0 sin 45° 2 × 3.13 × 103 sin 45°
tflight = = = 452 s
g 9.8

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4-26. (a) xmax = v02 /g ≥ v0 = xmax g = 50 × 9.8 m/s = 22 m/s

(b) The circumference of the circle is 2π × 1.0 m = 6.28 m.
dist 6.28 m
trev = = = 0.285 s
speed 22 m/s
1 1
Thus, number of rev/s = = s = 3.5 rev/s
trev 0.285
v02 sin 2θ (26) 2 sin 70°
4-27. xmax = = = 64.8 m
g 9.8
2v sin θ 2 (26) sin 35°
tflight = 0 = = 3.04 s
g 9.8
280
The amount of water in the air at any given instant is × 3.04 = 14.2 liters
60
4-28. xmax = v02 /g ≥ v0 = xmax g = 730 × 9.8 m/s = 85 m/s
2v0 sin θ 2 × 85 × sin 45°
tflight = = s = 12 s
g 9.8
2v02 sin θ cos θ v 2 sin 2 θ 2v 2 sin θ cos θ v 2 sin 2 θ
4-29. xmax = , ymax = 0 . xmax = ymax ⇒ 0 = 0 . This
g 2g g 2g
sin θ
gives 2 cos θ = , or tan θ = 4 ⇒ θ = 76°.
2
2v0 y 2(3.43 m/s)
4-30. v0 y = 2 gymax = 2(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.60 m) = 3.43 m/s. t flight = = = 0.70 s. (The
g 9.81 m/s 2
exact angle at which the balls are thrown is not relevant.)
dv
†4-31. a= = 2.0i − 4.5 j ⇒ dv = (2.0i − 4.5 j)dt. Integrate to find v following the method used in
dt
t
Problem 4-13: v − v 0 = ∫
0
(2.0i − 4.5 j)dt = 2.0ti − 4.5tj. The problem states
that v 0 = − 10i + 25 j, so we get v = 2.0ti − 4.5tj + (−10i + 25) j = (2.0t − 10)i + (25 − 4.5t ) j
m/s.
At t = 3.0 s, the velocity is v = (6.0 − 10)i + (25 − 13.5) j = −4.0i + 11.5 j m/s. The speed is
v = vx2 + v y2 = (4.0 m/s) 2 + (11.5 m/s) 2 = 12 m/s.
dr
Since v = , we can follow the same procedure that was used to get v from a:
dt
r t
dr = [(2.0t − 10)i + (25 − 4.5t ) j]dt ⇒ ∫r0
dr = ∫
0
[(2.0t − 10)i + (25 − 4.5t ) j]dt ⇒
r − r0 = (t 2 − 10t )i + (25t − 2.25t 2 ) j m. The problem says the particle starts moving at the origin,
so both components of r0 are zero. r = (t 2 − 10t )i + (25t − 2.25t 2 ) j m. At t = 3.0 s,
r = −21i + 55 j m.

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2
2v sin θ gt flight 2v 2 sin θ cos θ 2 sin θ cos θ ⎛ gt flight ⎞ gt 2flight
4-32. t flight = 0 ⇒ v0 = . xmax = 0 = ⎜ ⎟ = ⇒
g 2 sin θ g g ⎝ 2 sin θ ⎠ 2 tan θ
⎛ gt 2flight ⎞ −1 ⎡ (9.81 m/s )(6.0 s) ⎤
2 2
θ = tan −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . θ = tan ⎢ ⎥ = 67°.
⎝ 2 xmax ⎠ ⎣ 2(75 m) ⎦
2v02 sin θ cos θ gxmax (9.81 m/s 2 )(15 m)
4-33. xmax = ⇒ v0 = = = 21 m/s.
g 2 sin θ cos θ 2 sin10° cos10°
2h
4-34. The time to fall a distance h is t = . The object must also v0
g
travel the same horizontal distance h during this time,
h
h gh
so v0 = = . After time t the vertical velocity will
t 2
h
be v y = − gt = − 2 gh , so the final velocity at time of impact is
gh
v= i − 2 gh j.
2
2.25 s v0 y
†4-35. The time to reach maximum height is theight = = 1.125 s. theight = ⇒
2 g
v0 y = gtheight = (9.81 m/s 2 )(1.125 s) = 11.0 m/s. If we say the launch point was at y = 0, then the
gt 2
equation for the position below the launch point is y = v0 y t − with v0 y = 11.0 m/s. This
2
(9.81 m/s 2 )(4.00 s) 2
gives y = (11.0 m/s)(4.00 s) − = − 34.5 m. The cliff is 34.5 m high. Since
2
the launch angle was 45°, v0 x = v0 y = 11.0 m/s. The total horizontal distance traveled since
launch is x = v0 x ttotal = (11.0 m/s)(2.25 s + 4.00 s) = 68.8 m.
4-36. Choose the origin of the coordinate system to be at the bottom of
gt 2 v0
the cliff. Then y = y0 + v0 y t − . y0 = h = 30 m; v0 = 25 m/s.
2 30°
v0 y = v0 sin 30° = 12.5 m/s. At the bottom, y = 0, so we must
solve this quadratic equation: 0 = 30 + 12.5t − 4.91t 2 . The roots h
are given
−12.5 ± (12.5) 2 + 4(4.91)(30)
by t = = − 1.51 s, 4.06 s. The
−9.81
final result must be positive, so t = 4.06 s.
x 25 m
4-37. The flight time to the goal is t = = = 0.391 s. The height of the puck at
v0 cos θ (65 m/s) cos10°
gt 2 (9.81 m/s 2 )(0.391 s) 2
this time is y = v0 sin θ t − = (65 m/s)(sin10°)(0.391 s) − = 3.66 m.
2 2
The puck will pass 2.2 m above the goal.

