Chapter Review

1 u = 6 m s−1, v = 25 m s−1, a = 9.8 m s−2

v= u + at
25= 6 + 9.8t
9.8t = 19
19
t=
9.8
= 1.938...
= 1.94 s (3 s.f.)

2 a u = 0, s = 82 m, a = 9.8 m s−2
1
s ut + t 2
=
2
1
82 = ( 9.8 ) t 2
2
82
t2 =
4.9
t = 4.090...
= 4.09 s (3 s.f.)

b v=2
u 2 +2as
v 2 = 2 ( 9.8 )( 82 )
= 1607.2
v = 40.089...
= 40.1 m s −1 (3 s.f.)

c air resistance

3 a i a = gradient of the line.

Using the formula for the gradient of a line:
v −u
a=
t
which can be rearranged to give:
v = u + at

ii The area under the graph equals the total distance travelled.
Using the formula for the area of a trapezium:
1
A
= (a + b) h
2
1
=s (u + v ) t
2
u+v
= t
 2 

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 v −u
3 b i v = u + at ⇒ t =
a
u+v
Substituting t = v − u into s =   t gives:
a  2 
 u + v  v − u 
s=  
 2  a 
2as = uv − u 2 + v 2 − uv
2
v= u 2 + 2as

u+v
ii Substituting v= u + at into s =   t gives:
 2 
 u + ( u + at ) 
s= t
 2 
 2u + at 
= t
 2 
1
s ut + at 2
=
2

iii v = u + at ⇒ u = v − at
u+v
Substituting u= v − at into s =   t gives:
 2 
 ( v − at ) + v 
s= t
 2 
 2v − at 
= t
 2 
1 2
s= vt − at
2

4 Let motion up be the positive direction.

u = 30 m s−1, s = h m, a = −9.8 m s−2
The particle spends 2.4 s above B, therefore the time taken to travel from B to its maximum height is
1.2 s. At it’s maximum height the particle is stationary therefore its velocity is zero.
Considering the motion of the particle from B until it becomes stationary:
v = 0 m s−1, a = −9.8 m s−2, t = 1.2 s
v= u + at
0 = u + ( −9.8 )(1.2 )
u = 11.76
Considering the motion of the particle from the point of projection to the point B:
u = 30 m s−1, v = 11.76 m s−1, a = −9.8 m s−2, s = h
2
v= u 2 + 2as
11.762 = 302 + 2 ( −9.8 ) h
302 − 11.762
h=
19.6
= 38.862...
= 38.9 (3 s.f.)

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5 The area under the graph equals the total distance travelled.
Using the formula for the area of a trapezium:
1
A
= (a + b) h
2
1
152
= (15 + 23) u
2
304
u=
38
=8

6 a Resolving the initial velocity vertically

=u y 42sin 45°
= 21 2
u = 21 2 , v ==
0, a −9.8, s =
?
v 2 = u 2 + 2as

( )
2
02 = 21 2 − 2 × 9.8 × s

(=
21 2 )
2
882
=s = 45
2 × 9.8 19.6
The greatest height above the plane reached by P is 45 m.

u = 21 2 , s == ?
0, a −9.8, t =
s ut + 12 at 2
=
0 = 21 2t − 4.9t 2
t≠0

The time of flight of P is 6.1 s (2 s.f.).

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7 Resolving the initial velocity horizontally and vertically

Resolve horizontally to find the time of flight:

= : s 56,
= u 21,= t ?
s = ut
56= 21× t
56 8
= t =
21 3

t = 83 s to find h
Resolve vertically with
: u = 0,= , a 9.8=
s h= , t 83
s ut + 12 at 2
=
h= 0 + 4.9 ( 83 ) = 34.844
2

h = 35 (2 s.f.)

8 a tan θ =
3 ⇒ sin θ =
4
5 ,cos θ =
4 3
5
Resolving the initial velocity horizontally and vertically
R(→) u x = 15cos α = 15 × 53 = 9
R ( ↑ ) u y = 15sin α = 15 × 54 = 12

:= u 9,=t 4,=s ?
s = ut
= 9× 4
= 36
The horizontal distance between the point of projection and the point where the ball hits the lawn
is 36 m.

b Let the vertical height above the lawn from which the ball was thrown be h m
: u = 12, s = − h, a = −9.8, t =4

s ut + 1 at 2
=
2
−h = 12 × 4 − 4.9 × 42
= −30.4
⇒h= 30.4
The vertical height above the lawn from which the ball was thrown is 30 m (2 s.f.).

