PRESENTED BY

M SRINIVASAN
TRAINING ASSOCIATE (MATH)
KVS, ZIET MUMBAI
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with
the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation
and presentation of data
Two main statistical methods are used in data
analysis:
Descriptive statistics, which summarize data from a
sample using indexes such as the mean or standard
deviation
Inferential statistics, which draw conclusions from
data that are subject to random variation (e.g.,
observational errors, sampling variation)
 MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY
Statistical tools are required for
appropriate analysis of the given data
Measures of Central Tendency is a
statistical tool which gives us a single
value in the series which represents
the whose series
 MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY
Averages are frequently called
measures of central tendency as they
reflect the spirit of the data
An average is sometimes called a
measure of central tendency as
individual values of variables cluster
around it
 KINDS OF STATISTICAL AVERAGE

MATHEMATICAL AVERAGES POSITIONAL AVERAGES OTHER AVERAGES

1. MOVING AVERAGES
2. PROGRESSIVE AVERAGES
3. COMPOSITE AVERAGES
4. QUADRATIC AVERAGES
SIMPLE WEIGHTED MEDIAN MODE

ARITHMETIC MEAN GEOMETRIC MEAN HARMONIC MEAN

(A.M.) (G.M.) (H.M.)
Simple Arithmetic Mean refers to the
simple average of a given series of
numbers or given set of simple data
Simple Arithmetic Mean is obtained
by adding all the numbers in the series
and dividing them by the number of
items in the series
DIRECT METHOD

 The values of all the items in a given series are

totaled
 The total is called aggregate or summation
 The aggregate is denoted by the Greek letter
 - Sigma
 The summation is divided by number of items,
and the quotient obtained is termed as
Arithmetic Mean
DIRECT METHOD
 Arithmetic Mean is denoted by 𝑿
𝒙
𝑿=
𝑵
𝑿 = 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝒙 = 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔
N = Number of items
Find out the arithmetic average of marks obtained by
10 students in Mathematics
48,32,42,39,36,48,41,44,37,48
48
32
42
39 𝑥 415
36 𝑋= = = 41.5
48 𝑁 10
41
44
37
48
𝒙 = 𝟒𝟏𝟓
ASSUMED MEAN METHOD
 The Short cut or Assumed Mean Method when
the digits in each number are several and the
series is large
 We assume any variable as mean and
deviations from the assumed mean are
calculated
 The total of the deviations are divided by the
number of observations and added to assumed
mean to get Arithmetic Mean
ASSUMED MEAN METHOD

𝑑𝑥
𝑋=𝐴+
𝑁
𝑿 = 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝑨 = 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
dx = Deviations from assumed Mean (𝑥 – A)
N = Number of items
Find out the arithmetic average of marks obtained by 10
students in Mathematics
48,32,42,39,36,48,41,44,37,48
Marks Obtained (X) Deviations Calculation
dx = X – 48
48
32
42
39
36
48
41
44
37
48
N = 10
Marks Obtained (X) Deviations Calculation
dx = X – 48
48 0
32 -16
42 -6 𝑑𝑥
𝑋=𝐴+
39 -9 𝑁
−𝟔𝟓
36 -12 = 48 + 𝟏𝟎
48 0 = 41.5
41 -7
44 -4
37 -11
48 0
N = 10 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟔𝟓
DIRECT METHOD

Each variable is multiplied by their

respective frequencies
The products are summed up and
divided by the total frequency
The quotient obtained is
Arithmetic Mean
DIRECT METHOD

𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑥
𝑋= =
𝑓 𝑁
𝑿 = 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝒇 = 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝒇𝑥= Product of variable with respective frequencies
𝑓𝑥 = Sum of the product of the variables with their frequencies
𝒇 = N = Number of items
The farm size of 220 cultivating
households in a village is
Farm
Size
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