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2v02 sin θ cos θ gxmax (9.81 m/s 2 )(240 m)

4-38. (a) xmax = ⇒ v0 = = = 70.8 m/s.
g 2 sin θ cos θ 2(sin14°)(cos14°)
2(71.4 m/s) 2 sin14° cos14°
(b) xmax = = 244 m. The ball will overshoot by about 4 m.
9.81 m/s 2
2(70.8 m/s) 2 sin14.5° cos14.5°
(c) xmax = = 248 m. The ball will overshoot by about 8 m.
9.81 m/s 2
2v 2 sin θ cos θ v 2 sin 2 θ 1
4-39. xmax = 0 , ymax = 0 . For θ = 45°, sin θ = cos θ = . Substituting in the
g 2g 2
2v02 v02 v2 y 1
equations for xmax and ymax gives xmax = = , ymax = 0 . Taking the ratio gives max = ,
2g g 4g xmax 4
which is the desired result.
v 2 sin 2θ
4-40. zmax = 0 = 8.667 ft (i)
2g
v02 sin 2θ
xmax = = 37 ft (ii)
g
sin 2 θ
Dividing (i) by (ii) gives = 0.2342
sin 2θ
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ 1
= = tan θ = 0.2342
sin 2θ 4 sin θ cos θ 4
θ = tan−1 (4 × 0.2342 ) = 43.1°
From (ii) v02 = 37 × 32.2/sin 86.2° = 1194 ft2/s2
v0 = 34.6 ft/s
2v02 sin θ cos θ v 2 sin 2 θ
†4-41. xmax = , ymax = 0 . Setting these equal to each other gives
g 2g
2v02 sin θ cos θ v 2 sin 2 θ sin θ
= 0 , from which we get = tan θ = 2, or θ = tan −1 2 = 63.4°.
g 2g cos θ
2v sin θ 2 × 38 sin 52°
4-42. tflight = 0 = = 6.1 s
g 9.8
In order to catch the ball, the fielder must run with a minimum speed of 45/6.1 = 7.4 m/s.
Therefore with 8 m/s the fielder will be able to catch the ball.
†4-43. A rough sketch (not to scale) is shown. The coordinates of y
the projectile are
gt 2 v0
y = h + v0 (sin θ )t −
2 θ
x = v0 (cos θ )t
The coordinates of the target are (xmax,0). The flight time h
xmax x
then is t = . Set y = 0 and substitute this time. xmax
v0 cos θ

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⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
After some rearranging, the equation becomes g ⎜ 2 max2 ⎟ − 2v0 sin θ ⎜ max ⎟ − 2h = 0. We
⎝ v0 cos θ ⎠ ⎝ v0 cos θ ⎠
can convert this to a quadratic equation with tan θ as the variable by using the following
sin θ sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ 1
trigonometric steps: tan θ = . tan 2 θ = = = − 1. Thus
cos θ cos θ
2
cos θ
2
cos 2 θ
1 ⎛ gxmax
2
⎞
= 1 + tan 2
θ , and we have ⎜ 2 ⎟ (1 + tan θ ) − 2 xmax tan θ − 2h = 0. Multiplying by
2

cos θ
2
v
⎝ 0 ⎠
⎛ v02 ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟ and rearranging finally gives this equation:
⎝ gxmax ⎠
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ v2 ⎞
tan 2 θ − 2 xmax ⎜ 02 ⎟ tan θ + 1 − 2h ⎜ 02 ⎟ = 0. Using xmax = 12 × 103 m, v0 = 600 m/s, and g =
⎝ gxmax ⎠ ⎝ gxmax ⎠
⎛ v2 ⎞
9.81 m/s2 gives ⎜ 02 ⎟ = 2.548 × 10-4 m-1. Substituting h = 50 m and doing the rest of the
⎝ gxmax ⎠
arithmetic finally gives tan 2 θ − 6.116 tan θ + 0.9745 = 0. The solution is
6.116 ± 6.1162 − 4(0.9745)
tan θ = = 5.953, 0.1635. The two angles are the inverse tangents
2
of these: θ = 80.5°, 9.29°. It turns out that most projectile aiming problems like this have two
solutions. The difference between the two angles is that the larger elevation will give a longer
flight time and the projectile will strike the target at a larger angle than for the smaller elevation.
gt 2
4-44. (a) y = − , x = v0 t. The distance d down the slope is related v0
2
to x and y by the slope angle of 45°: x = d cos 45°, y = d sin 45°.
Substitute these into the equations for x and y. Solve the x d
y
d cos 45°
equation for t: t = , Substitute into the y equation:
v0 45˚
2
g ⎛ d cos 45° ⎞ x
d sin 45° = ⎜ ⎟ . Solve for d:
2⎝ v0 ⎠
2v02 sin 45° 2 sin 45° 2v02
d = . = 2, so d = . v0 = 110 km/h = 30.6 m/s
g cos 2 45° cos 2 45° g
2(30.6 m/s) 2
⇒d = = 135 m.
9.81 m/s 2
(b) Skiers are able to land farther down the slope by arching their bodies forward over the skis.
This moves their center of gravity forward, reduces aerodynamic drag, and actually provides
some aerodynamic lift which carries them farther down the slope than would be predicted by
projectile motion analysis.
4-45. x = 90 = (70 cos θ) t (i)
1 2
y = 0 = (70 sin θ) t − gt (ii)
2
v 2 sin 2θ
Substitute for t from (ii) in (i) to get x = 0
g