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9 a Resolving the initial velocity horizontally and vertically
R(=
→) u x 40 cos
= 30° 20 3
R (=
↑ ) u y 40sin
= 30° 20
First, resolve vertically to find the time of flight:
: u = 20, s ==0, a −9.8, t = ?
s ut + 12 at 2
=
0 = 20t − 4.9t 2
=0 t (20 − 4.9t )
20
t ≠0⇒t =
4.9
Now resolve horizontally with t = 20 to find distance AB
4.9
20
: u= v= 20 3, t= , s= ?
4.9
s = ut
20
= 20 3 × = 141.39...
4.9
AB = 140 (2 s.f.)

b : u = 20, v =
vy , a =
−9.8, s =
15
2
v= u 2 + 2 as
v y2 = 202 − 2 × 9.8 × 15 =106

( )
2
V 2 = u x2 + v y2 = 20 3 + 106 = 1306

=V 1306 36.138...
=
The speed of the projectile at the instants when it is 15 m above the plane is 36 (2 s.f.)

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 10 a Taking components of velocity horizontally and vertically:
U cos θ
R (→) u x =
R (↑) uy =
U sin θ

First resolve vertically to find time of flight:

: u= U sin θ , a = −g, s = 0, t = ?
s ut + 12 at 2
=
=0(U sin θ ) × t − 12 gt 2
=0 t (U sin θ − 12 gt )
2u sin θ
= t = (since t 0 corresponds to launch)
g
2u sin θ
Let the range be R. Resolve horizontally with t = to find R:
g
2u sin θ
R(→) : u =U cos θ , s = R, t =
g
s = vt
2U sin θ
=R U cos θ ×
g
2U sin θ cos θ
=
g
Using the identity
U 2 sin 2θ
R=
g

b R is a maximum when , that is when

U2
The maximum range of the projectile is
g

U 2 sin 2θ 2U 2
c R
= =
g 3g
2
⇒ sin 2θ =
3
2θ = 41.81°, (180 − 41.81)°
θ =20.9°, 69.1°, (nearest 0.1°)

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11 Taking components horizontally and vertically

a : u= 20, v =0, a = −g, t = ?

v= u + at
=0 20 − 9.8t
20
=t = 2.0408...
9.8
The time taken by the ball to reach its greatest height above A is 2.0 s (2 s.f.)

b Resolve vertically with s = 15.1 m to find time of flight.

: u= 20, s = 15.1, a = −g, t =?
s ut + 12 at 2
=
= 20t − 4.9t 2
15.1

On the way down the time must be greater than the result in part a, so
15.1
⇒=t = 3.0816...
4.9
The time taken for the ball to travel from A to B is 3.1s (2 s.f.)

15.1
c : u=
20, a =
− g , t = , v = vy
4.9
v y= u + at
15.1
v=
y 20 − 9.8 ×
4.9
= −10.2
R(→) vx =u x =20 3
Hence:
2
V= u x2 + v y2

( 20 3 )
2
+ ( −10.2 )
2
=
= 1304.04
=V 1304.04 36.111...
=
The speed with which the ball hits the tree is 36 (2 s.f.).

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 u
12 a = (12i + 5 j) m s−1
Consider motion in the horizontal direction:
ux = 12 m s−1, ax = 0, sx = 2λ
1
s x u xt +
= a xt 2
2
2λ = 12t
λ
t= (1)
6
Consider motion in the vertical direction:
uy = 5 m s−1, ay = −g, sy = −λ
1
s y u yt +
= a yt 2
2
1
−λ = 5t − gt 2 (2)
2
Substituting (1) into (2) gives:
2
λ 1 λ
λ 5  − g  
−=
6 2 6
1
−36λ = 30λ − gλ 2
2
132
λ2 − λ=
0
g
 132 
λ λ − =0
 g 
132
Therefore λ = 0 or λ =
g
132
λ ≠ 0 so λ =
g

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 u
12 b i = (12i + 5 j) m s−1
Consider motion in the horizontal direction:
ux = 12 m s−1, therefore vx = 12 m s−1
Consider motion in the vertical direction:
132
uy = 5 m s−1, ay = −g, sy = −
g
v=
2
y u 2y + 2a y s
 132 
v 2y = ( 5 ) − 2 g  −
2

 g 
= 289
v y = ±17m s −1

v
= v 2x + v 2y
= 122 + 17 2
= 433
= 20.8086...
= 20.8 m s −1 (3 s.f.)

ii

17
tan θ =
12
θ = 54.7824...
Therefore the particle moves at an angle of 54.8° (3 s.f.) to the ground.

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 13 a Let downwards be the positive direction.

First, resolve vertically to find the time of flight:

R(↓): u = uy = 0, a = g = 10 m s−2, s = 20 cm = 0.20 m, t = ?
s ut + 12 at 2
=
0.2 = 0 + 12 ×10 × t 2
0.2
t2 =
5
t = 0.2

Let the horizontal distance to the target be x m.