No. of
house
holds 23 25 30 40 35 40 20 10 220

Compute Arithmetic Average

Form Size No. of Households fx
x f

1 20
2 25
3 30
4 40
5 35
6 40
7 20
8 10
Form Size No. of fx
x Households 𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑥
f 𝑋= =
𝑓 𝑁
1 20 20 995
2 25 50 =
220
3 30 90
4 40 160
=4.34
5 35 175
6 40 240
7 20 140
8 10 80
𝒇 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗𝟓
ASSUMED MEAN METHOD
 We assume any variable as mean and
deviations from the assumed mean 𝒅𝒙 are
calculated
 Every deviation should be multiplied by its
respective frequency to obtain 𝒇𝒅𝒙
 The summation of the product of frequency and
deviation is divided by number of observations
to get the Arithmetic Mean
ASSUMED MEAN METHOD

𝑓𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑑𝑥
𝑋 =𝐴+ =𝐴+
𝑓 𝑁

𝑿 = 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝑨 = 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
dx = Deviations from assumed Mean (𝑥 – A)
𝒇𝒅𝒙 = 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
N= 𝑓 = Number of items
 The number of telephone calls
received in 250 successive intervals is
NO. of
calls
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total

Freq.

14 21 25 43 55 41 40 11 250

Compute Average Calls

NO. of Frequency Deviation from 𝒇𝒅𝒙
calls Assumed Mean

0 14
1 21
2 25
3 43
4 55
5 41
6 40
7 11
NO. f dx = X - 4 𝒇𝒅𝒙
of
calls

0 14 -4 -56
𝑓𝑑𝑥
1 21 -3 -63 𝑋 =𝐴+
𝑓
2 25 -2 -50 −58
=4+
3 43 -1 -43 250
4 55 0 0 =3.77
5 41 1 41
6 40 2 80
7 11 3 33
𝒇 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒅𝒙 = −𝟓𝟖
STEP DEVIATION METHOD
 We assume any variable as mean and
deviations from the assumed mean 𝒅𝒙 are
calculated
 The deviations thus obtained are divided by a
common factor in order to obtain step deviation
 The summation of the product of frequency and
step deviation is divided by number of
observations to get the Arithmetic Mean
STEP DEVIATION METHOD

𝑓𝑑 ′ 𝑥 𝑓𝑑 ′ 𝑥
𝑋=𝐴+ ×𝐶=𝐴+ ×𝐶
𝑓 𝑁

𝑿 = 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝑨 = 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
d'x = Step Deviation
(Deviations from assumed Mean (𝑥 – A) divided by common factor C)
𝒇𝒅′ 𝒙 = 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒑 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
N= 𝑓 = Number of items; C – Common Factor
Calculate average wage of workers

Wages

2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000

No. of
workers
5 15 32 42 15 12 4
Wages Frequency Deviation ′
𝑿 −𝑨 𝒇𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙=
from 𝑪
Assumed
Mean C = 100
d=X-A
2400 5
2500 15
2600 32
2700 42
2800 15
2900 12
3000 4
 𝑿 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
Wages f d = X – 2500 𝒅′ 𝒙 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
fd’x

2400 5 -100 -1 -5
2500 15 0 0 0
2600 32 100 1 32
2700 42 200 2 84
2800 15 300 3 45
2900 12 400 4 48
3000 4 500 5 20

𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒅′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒

 𝑨 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒅′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒

𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝑓𝑑 ′ 𝑥
𝑋 =𝐴+ ×𝐶
𝑓
224
= 2500 + × 100
125
= 2679.2
 We assume that the values of each item in the
class is identical with the mid-value of the class
interval
 Mid-point is given by the formula
𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐
𝟐
𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍
𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍
DIRECT METHOD

𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑥
𝑋= =
𝑓 𝑁
𝑿 = 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝒙 = 𝒎𝒊𝒅 − 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍
𝒇 = 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝒇𝑥= Product of mid-points with respective frequencies
𝑓𝑥 = Sum of the product of the midpoints with their frequencies
𝒇 = N = Number of items
The following table gives ploughing time per
hectare taken by 45 farmers in a village
Ploughing Time No. of farmers
480-500 2
500-520 5
520-540 10
540-560 15
560-580 12
580-600 1
 Class Mid Frequency fx
point x
480-500 490 2
500-520 510 5
520-540 530 10
540-560 550 15
560-580 570 12
580-600 590 1
 Class Mid Frequency fx
point x
480-500 490 2 980
500-520 510 5 2550
520-540 530 10 5300
540-560 550 15 8250
560-580 570 12 6840
580-600 590 1 590
𝒇 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟎
𝒇 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟎

𝑓𝑥 𝑓𝑥
𝑋= =
𝑓 𝑁
24510
=
45
= 544.67
ASSUMED MEAN METHOD

𝑓𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑑𝑥
𝑋 =𝐴+ =𝐴+
𝑓 𝑁

𝑿 = 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝑨 = 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝒙 = 𝒎𝒊𝒅 − 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒔
dx = Deviations from assumed Mean (𝑥 – A)
𝒇𝒅𝒙 = 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
N= 𝑓 = Number of items
The following table gives ploughing time per
hectare taken by 45 farmers in a village
Ploughing Time No. of farmers
480-500 2
500-520 5
520-540 10
540-560 15
560-580 12
580-600 1
 Class Mid dx = x - A Frequency fdx
point x

480-500 490 2
500-520 510 5
520-540 530 10
540-560 550 15
560-580 570 12
580-600 590 1
 Class Mid dx = x - 550 Frequency fdx
point x f

480-500 490 -60 2 -120

500-520 510 -40 5 -200
520-540 530 -20 10 -200
540-560 550 0 15 0
560-580 570 20 12 240
580-600 590 40 1 40
𝒇 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒇𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝟒𝟎
 𝑨 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎

𝒇 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒇𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝟒𝟎

𝒇𝒅𝒙
𝑿=𝑨+
𝒇
−𝟐𝟒𝟎
= 550 +
𝟒𝟓
= 544.67
STEP DEVIATION METHOD
𝑓𝑑 ′ 𝑥 𝑓𝑑 ′ 𝑥
𝑋=𝐴+ ×𝐶=𝐴+ ×𝐶
𝑓 𝑁
𝑿 = 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝑨 = 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
𝒙 = 𝒎𝒊𝒅 − 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒔
d'x = Step Deviation
(Deviations from assumed Mean (𝑥 – A) divided by common factor C)
𝒇𝒅′ 𝒙 = 𝑺𝒖𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒑 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
N= 𝑓 = Number of items ; C – Common Factor
The following table gives ploughing time per
hectare taken by 45 farmers in a village
Ploughing Time No. of farmers
480-500 2
500-520 5
520-540 10
540-560 15
560-580 12
580-600 1
 Class Mid dx = x - A ′
𝑿 −𝑨 Frequency fdx
𝒅𝒙=
point 𝑪
x

480-500 490 2
500-520 510 5
520-540 530 10
540-560 550 15
560-580 570 12
580-600 590 1
 Class Mid 𝒅′ 𝒙 =
𝑿 −𝟓𝟓𝟎 Frequency 𝒇𝒅′ 𝒙
𝟐𝟎
point dx f
x = x - 550

480-500 490 -60 -3 2 -6

500-520 510 -40 -2 5 -10
520-540 530 -20 -1 10 -10
540-560 550 0 0 15 0
560-580 570 20 1 12 12
580-600 590 40 2 1 2
𝒇 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒇𝒅′𝒙 = −𝟏𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒅′𝒙 = −𝟏𝟐

