PM SHRI KENDRIYA

VIDYALAYA NO. 2
ARMY VADODARA

PHYSICS PROJECT 2024-25

TOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

BY:
KETAN PANDEY
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that student Ketan pandey of class XII A of
PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA No.2 ARMY VADODARA
has completed the project on topic electromagnetic
induction under guidance of Mr. sudhir bhootda and the
principal during the academic year 2024-25 for physics
Practical Examination 2024-25.

External Examiner
Internal Examiner

Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to my school ‘PM
SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.2 ARMY VADODARA’,
the principal and to the management team of my school who
gave me the opportunity to do this project on the topic
‘ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION’, which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and i learnt about so many new
things. Secondly, i would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the
limited time.

KETAN PANDEY
XII-A
 INDEX

S. NO TOPIC
1. Aim of project

2.  Introduction
 Theory
 Observation
 conclusion
3. Applications of emi

4. precautions

5. Bibliography
 AIM
.
 INTRODUCTION
Electro Magnet:

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the

magnetic field is produced by electric current. The
magnetic field disappears when the current is turned
off.

Induction:

This process of generating current in a conductor by

placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is
called induction.

Electromagnetic Induction:

Electromagnetic induction is the production of a

potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when
it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic
field causes molecules in another object to flow.
Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is
induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor
changes.
Magnetic Flux:
is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density
and the area normal to the field through which the
field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is
the weber φ = B A

principle:

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction)

is a process where a conductor placed in a changing
magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a
voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical
current - it is said to induce the current.
Invention:

Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery

of induction in 1831 though it may have been
anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in
1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a si
milar discovery, but did not publish his findings until
later published it.

Induced e.m.f.s :

If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f.

will be generated in the coil. This effect was first
observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an
e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to
each other or by
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of
magnetic flux in some way.
 THEORY
Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is
connected to a battery and has direct current flowing
through it. Coil A is within the magnetic field produced
by B and an e.m.f. can be produced in A by moving the
coils relative to each other or by changing the size of
the current in B. This can be done by using the rheostat
R, switching the current on or off, or (c) using an a.c.
supply for B.

(An e.m.f. could also be produced in coil A by replacing

coil B with a permanent magnet and moving this
relative to coil A.)

Representation:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a
potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when
it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.

Working and Construction:

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved

through a magnetic field because the magnetic lines of
force are applying a force on the free electrons in the
conductor and causing them to move. This process of
generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction. This is called induction because
there is no physical connection between the conductor
and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in
the conductor by the magnetic field.

One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to

take place is that the conductor, which is often a piece
of wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of
force in order to produce the maximum force on the
free electrons. The direction that the induced current
flows is determined by the direction of the lines of force
and by the direction the wire is moving in the field. In
the ani mation above the ammeter (the instrument
used to measure current) indicates when there is
current in the conductor.

further concentrate the magnetic field in the iron bar.

The magnetic If an AC current is fed through a piece of
wire, the electromagnetic field that is produced is
constantly growing and shrinking due to the constantly
changing current in the wire. This growing and
shrinking magnetic field can induce electrical current in
another wire that is held close to the first wire. The
current in the second wire will also be AC and in fact
will look very similar to the current flowing in the first
wire.

It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate

the strength of the magnetic field at the ends of the
coil. Wrapping the coil around an iron bar will field will
be strongest inside the bar and at its ends.
Lenz's Law:

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux

according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is
decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the
applied field to try to keep it constant.
Applications of electromagnetic Induction

Electrical Generator:

The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to

relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is
the phenomenon underlying electrical generators.
When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a
conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is
created. If the wire is connected through an electrical
load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is
generated, converting the
mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.
Electrical transformer:

The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for

electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of
wire changes, the changing current creates a changing
magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field
will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in
its coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t. Therefore, an
electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the
induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop
are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.
Magnetic flow meter:

Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of

electrically conductive liquids and slurries. Such

induced voltage ℇ generated in the magnetic field B

instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The

due to a conductive liquid moving at velocity v is thus

given by:

where ℓ is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic

flow meter.
OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION
Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electro-magnetic
concept. Although its mathematical representations are
cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp:
it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a
dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has
many far-reaching ramifications
that touch our lives in many
ways: from the shining of the
sun, to the convenience of
mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes.
We can all appreciate the
profound impact Faraday’s Law
has on us.
 APPLICATIONS
The principles of electromagnetic induction are
applied in many devices and systems, including:
 Electrical generators
 Induction motors
 Induction sealing
 Inductive charging
 Transformers
 Wireless energy transfer
 PRECAUTIONS
 Keep yourself safe from high voltage
 Use and handle lab instruments with care
 Do not use digital voltmeter for above demonstration
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.scienceforall.com
 Textbook of physics class 12