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1 ⎛xg⎞ 1 ⎛ 90 × 9.8 ⎞
θ= sin−1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = sin−1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 5.18°
2 ⎝ v0 ⎠ 2 ⎝ (70) ⎠
when the arrow is misaimed by 0.03° in the vertical direction,
2
1 ⎛ 90 ⎞
2
1 1 ⎛9⎞ 1
y = x tan θ − g ⎜ 70 ⎟ = 90 tan (5.21 °) − 9.8 ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ ⎠ cos θ 2
2 2
⎝ 7 ⎠ cos 5.21°
−2
= −3.9 × 10 m = −3.9 cm (Arrow hits bull’s-eye)
A misaim of 0.03° in the horizontal
direction will give the arrow a
component of velocity in the
z-direction
v0z = v0 cos 5.18° sin 0.03
The deviation in the horizontal
direction from the center of the
bull’s-eye is
90
vozt = (70 cos 5.18° sin 0.03°)
70 cos 5.18°
= 4.7 × 10−2 m = 4.7 cm
Therefore the arrow will hit the bull’s-eye.
v 2 sin 2θ xmax g
4-46. (a) xmax = 0 ⇒ sin 2θ =
g v02
sin 2 θ = (700 m × 9.8 m/s 2 ) / (630 m/s) 2 = 0.01728
1
θ= sin−1 (0.01728) = 0.50°
2
If d is the distance above the target, then tan θ = d/700 or d = 700 m tan 0.5°
d =6m
v02 sin 2θ 6302 sin 2 (0.5)
(b) zmax = = = 1.5 m
2g 2 × 9.8
2v sin θ 2 × 630 × sin (0.5)
(c) tflight = 0 = = 1.1 s
g 9.8
4-47. xmax = v02 sin 2θ/g. Let the target distance be x
x − 180 = v02 sin 14.667°/g (i)
2
x + 120 = v sin 15.167°/g
0 (ii)
Dividing (i) by (ii) gives
x − 180 sin 14.667°
= ⇒ (x − 180) sin 15.167° = (x + 120) sin 14.667°
x + 120 sin 15.167°
77.48
x= = 9180 m
0.00844

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From (i) 9180 m = 180 m = v02 sin 14.667°/g

v02 = 3.483 × 105 m2/s2
xg 9180 × 9.8
sin 2θ = = = 0.23
v02 3.48 × 105
θ = 1/2 sin−1 0.23 = 7.49° = 7°29 '
2v02 sin θ cos θ v 2 sin 2 θ
4-48. xmax = , ymax = 0 . Dividing the second equation by the first gives
g 2g
ymax sin 2 θ tan θ ⎛ 4y ⎞ ⎡ 4(2.5) ⎤
= = , from which we get θ = tan −1 ⎜ max ⎟ = tan −1 ⎢ ⎥ = 63.4°.
xmax 4 sin θ cos θ 4 ⎝ xmax ⎠ ⎣ 5 ⎦
2 gymax 2(9.81 m/s 2 )(2.5 m)
v0 = = = 7.8 m/s.
sin θ sin 63.4°
†4-49. Consider the motion of two of the projectiles. Call their positions (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) and assume
that they were launched with elevation angles θ1 and θ2, respectively. The positions are given by
gt 2 gt 2
x1 = v0 cos θ1t , y1 = v0 sin θ1t − and x2 = v0 cos θ 2t , y2 = v0 sin θ 2t − . For the projectiles
2 2
to collide, they must have the same positions at the same time: x1 = x2 and y1 = y2. This gives the
gt 2 gt 2
following pair of equations: v0 cos θ1t = v0 cos θ 2t , v0 sin θ1t − = v0 sin θ 2t − . Canceling
2 2
terms gives cos θ1 = cos θ 2 , sin θ1 = sin θ 2 . Dividing the second equation by the first gives
tan θ1 = tan θ 2 as the requirement for the projectiles to collide. Since we assumed that the
projectiles were launched at different angles, we arrive at a contradiction, and we conclude that
the individual projectiles will never collide during their flight.
4-50. Neglecting air resistance, the net force on the projectile is always − mgj (taking the +y direction
to point up). If the motion is instantaneously uniform circular motion at the top of the trajectory,
then the magnitude of the centripetal force must be mg, and the centripetal acceleration must be g.
v2 v2
Thus 0 x = g , which gives r = 0 x for the radius of the osculating circle.
r g
†4-51. Take the x and z directions to point as shown. (The y direction is up,
out of the page.) The projectile has two horizontal components of
velocity: v horizontal = v0 cos θ i + vS k , where v0 is the muzzle speed of x
the projectile, θ is the elevation angle of the projectile, and vS is the
speed of the ship. Neglecting air resistance, the flight time for the
2v sin θ 2(720 m/s)(sin 30°)
projectile is t flight = 0 = = 73.5 s. The
g 9.81 m/s 2
speed of the ship is 45 km/h = 12.5 m/s, so the net horizontal
displacement of the projectile is r = v horizontal t flight z

= [(720 m/s)(cos 30°)i + (12.5 m/s)k ](73.5 s) = (45.8 × 103 m)i + (918 m)k. The total horizontal
range is r = rx2 + rz2 = 45.8 km. The change in the total range due to the ship’s motion is
negligible to three significant digits; however, failure to compensate for the ship’s forward speed
would cause the projectile to miss its target by nearly 1 km.

