A] Aim

To study the phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction

B] Introduction
Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic
field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off.

INDUCTION:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to
a varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is when
an electromagnetic field causes molecules in another object
to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf is
induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor change.
Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux
density and the area normal to the field through which the
field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the
weber (Wb).

C] Principle
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic
field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic
field) causes the production of a voltage across the
conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn,
causes an electrical current, it is said to induce the current.

D] Theory

INVENTION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the
work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to
1832, Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did not
publish his findings until later.

Induced e.m.f:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and
explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either
by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each
other or
(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is
changing.
For example, consider two coils as shown in Following Figure.

E] Working and Construction

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through
a magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are
applying a force on the free electrons in the conductor and
causing them to move. This process of generating current in a
conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic
field is called induction. This is called induction because there
is no physical connection between the conductor and the
magnet. The current is said to be induced in the conductor
by the magnetic field. One requirement for this
electromagnetic induction to take place is that the
conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be
perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to
produce the maximum force on the free
electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is
determined by the direction of the lines of force and by
the
direction the wire is moving in the field. In the animation
above the ammeter (the instrument used to measure
current) indicates when there is current in the conductor.

F] Lenz’s Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is
decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the
applied field to try to keep it constant.
G] Application of
Electromagnetic Induction
Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due to
relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the
phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a
permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice
versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is
connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and
thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical
energy of motion to electrical energy.

Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is also responsible for
electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of
wire changes, the changing current creates a changing
magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field
will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its
coupled magnetic flux, dΦB/dt. Therefore, an electromotive
force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or
transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected
through an electrical load, current will flow.
H] Observation
1. Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain voltage
is produced.
2. Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating a
greater induced voltage.
3. Magnet is moved at same speed through coil that has
greater number of turn and greater voltage is
induced.

I] Conclusion
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed
and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electro-magnetic
concept. Although its mathematical representations are
cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it
relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the
shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can
all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law has on us.
Application of Electromagnetic Induction in Real
Life
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in
many devices and systems, including:

1. Electrical generators
2. Induction motors
3. Induction sealing
4. Inductive charging
5. Transformers
6. Wireless energy transfer
7. Wireless charger
J] Bibliography
Wikipedia.co
Google search engine
www.youtube.com/knowledgecycle
www.knowledgecycle.in
Physics NCERT book for class XII