R(→): v = ux = 10 m s−1, t = 0.2 s, s = x
s = vt
x= 10 × 0.2
x=2
The target is 2 m from the point where the ball was thrown.

b Using the equation

U 2 sin 2α
Range =
10
gives:
2 = 10sin 2α
sin 2α = 0.2
2α 11.536... ⇒
= = α 5.7684...
or
= 2α 168.46... ⇒ = α 84.231...
For the ball to pass through the hole the boy must throw the ball at 5.77o or 84.2 o above the
horizontal (both angles to 3 s.f.).

14 Let downwards be the positive direction.

=tan α 34=
so sin α 3
5 and cos α
= 4
5
a R(↓): uy = 20sin α = 12 m s−1, a = g = 10 ms−2, s = 10 m, t = ?
s ut + 12 at 2
=
= 12t + 1 10t 2
10
2
2
0 = 5t + 12t − 10
−12 ± 144 − (4 × 5 × (−10))
t=
10
= t 0.65472... or − 3.0547
The negative answer does not apply, so the time taken to travel PQ is 0.65 s (2 s.f.).

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14 b First, find OQ:
v u=
R(→): = x 20cos α= 16 , s = 10 , t = 0.65472…
s = vt
OQ= 16 × 0.65472...
= 10.475...
Next find TQ:
= OQ − 9
TQ
= 10.475... − 9
= 1.475...
The distance TQ is 1.5 m (2 s.f.).

c First, resolve horizontally to find the time at which the stone passes through A
R(→): v= x u=x 20cos α= 16 , s = 9 , t = ?
s = vt
9= 16 × t
t = 0.5625

Then resolve vertically with t = 0.5625 to find vertical speed of the stone as it passes through A

R(↓): uy = 20sin α = 12 , a = g = 10 , vy = ?

v= u + at
v y =12 + (10 × 0.5625)
v y = 17.625

The speed of ball at A is given by:

2
v= vx2 + v y2
v 2 162 + 17.6252
=
= v = 566.64... 23.804...
The speed of the stone at A is 23.8 m s−1 (3 s.f.).

15 Let uPx denote the horizontal component of the initial

velocity of P, and uQy denote the vertical component of the
initial velocity of Q, etc.

v u=
a For P: R(→): = Px 18
v u=
= Qx 30cos α
Since the balls eventually collide, these two speeds must
be the same, so:
30 cos α = 18
cos α= =
18
30
3
5 as required.

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15 b Since cos α = 5 ⇒ sin α =
3 4
5
Suppose the balls collide at a height h above the ground.

Resolve the vertical motion of both P and Q to find two equations

for h in terms of t. We can then equate the two to solve for t.

u u=
For P, R(↓):= Py 0 , a = g, s = 32 − h, t = t
s ut + 12 at 2
=
32 − h = 0 + 12 gt 2
h 32 − 12 gt 2
= (1)
u u=
For Q, R(↑):= Qy α 24 , a = −g, s= h, t = t
30sin=
s ut + 12 at 2
=
h 24t − 12 gt 2
= (2)
(1) = (2):
32 − 12 gt 2 =24t − 12 gt 2
24t = 32
t= 32
24 = 34
4
The balls collide after 3  s of flight.

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 Challenge

The vertical motion of the golf ball is unaffected by the motion of the ship and, therefore, the time of
flight is given by the usual equation for the time of flight of a projectile:

2v sin α 2v sin 60

=T =
g g
The absolute path of the ball is a parabola, and the horizontal component of the velocity is, as usual,
constant.

However, the ball’s horizontal speed relative to the ship is not constant: the ball appears to decelerate at
the same rate as the ship is accelerating and the path appears to be non-symmetrical.

Therefore, considering the horizontal motion of the ball:

2v sin 60
R(→): s = 250 m, a = −1.5 m s−2, t= T= s, u = vx = v cos 60o m s–1
g
s ut + 12 at 2
=
2
 2v sin 60  1.5  2v sin 60 
=250 v cos 60  − 


 g  2  g 
2 2 2
v × 2 cos 60 sin 60 3v × sin 60
  
=250 −
g g2
250 g 2
= ( g sin120 
− 3sin 2 60 ) v 2
250 × 9.82
v2 =
( 2
3
)
× 9.8 − ( 3 × 43 )

=v 3849.5... 62.044...
=

The initial speed of the golf ball is 62 m s–1 (to 2 s.f.).

[Note that the equation above can be written:

2
3  2v sin 60  v 2 sin120
250 +   =
4 g  g

The additional term on the LHS is the distance covered by the ship during the time of flight of the ball,
and the RHS is the usual equation for the range of a projectile.]

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