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1
4-52. x = v0t cos θ (i) z = v0t sin θ − g t2 (ii)
2
x 1 gx 2
t= [from (i)] (iii). Substituting (iii) into (ii) gives z = x tan θ −
v0 cos θ 2 v0 cos 2 θ
2

1 (9.8)(50) 2
13 = 50 tan θ − sec2 θ.
2 252
13 = 50 tan θ − 19.6(1 + tan2 θ)
19.6 tan2 θ − 50 tan θ + 32.6 = 0
This equation has imaginary roots, so stone cannot hit the window.
z = 50 tan θ − 19.6(1 + tan2 θ)
2
Let y = tan θ, z = −19.6y + 50y = 19.6
dz ⎛ dz ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞ dz
=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ and = − 39.2 y + 50
dθ ⎝ dy ⎠ ⎝ dθ ⎠ dy
At maximum, dz/dθ = 0, so that dz/dy = 0 = −39.2y + 50
y = 50/39.2 = 1.28 = tan θ
z = 50(1.28) − 19.6(1 + 1.282) = 12.3 m
†4-53. From the diagram
v0x = v0 cos θ
v0y = v0 sin θ (i)
In the xy-frame
x = v0x t (ii)
1 2
y = v0y t − gt (iii)
2
Also
y = l sin α
x = l cos α (iv)
When the projectile hits the incline l
1 2
y = l sin α = v0yt − gt (v)
2
from (ii) t = x/v0x = l cos α/v0x (vi)
Substitute t from (vi) in equation (v) to get the range as measured along the incline.
1 ⎧ l cos α 1 l 2 cos 2 α ⎫
l= ⎨ v0 sin θ i − g 2 ⎬
sin α ⎩ v0 cos θ 2 v0 cos 2 θ ⎭
Solving for l, gives
2v02
l=
g cos α
{ cos θ sin θ − tan α cos 2θ }

2v02 cos 2 θ
l= ( tan θ − tan α )
g cos α
dl
l will be maximum when =0
dα
dl 2v02
= ( cos 2θ + (tan α) 2 cosθ sinθ ) = 0
dθ g cos α

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or cos 2θ = − tan α sin 2θ, cot 2θ = − tan α = cot (α ± π/2)

1
Thus θ = (α ± π / 2)
2
4-54. This problem is almost identical to 4-12. Follow the procedure given there. Using the slightly
different numerical data for this problem leads to these equations for the position of the receiver
and the position of the ball relative to the quarterback after the ball is thrown:
rR = (16 + 8t )i + 15 j, rB = (20 sin θ )ti + (20 cos θ )tj. The condition rB = rR gives this pair of
equations: (20 sin θ )t = 16 + 8t ; (20 cos θ )t = 15. Use the second equation to
15 3
get t = = . Substitute this into the first equation to get
20 cos θ 4 cos θ
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
20 sin θ ⎜ ⎟ = 16 + 8 ⎜ ⎟ . Simplifying gives 15 sin θ − 16 cos θ = 6. Solving the
⎝ 3cos θ ⎠ ⎝ 3cos θ ⎠
transcendental equation gives 62.7°, or θ = 63° to two digits. The flight time for the ball is
3
t = = 1.64 s.
4 cos 62.7°
Call the elevation angle α. To find this angle, use the fact that we know both the range and the
flight time. In terms of the initial speed of the ball and the angle α, we have
2v 2 sin α cos α 2v sin α
r = 0 ; t = 0 . Solve the second equation for v0 and substitute that
g g
2
⎛ gt ⎞ ⎛ sin α cos α ⎞ gt 2 cos α gt 2
expression into the first equation: r = 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = = . The
⎝ 2 sin α ⎠ ⎝ g ⎠ 2 sin α 2 tan α
gt 2
range can also be written in terms of vB and t: r = vB t , so we have vB t = , from which we
2 tan α
⎛ gt ⎞ −1 ⎡ (9.81 m/s )(1.64 s) ⎤
2
get α = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎢ ⎥ = 21.9°, or α = 22°.
⎝ 2v B ⎠ ⎣ 2(20 m/s) ⎦
†4-55. The total instantaneous velocity of a point on the rim of the
u
tire is the vector sum of the forward velocity of the tractor
and the tangential velocity of the point, v tot = v tan + u. This u cosθ θ
total instantaneous velocity must be zero when the point is
on the road (θ = 270°), or the tire will be slipping. Thus the R sinθ θ
tangential speed of a point on the rim must be equal to the
forward speed u of the tractor. R
In the reference frame of the tractor, the horizontal
component of velocity of a glob is always zero and the
vertical component of the velocity is v y = u cos θ , which becomes the y component of the initial
velocity v0y of a launched glob. The maximum height above the launch point is
v02y u 2 cos 2 θ
ymax = = . To find the maximum height above the ground, we must add the height
2g 2g
of the launch point above the ground, which is R + R sin θ as shown in the diagram. So the
u 2 cos 2 θ
height above the ground is h = R(1 + sin θ ) + .
2g

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The maximum height depends on θ. To find the maximum possible height reached by a
glob, differentiate h with respect to θ and set the derivative equal to zero:
dh u 2 cos θ sin θ gR
= R cos θ − = 0, from which we get sin θ max = 2 . For R = 0.80 m and u = 30
dθ g u
km/h = 8.33 m/s, this gives θmax = 6.49°, from which we get
(8.33 m/s) 2 (cos 6.49°) 2
h = (0.80 m)(1 + sin 6.49°) + = 4.4 m.
2(9.81 m/s 2 )
4-56. 40 km/h = 11.11 m/s
(a) The equation for the projectile is
⎡ 1 ⎤
(700 cos θ)t i + ⎢ (700 sin θ ) t − gt 2 ⎥ j = rproj
⎣ 2 ⎦
The equation for the ship is (1500 − 11.11t) i = rship
When the projectile hits the ship, the coefficient of j = 0, so
1
(700 sin θ) t − gt 2 = 0 (i)
2
Also, the coefficients of i must be equal, so
(700 cos θ) t = 15,000 − 11.11t
15, 000
t=
700 cos θ + 11.11
Substituting this into (i) gives
1 1 15, 000
700 sin θ = gt = 2 g
2 (700 cos θ + 11.11)
sin θ (700 cos θ + 11.11) = 105
An iterated solution gives θ ≈ 8.6°
15,000
(b) The time interval is t = = 21.3s
(700 cos 8.6° + 11.11)
4-57. If the ship does not move, the time of flight is given by tflight = 2v0 sin θ/g
θ is given by xmax = 17,000 m = v02 sin 2θ/g = 7002 sin 2θ/9.81
9.81 × 17, 000
sin 2θ = = 0.34
7002
1
θ = sin−1 (0.34) = 9.94°
2
⎛ 2 × 700 m × sin 9.94° ⎞
tflight = ⎜ ⎟ s = 24.67 s
⎝ 9.81 ⎠
In this time the ship would have moved 8.33 m/s × 24.67 s = 205.5 m.
Thus the new xmax (by the Pythagorean theorem) is
17, 0002 + 205.42 = 17,001 m
1 ⎛ 17001 × 9.8 ⎞
xmax = 17001 m = v02 sin 2θ/g ≥ θ = sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ = 9.94°
2 ⎝ 7002 ⎠
so the time of the flight is still the same, so the projectile will arrive there when the ship does.
θ = 9.94° = 9°56 '