𝒇 = 𝟒𝟓 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟎

′
𝒇𝒅 𝒙
𝑿=𝑨+ ×𝑪
𝒇
−𝟏𝟐
= 𝟓𝟓𝟎 + ×20
𝟒𝟓
= 544.67
Simplicity
Representative
Arrangement of data not required
Stability in calculation
Calculated Value
Absurd results
Affected by extreme points
Non-existence value as mean
More stress on items of higher
value
Calculation by observation not
possible
 Simple Arithmetic Mean gives equal importance
to all the items in a series
 Depending upon the necessity of observation
and purpose of statistical survey all the items
may not deserve equal importance
 Thus relative importance of different itmes in a
series may differ
 This relative importance is known as weight and
computation of average after loading the
weight is called weighted arithmetic mean
 𝑊𝑥
𝑋=
𝑊
𝑿 = 𝑨𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏
W = Weight of the individual items
USES OF WEIGHTED MEAN

 CALCULATION OF SALARIES AND WAGES

 COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF BOARDS,
UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER BODIES
 CALCULATION OF STANDARDIZED BIRTH AND
DEATH RATE
 CALCULATION OF INDEX NUMBER
PROBLEMS WITH OPEN-END CLASSES
 The class intervals are to be made equal
throughout
PROBLEMS WITH CUMULATIVE FREQUENCIES

 The class intervals are to be identified with

corresponding frequencies from the given
cumulative frequencies
 MARKS NO. OF PERSONS
BELOW 20 2
20 – 40 3
40 – 60 3
60 – 80 2
80 ABOVE 1

MARKS NO. OF PERSONS

0 – 20 2
20 – 40 3
40 – 60 3
60 – 80 2
80-100 1
 MARKS NO. OF Students
Less than 20 5
Less than 40 13
Less than 60 16
Less than 80 20
Less than 100 25

Marks 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 - 100
Cumulative
5 13 16 20 25
Frequency

Marks 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 - 100
Frequency 5 8 3 4 5
 Median is a positional average
 Median is the value of the series
which divides the series into two
equal parts
 Median is middle value of the series
when items are arranged in ascending
or descending order
 The values are to be arranged in ascending or
descending order to locate the median
Total number of items in the series is odd

𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = item
2
Total number of items in the series is even
𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ
𝑛 𝑛+2
2 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 + 2 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
2
Calculate the median from the
following data
20, 25, 30, 15, 17, 35, 26, 18, 40, 45, 50
The values in ascending order
15, 17,18, 20, 25, 26, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50
Total number of items in the series is 11 which is odd
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ 11+1 𝑡ℎ
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = item 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = item
2 2

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 6𝑡ℎ item 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐𝟔

 Calculate the median from the
following data
15, 17,18, 20, 25, 26, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 52
Total number of items in the series is 12 which is even
𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ
𝑛 𝑛+2
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 + 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 2 2
2
6𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 + 7𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
2
26 + 30
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 =
2

𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 28
For Discrete Series
 The values are to be arranged in
ascending or descending order
 The cumulative frequencies are to be
computed
 The Median lies at the size of the
item, in whose cumulative frequency
𝒏+𝟏 𝒕𝒉
the value of item lies
𝟐
Calculate Median for the following
distribution
Weekly
Income 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
No of
workers 2 3 6 15 10 5 4 3 1
 Weekly No. of workers Cumulative
income x (f) Frequency
58 2
59 3
60 6
61 15
62 10
63 5
64 4
65 3
66 1
x f c.f

58 2 2
59 3 5 N= 49
𝑵+𝟏
60 6 11 = 𝟐𝟓
𝟐
61 15 26 Middle term is the 25th
62 10 36 item
63 5 41 The item lies in the value
64 4 whose c.f is 26
45
Hence Median = 61
65 3 48
66 1 49
For Continuous Series

 The cumulative frequencies of the

class intervals are to be computed
 The median group is the class interval
𝒏 𝒕𝒉
in which item lies
𝟐
For Continuous Series
𝑵
−𝑪.𝑭
𝟐
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝑳𝟏 + ×𝒊
𝒇
𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑
c.f. = Cumulative frequency of group
preceding the median group
f = frequency of median group
i = length of median class interval
Calculate Median for the following
distribution

Marks 100-120 120 – 140 140 –160 160 – 180 180 - 200
No. of
10 20 30 15 5
Students
 Class No. of students Cumulative
Frequency