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4-58. Let ω stand for the angular speed of the disk. Then v = ω R = (32.5 rad/s)(4.0 cm) = 130 cm/s.
The rotation rate in rev/min is ω = (32.5 rad/s)(1 rev/2π radians)(60 s/min) = 310 rev/min.
v2
†4-59. a= g = ⇒ v = gR = (9.81 m/s 2 )(200 m) = 44.3 m/s. Use ω as defined in the solution to
R
4-58 to find the number of revolutions per minute required to give this
v 44.3 m/s 60 s 1 rev
acceleration: ω = = × × = 2.1 rev/min.
R 200 m min 2π radians
v 2v
4-60. v =3.0 m/s ⇒ ω = = , where D = diameter of hole. For D = 3 mm,
R D
2(3.0 m/s) 60 s 1 rev
ω = × × = 1.9 × 104 rev/min. For D = 25 mm,
3 × 10 m min 2π rad
−3

2(3.0 m/s) 60 s 1 rev

ω = × × = 2.3 × 103 rev/min.
25 × 10−3 m min 2π rad
2π R v2 4π 2 R
†4-61. Let T stand for the time for one complete orbit. v = ⇒a= = . For an orbit with a
T R T2
4π 2 (6500 × 103 m)
radius of 6500 km and T = 87 min, this gives a = 2 2
= 9.4 m/s 2 .
(87 min) (60 s / min)
4-62. v = ω R = (45 rad/s)(0.80 m) = 36 m/s.
v2
†4-63. a= . Let f stand for the number of rotations per second. Then v = 2πrf = 2π × 0.1 m × 1000/s
r
v2 (200π m/s) 2
= 200π m/s. a = = = 3.95 × 106 m/s 2 . This is = (3.95 × 106 m/s2)/(9.81 m/s2) g
r (0.10 m)
= 4.0 × 105 g.
4-64. 1 rev. of blade = π × 0.2 = 0.63 m.
7000
Turning (7000/60) rev/sec, the speed is vtip = 0.63 × = 73.3 m/s
60
2
The centripetal acceleration is ac = vtip /r = (73.3)2/0.1 = 5.4 × 104 m/s 2
4-65. v = 0.9999995 c = 0.9999995 × 2.998 × 108 m/s = 2.998 × 108 m/s
r = 1.0 km = 1000 m
a = v2/r = (2.998 × 108 m/s)2/1000 m = 8.99 × 1013 m/s 2 = 9.16 × 1012 gee
4-66. v = ω R = (33.33 rev/min)(1 min/ 60 s)(2π rad/rev)(15 cm) = 52 cm/s.
4-67. r = 1.50 × 1011 m
2π r 2π × 1.50 × 1011 m
v= = = 2.99 × 104 m/s
T 365.25 × 24 × 3600
(2.99 × 104 ) 2
ac = m/s2 = 5.9 × 10−3 m/s 2
1.50 × 1011
4-68. v = 95 km/h = 26.4 m/s. This is also the tangential speed of a point on the rim of the wheel, so
v2 (26.4 m/s) 2
a= = = 2.2 × 103 m/s 2 .
r (0.32 m)

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2π R v2 4π 2 R
4-69. v= ⇒a= = . T = 23h 56 min = 86160 s. At the equator,
T R T2
4π 2 R 4π 2 (6.37 × 106 m)
aeq = = = 3.39 × 10−2 m/s 2 . At a latitude of 45°, the radius is the
T2 (86160 s) 2
equatorial radius multiplied by cos 45°, so a45 = aeq cos 45° = 2.40 × 10−2 m/s 2 .
2
vtop (97.2 m/s) 2
4-70. At the top, atop = . 350 km/h = 97.2 m/s. atop = = 18.9 m/s2. At the bottom,
r 500 m
v2 (172 m/s) 2
abottom = bottom . 620 km/h = 172 m/s. abottom = = 59.3 m/s2.
r 500 m
At the top, consider the free body diagram for the pilot, who is upside down so the
normal force exerted by the seat points down. Taking the + direction to point down,
Ntop
N top
Newton’s Second Law says N top + mg = matop . = acceleration the pilot feels = mg
m
atop − g = (18.9 − 9.81) m/s2 = 9.09 m/s2. At the bottom, the pilot is upright so the
normal force points up. Taking the + direction to point up, Newton’s Second Law gives
N
N bottom − mg = matop . Now bottom = g + abottom = (9.81 + 59.3) m/s2 = 69.1 m/s2.
m
4π 2 R
†4-71. In the table shown, the acceleration was calculated using a = .
T2
Planet R (m) T (yr) a (m/s2) 1/R2 (m−2)
Mercury 5.79E+10 0.241 0.0395 2.98E-22
Venus 1.08E+11 0.615 0.0113 8.57E-23
Earth 1.50E+11 1.000 0.00595 4.44E-23
One way to see if the centripetal acceleration is inversely proportional to R2 is to plot a graph of a
vs 1/R2. The resulting plot is a straight line, proving the proportionality. (In the graph, the values
of 1/R2 have been multiplied by 1022 to eliminate large negative exponents for the x axis values.)
2
a vs 1/R

0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
a (m/s2)

0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
2 22 -2
1/R x 10 (m )

Another approach to the analysis is to calculate the log of a and R and plot a graph of log a vs log
R. If a is inversely proportional to 1/R2, then this graph should be a straight line with a slope of
−2.

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log a log R
Log a vs Log R
−1.4034 10.76268
−1.94692 11.03342 0
−2.22548 11.17609
-0.5

-1 log a = -1.991(logR) + 20.024

Log a
-1.5

-2

-2.5
10.7 10.8 10.9 11 11.1 11.2
Log R

The graph was plotted in a spreadsheet, which was used to find the equation for the resulting line.
The slope turns out to be almost exactly −2, again proving the desired proportionality.
4-72. 30 km/h = 8.33 m/s
v = v′ + V
= −10 j + 8.33 i
v = 102 + 8.332 = 13.0 m/s
⎛ 8.33 ⎞
The angle θ is θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ = 40°
⎝ 10 ⎠

4-73. v ground = v walk + v passenger . If the velocity of the walkway and the velocity of the passenger are in
the same direction, then vground = vwalk + v passenger = 1.5 m/s + 4.0 m/s = 5.5 m/s. If the passenger
is walking in the opposite direction from the walkway’s velocity, the speed of the passenger is
vground = vwalk − v passenger = 1.5 m/s − 4.0 m/s = 2.5 m/s.
4-74. vrain = −10 j m/s; vcar = 25 i m/s
v′ = vrain − vcar = −25 i − 10 j m/s
v′ = 252 + 102 = 26.9 m/s
θ = tan−1 25/10 = 68°
4-75. vship = 13 i m/s
vmuzzle = v cos θ i + v sin θ j = 660 cos 20° i + 660 sin 20° j
= 620 i + 226 j m/s
vshot = vship + vmuzzle = (620 + 13) i + 226 j m/s = 633 i + 226 j m/s
(magnitude: vshot = 672 m/s, θ = tan−1 226/633 = 19.6°)
4-76. v = v′ + V
By the Pythagorean theorem:
v= 3302 − 302 = 329 m/s

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4-77. V = v B + vW ⇒ V = vB2 + vW2 = (1.5 m/s) 2 + (12 m/s) 2 vW

v 12
V = 12 m/s. θ = tan −1 W = tan −1 = 83°. vB θ
vB 1.5 V
4-78. The speeds add going downstream, so vdown = 6.0 km/h. In 40 min, you can go
d = 6.0 km/h × 40 min × 1 h / 60 min = 4.0 km. Upstream, the speed of the current must be
subtracted from the speed of the boat, so vup = 1.0 km/h. The time to make the return trip of 4.0
d 4 km
km is t = = = 4.0 h.
vup 1 km/h
†4-79. V = v train + v flea , where vflea is the velocity of the flea relative to the train. The cat is moving
backwards relative to the train and the flea is moving backwards relative to the cat. The velocity
of the flea relative to the train is 0.50 m/s − 0.10 m/s = 0.40 m/s backwards relative to the train.
So the flea’s speed relative to the ground is V = 5.00 m/s − 0.40 m/s = 4.60 m/s.
4-80. The position of any point on the shore is given by y
r = di + yj, where y is the displacement (positive or vR
negative) along the y axis of the landing point on the
opposite shore. The velocity of the boat relative to the
shore is V = vB cos θ i + (vR − vB sin θ ) j. The time to
reach any point on the opposite shore is given by x
θ
r = Vt , or di + yj = (vB cos θ )ti + (vR − vB sin θ )tj. This
vB
is equivalent to two equations:
d = (vB cos θ )t d
y = (vR − vB sin θ )t
vR
To reach a point directly opposite the launch point, y = 0, which means sin θ = . This
vB
describes a right triangle with a hypotenuse vB and an opposite side vR, so we know the adjacent
vB2 − vR2
side is vB2 − vR2 . That means cos θ = . Use this in the first equation to get t:
vB
d d
t = = .
vB cos θ v − vR2
2
B

d
To find the time to reach any point on the opposite shore, begin with cos θ = , from which
vB t
( vB t ) 2 − d 2
we deduce sin θ = . Substitute this into the y equation to get
vB t
⎛ (vB t ) 2 − d 2 ⎞
⎜
y = vR − vB ⎟ t = vR t − (vB t ) 2 − d 2 . Rearrange to get (vB t ) 2 − d 2 = vR t − y.
⎜ vB t ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Square both sides and rearrange: (vB2 − vR2 )t 2 + 2vR yt − ( d 2 + y 2 ) = 0. The roots of this equation
−2vR y ± (2vR y ) 2 + 4(vB2 − vR2 )(d 2 + y 2 )
are t = . The time must be positive, so choose the +
2(vB2 − vR2 )