100 - 120 10 10
120 - 140 20 30
140 – 160 30 60
160 - 180 15 75
180 - 200 5 80
 Class f c.f
N= 80
𝑵
= 𝟒𝟎
100 - 120 10 10 𝟐
120 - 140 20 30 40th term lies in the
interval 140 – 160
140 – 160 30 60 Hence 140 – 160 is the
160 - 180 15 75 median class
𝑵
180 - 200 5 80 𝟐
−𝑪.𝑭
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝑳𝟏 + ×𝒊
𝒇
𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑
c.f. = Cumulative frequency of group preceding the median group
f = frequency of median group
i = length of median class interval
𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎
c.f. = cumulative frequency of group preceding the median group=30
f = frequency of median group = 30
i = length of median class interval=20

𝑵
−𝑪.𝑭
𝟐
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝑳𝟏 + ×𝒊
𝒇
𝟒𝟎 −𝟑𝟎
= 𝟏𝟒𝟎 + × 20
𝟑𝟎
= 146.67
Simplicity
Ideal Average
Graphical Determination
Representing Middle Value
Useful in distribution of unequal
classes
Practical Application
Not based on all observations
Further algebraic treatment not
possible
Inaccurate in case of large data
Affected by fluctuations
Arrangement required
 Mode has been derived from the
French word la mode, meaning
fashion
 Mode is the value of that item in a
variable which is repeated the
greatest number of times or occurs
more frequently.
 For Ungrouped Data
By arraying data
 The data is arranged in an array and the
value of item which occurs most
frequently is called mode
By converting data into discrete series
 Data are converted into discrete series and
most frequently repeated value is termed
as mode
 Find out the mode of the following data:
400, 600, 500, 700, 900, 800, 1000, 400, 700, 600,
500, 900, 800, 700, 700
Wages Frequency
400 2
500 2
600 2
700 4
800 2
900 2
1000 1

700 has repeated more number of times

700 is the mode
 For Grouped Data – Discrete Series
By Observation

 The mode is determined by observing the

item which occurs more frequently
By Grouping and Analysis Table

 The values are arranged in ascending

order and grouping table is formed to find
the mode
 For Grouped Data – Continuous Series
 By grouping and analysis, the class in
which the mode lies is identified
𝒇𝟏 − 𝒇𝟎
𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 = 𝒍𝟏 + ×𝒊
𝟐 𝒇𝟏 − 𝒇𝟎 − 𝒇𝟐
𝒍𝟏 = 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒇𝟏 = frequency of modal class
𝒇𝟎 = frequency of the class preceding modal class
𝒇𝟐 = frequency of class succeeding modal class
𝒊 = length of Modal class interval
 Find the mode of the following table

Class 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 - 45

Frequency 6 14 32 24 18 10 6

The class 20-25 has maximum frequency

Hence 20-25 is the modal class
𝒇𝟏 − 𝒇𝟎 𝟑𝟐 −𝟏𝟒
𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 = 𝒍𝟏 + ×𝒊 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 = 𝟐𝟎 + ×𝟓
𝟐 𝒇𝟏 − 𝒇𝟎 − 𝒇𝟐 𝟐×𝟑𝟐 −𝟏𝟒 −𝟐𝟒

𝒍𝟏 = 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 20

𝒇𝟏 = frequency of modal class = 32
𝒇𝟎 = frequency of the class preceding modal class = 14
𝒇𝟐 = frequency of class succeeding modal class = 24 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟔
𝒊 = length of Modal class interval = 5
Practical Use
Unaffected by extreme values
Located by graph
Exposing qualitative chararacter
Exactness and simplicity
Indefinite
Difficult Location
Simple arithmetic process not
possible
Unsuitable for weighting
Not based on all observations
FOR SYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION

MEAN = MEDIAN = MODE

FOR ASYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION

MODE = 3 MEDIAN – 2 MEAN