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(vB2 − vR2 )d 2 + vB2 y 2 − vR y

sign in front of the square root. Rearrange and simplify to get t = . As
(vB2 − vR2 )
a quick check, set y = 0 and we get the same result we had in the first part of the problem.
30 cm 20 cm
4-81. v esc = i+ j = (20 cm/s)i + (13.3 cm/s) j. The rider is walking up with a velocity
1.5 s 1.5 s
30 cm 20 cm
v rider = i+ j = (30 cm/s)i + (20 cm/s) j. The rider’s total velocity relative to
1.0 s 1.0 s
the floor is
30 cm 20 cm
V = v esc + v rider = i+ j = (20 cm/s + 30 cm/s)i + (13.3 cm/s + 20 cm/s) j =
1.0 s 1.0 s
(50 cm/s)i + (33.3 cm/s) j. The speed is v floor = (50 cm/s) 2 + (33.3 cm/s) 2 = 60 cm/s. The
33.3
direction of the velocity relative to the floor is θ = tan −1 = 34°.
50
4-82. v0 = initial velocity relative to the car. If the projectile is v0
observed to move straight up and down relative to an observer
on the ground, then the horizontal component of the θ
vcar
projectile’s initial velocity must have the same magnitude as
the velocity of the car and point in the opposite direction. Thus
v 30
v0 cos θ = vcar ⇒ θ = cos −1 car = cos −1 = 53.1°. The maximum height reached is
v0 50
v02 y (v0 sin θ ) 2 [(50 m/s) sin 53.1°]2
ymax = = = = 81 m.
2g 2g 2(9.81 m/s 2 )
4-83. v = v′ + V
v= 202 + 152 − 2(20) (15) cos100° = 27 km/h
15/sin θ = 27/sin 100°
15
sin θ = sin 100° = 0.547
27
θ = 33°
4-84. v = v′ + V,
where v′ = velocity of wind relative to boat
V = velocity of boat
v = velocity of wind relative to ground
v= (14) 2 + (32) 2 − 2(14) (32) cos 40° = 23.1 km/h
sin θ sin 40°
=
32 23.1
⎛ 32 ⎞
θ = sin−1 ⎜ sin 40° ⎟ = 117°
⎝ 23.1 ⎠
Wind is coming from 13° W of N

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1500
4-85. Time of descent t = = 3000 s
0.5
(a) Horizontal distance travelled before reaching the ground,
⎛ 60 × 103 ⎞ 3
x= ⎜ ⎟ (3000) = 50 × 10 m
⎝ 60 × 60 ⎠
(b) Relative velocity with respect to still air 60 − 20 = 40 km/h
40 × 103
Therefore x = × 3000 = 33 × 103 m
60 × 60
In the upwind direction, the relative velocity is 60 + 20 = 80 km/h, and
80 × 103
x= × (3000) = 67 × 103 m
60 × 60
4-86. sin θ/50 = sin 135°/250
⎛1 ⎞
θ = sin−1 ⎜ sin 135° ⎟
⎝5 ⎠
−1
θ = sin (0.1414) = 8°
α = 180° − (135° + 8°) = 37°
Pilot must point the plane
(45° − 37°) = 8° W of N
v/sin α = 250/sin 135°
v = sin 37° × 250/sin 135° km/h
= 213 km/h

†4-87. v= 4.22 + 162 − 2(4.2) (16) cos 70°

= 15.1 km/h
x = 4.2 sin 20° = 1.44 km/h
y = (16 − 1.44) km/h = 14.56 km/h
sin θ = 14.56/v = 14.56/15.1
θ = sin−1 (0.96) = 75° (15° E of N)

4-88. (a) average speed = ∆rrel/∆t = 1 km/2 min = 1 km/(1/30h) = 30 km/h

(b) v = v′ + V with V = 90 km/h; v′ = 30 km/h
v = (90 + 30) km/h = 120 km/h
4-89. Let the origin be fixed
on car 1. Then in that frame, car 2
moves at a speed of 2v0.

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If they are “together” (at t = 0),

then after time t, they are
separated by
r= h 2 + (2v0t ) 2

Then,
dr d 2
vrel =
dt
=
dt
( h + 4v02t 2 ) 1/2
= ( h 2 + 4v02t 2 ) −1/2 ( 8v0 t )
1 2

2
4v02t
vrel =
( h2 + 4v02t 2 )
1/ 2

2v0
= 1/ 2
⎛ h 2
⎞
⎜ 2 2 + 1⎟
⎝ 4v0 t ⎠
[Note: as t → ∞, vrel → 2v0]
time (s) vrel (m/s)
10 9.6
20 17.1
30 22.3
40 25.6
50 27.7
60 29.1
70 30.0
80 30.8

†4-90. vg = v + V
(a) vg2 = v2 − v2
Total distance across
and back is 2d.
t = dist/vg = 2d / v 2 − V 2
(b) vup = v − V
vdown = v + V
tup = d/(v −V); tdown = d/(v + V)
ttot = d/(v −V) + d/(v + V) = 2dv /(v 2 − V 2 )
The trip up and back takes longer (the denominator is larger)

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†4-91. The velocity of the AWACS relative to the

ground is
vAW = 150 i + 750 j km/h
Relative to this, the UFO has velocity
vUFO = −950 cos 45° i = 950 sin 45° j km/h =
672 i − 672 j km/h
The velocity of the UFO relative
to the ground is
v g (UFO) = (150 i + 750 j ) + ( −672 i – 672 j ) km/h
= 522 i + 78 j km/h
ν g (UFO) = 5222 + 782 = 528 km/h
⎛ 78 ⎞
The bearing is θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ = 8.5° N of W
⎝ 522 ⎠

h
4-92. The average vertical velocity is v y = − j, where h is the vertical distance traveled in time t, and
t
2340 m
the positive direction is assumed to be up. v y = − j = ( −669 m/h) j. No information is
3.5 h
given about the horizontal distance traveled, so there is no way to determine the average
horizontal component of velocity. Since the speed is vx2 + v y2 , it’s not possible to find the
average speed from the information given.
4-93. Assume the airplane is gliding at a constant velocity, so its horizontal x
and vertical components of velocity are constant. 15°
(a) Taking directions as shown in the diagram,
vx = (240 km/h) cos15° = 232 km/h. The vertical component of y 240 km/h
velocity is v y = (240 km/h) sin15° = 62.1 km/h.
(b) The time to fall a distance h = 2000 m = 2 km is given by
h 2 km
t= = = 0.0322 h = 1.9 min.
v y 62.1 km/h
v f − vi (−25 m/s)j − (25 m/s)j vi
4-94. a= = = 0i − (4.2 m/s 2 ) j.
∆t 12 s

vf

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 CHAPTER 4

4-95. vE = (4.2 km/h) cos 20° = 3.9 km/h. N

vN = −(4.2 km/h) sin 20° = − 1.4 km/h.
E
20°

4.2 km/h

4-96. v = (15 km/h)i + (15 km/h) j ⇒ v = (15 km/h) 2 + (15 km/h) 2 = (15 km/h) 2 = 21 km/h. The
vy
direction is θ t = tan −1 = 45°, or 45° E of N.
vx
dr
†4-97. (a) r = (6.0 + 2.0t 2 )i + (3.0 − 2.0t + 3.0t 2 ) j. v = = 4.0ti + (−2.0 + 6.0t ) j. At t = 2.0 s,
dt
v = 8.0i + 10 j m/s, so the speed is v = vx2 + v y2 = (8.0 m/s) 2 + (10 m/s) 2 = 13 m/s.
dv
(b) a = = 4.0i + 6.0 j m/s 2 at all times. The magnitude of the acceleration is
dt
a = ax2 + a y2 = (4.0 m/s 2 ) 2 + (6.0 m/s 2 ) 2 = 7.2 m/s 2 . The direction relative to the x axis is
vy 6.0
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 56.3°.
vx 4.0
2h 2(1.5 m)
4-98. (a) t = = = 0.553 s. Final result: t = 0.55 s.
g 9.81 m/s 2
(b) x = v0 t = (60 m/s)(0.553 s) = 33 m.
v02 sin 2 θ
4-99. (a) ymax = . The maximum possible height would occur for θ = 90°, so
2g
(700 m/s) 2
ymax = = 2.5 × 104m, or 25 km.
2(9.81 m/s 2 )
2v02 sin θ cos θ
(b) xmax = . The maximum horizontal range would occur for θ = 45°, so
g
(700 m/s) 2
xmax = 2
= 5.0 × 104 m, or 50 km.
9.81 m/s
(c) It is not reasonable to ignore air resistance because at such speeds, air friction would be
considerable. This is why the rocks do not rise to 25 km or cannot be thrown to distances
approaching 50 km.
2v 2 sin θ cos θ gxmax
4-100. xmax = 0 ⇒ v0 = . For θ = 45°, sin θ = cos θ = 1/ 2, so
g 2 sin θ cos θ
v0 = (9.81 m/s 2 )(180 m) = 42 m/s.

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gt 2
†4-101. y = y0 + v0 y t − , x = v0 x t. When y = 0, x = xmax. For θ = 45°, v0 x = v0 y = v0 / 2. Then the
2
⎛ v0 ⎞ v02
⎜ ⎟+ 2
+ 2 y0 g
v + v02 + 4 y0 g
time to reach y = 0 is t = ⎝ 2⎠
= 0 . (There is another value of t
g g 2
that solves the equation for y = 0, but it will be negative because the square root in the quadratic
formula will be larger than v0. Choose the positive value.) The horizontal range is
v ⎛ v + v0 + 4 y0 g ⎞ v0 + v0 v0 + 4 y0 g
2 2 2

xmax = 0 ⎜ 0 ⎟= . Rearrange: 2 gxmax − v02 = v0 v02 + 4 y0 g .

2⎝⎜ g 2 ⎟ 2g
⎠
Square both sides: 4 g 2 xmax
2
− 4 gxmax v02 + v04 = v04 + 4 gy0 v02 . Cancel the fourth degree terms and
the remaining common factor of 4 and solve for v0:
2
xmax g (70.87 m) 2 (9.81 m/s 2 )
v0 = = =
xmax + y0 70.87 m + 2.0 m
26 m/s.
2h
4-102. For a horizontal initial velocity, the time for the water to fall a distance h is t = and the
g
2h g 9.81 m/s 2
horizontal range is xmax = v0t = v0 . This gives v0 = xmax = (4.0 m) = 8.86
g 2h 2(1.0 m)
m/s. Assuming that the speed of the water stays the same when the hose is pointed straight up
v2 (8.86 m/s) 2
gives ymax = 0 = = 4.0 m.
2 g 2(9.81 m/s 2 )
v2 (25 m/s) 2
4-103. 90 km/h = 25 m/s. a = = = 8.9 m/s 2 .
r 70 m
4-104. Relative to the ground, the concrete has velocity
v = 2ax = 2 × 9.8 × 5 m/s = 9.90 m/s
The velocity of the car is 90 km/h = 25 m/s. If v′ is the velocity of the concrete in the frame of the
car, then
v′ = v − V = −9.9 j − 25 i m/s
v′ = 9.92 + 252 = 27m/s
⎛ 25 ⎞
Angle of impact = θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ = 68°
⎝ 9.9 ⎠
†4-105. (a) V = vcar − vtruck = 90 km/h − 60 km/h = 30 km/h = 8.33 m/s.
(b) In the reference frame of the truck, the car has to travel a total distance of 90 m: It must travel
40 m to catch up to the truck, 10 m to pass the truck, and then travel another 40 m to get ahead of
90 m
the truck. The time for the car to travel 90 m at 8.33 m/s is t = = 10.8 s.
8.33 m/s

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