TRANSPORTATION

MANAGEMENT

MARIA KRISTINA P. GALICHA

Instructor I

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION
MANAGEMENT…............................1-8
II. AIR TRANSPORTATION.................9-22
III. WATER TRANSPORTATION.......23-52
IV. LAND TRANSPORTATION...........53-58

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 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT

After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. Explain the definition, purpose and importance of transportation;

2. Analyze the physical constraints and overcoming the transport and tourism new
approach; and
3. categorize the nature and scope tourist transport: modes of travel

INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

Transport is acknowledged as one of the most significant factors to have contributed to the international
development of tourism.
Transport plays very important part in travel and tourism industry, when considering transport it is
important to bear in mind the following points
It provides the essential link between tourism origin and destination areas.
It also helps to facilitate the movement of travelers either for leisure or business. It could
be main feature of trip example cruise ship and couch tour
Transport enables the tourists to enjoy the benefits of goods not produced locally Transport
increases mobility of labor that has much contribution in tourism industry

Introduction to Tourism Transportation

Categories of Transportation
Advantage and Disadvantage of Tourism Transportation
Challenges Facing in Transportation

AIR TRANSPORT
Air transport means the use of aircraft, predominantly airplanes, to move passengers and cargo. It is
the fastest mode of transport. But the cost of its operation is very high and thus it is suitable for only
rich passengers, mails and light and costly cargo Fastest Mode of Transport:
Types of flight
Scheduled flights
Non-scheduled flights also known as charter flights

ADVANTAGES
Rapidness. The airline revolutionized travel, and the range and speed of jet travel has

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greatly expanded what tourist or business travelers could accomplish with the equivalent time and
funds at their disposal.
Convenience. The system is very efficient. You only need make a call to an airline or a travel agent
and purchase your ticket, then all you have to do is go to the airport and check your bags to your
desired destination.
Safety. According to National Transportation Safety Board’s date, U.S. air carriers provide
scheduled service have an enviable safety record.

DISADVANTAGES

Very Costly: It is the highest means of transport; I mean the charges of air transport are so high that it
is beyond the reach of the common man.
Uncertain and Unreliable: Air transport is uncertain and unreliable as it is controlled based on the
level of weather conditions. Unfavorable weather such as fog, snow or heavy rain etc. may cause
cancellation of scheduled flights and suspension of air service.
Small Carrying Capacity: It’s carrying volume is very small

CLASSES IN AIRLINES

1. First-class travelers
2. Business-class travelers
3. Economy-class travelers
4. Premium economy classes

LAND TRANSPORT
Traveling by land is the most flexible and economical form of mass transportation. Modern motorway
networks have made major cities easily accessible.
Car service Couch
traveling
Recreational vehicles

Car services it is usually an independent mean of transport. The driver decides where, when and
how he is going to get to a destination. It is usually cheaper since roads fees are not directly paid but
rather from taxes. Car transport is the dominant mode in world tourism (77% of all journeys),
notably because of advantages such as flexibility, price, and independence.
Car travelers have greater freedom in choosing their route, destination, and timing of their journey.

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a) Private cars for rental;
b) Taxis; and
c) Private cars.

Coach traveling: This type of mode of transport uses the same road network as cars. Coach
refers to a long-distance express bus as well as those used for sightseeing excursions. They can be
used for short duration local tours (hours) but also can be set for multi-days journeys where the
coach is the conveyance.

Recreational vehicles, or RVs, function like mobile motel rooms, enabling the traveler to integrate
travel mode and accommodation facility into one unit. RV sales are increasing, and more
destinations are providing the facilities for RVs to dock. These facilities, known as RV campgrounds,
provide hook-ups for water, electricity, and sewage.

Advantages of road transport

• Cost effective
• Fast delivery
• Easy to communicate with driver
Disadvantages of road transport
• Transport it is focused to traffic delays
• Transport subject to breakdown
• Goods susceptible to damage because of careless driving
• Bad weather

WATER TRANSPORT

Water transport is the ship transport where by watercraft carrying people (passengers) or goods.
Water-based transport is one of the most traditional and memorable ways for visitors to travel to and
from a destination. It is not only a way to travel but a tourism experience in itself.
Types Water Transport
Cruise ships
Ferry service
River boat travel

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A cruise is a vacation trip by ship. The cruise ships named as sailing hotels provide tourists with
indispensable travel opportunity. It offers the passengers a chance to relax in comfortable
surroundings, with attentive service, good food, and a liner that changes the scenery from time to
time.
Cruise ships are basically self-contained destinations where guests live, eat, are entertained, and
travel. Cruises are voyages taken for pleasure and not only for the purpose of transport. Most cruises
start and end at the same port.

A ferry (or ferryboat) is a boat or ship used to carry (or ferry) primarily passengers, and
sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate on regular,
frequent, return services.
Ferry service is a short distance sea-journey between ports. Both the local commuters as well as
tourists use this mode of transport.

RAIL TRANSPORTATION
The rail travel has emerged as the dominant form of mass public transport before the age of the
automobile.
The railway systems of several countries, notably in Europe, have seen massive investments for
long-distance routes and high speed services. Due to the scenery or the amenities provided, rail
transportation can also be a touristic destination in itself.
a number of services have been designed specifically for the tourist trade on a local and
international level.

Examples include “Orient Express” in Europe and “Indian-Pacific” across Australia. Others include
the “Trans-Siberian Railway” and the “Bullet Train” of Japan

Advantage
Convenience: it usually arrives at and depart from the central business district of a city, thus saving
transit time between city and airport.
Suited to medium or long distance journeys, and to densely populated urban areas,
Environmental friendly
Disadvantage
High fixed costs

Challenges Facing Transportation

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Congestion of roads, passenger terminals, and airports is a condition that most travelers face at one
time or another, especially in urban areas.
Inadequate facilities to handle growing demand is often the primary cause of congestion, but it can
also result from traffic flow design problems, repairs and other construction-related activity, and
tighter security procedures.
Visa and customs procedures often require travelers to stay within the confines of the passenger
terminal for longer periods of time, and contribute to the overall congestion of the terminal.

Safety and Security

Providing for the safety and security of the traveling public will continue to be a central concern of
transportation providers, especially for airlines. Although airline accidents and acts of terrorism are
rare, when they occur they draw worldwide attention. Also heightened security at an airport normally
results in greater congestion and delays, thereby diminishing the quality of the visitor experience.
Environmental Impacts
Transportation modes and facilities tend to have significant environmental impacts. All modes of
travel require energy, most of which is provided by fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels
contributes to a number of environmental problems, including air pollution and global warming.

Seasonality, Seasonal patterns of travel demand create overcrowding at certain times. Conversely,
low occupancies and load factors will occur at other periods. At peak travel periods, the problems
of congestion, security, and the environment become much more severe.

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 ACTIVITY

INSTRUCTION:

Students will form a group of 5-6members.

GROUP 1- AIR TRANSPORTATION
GROUP 2 - LAND TRANSPORTATION
GROUP 3 - WATER TRANSPORTATION
GROUP 4 - RAIL TRANSPORTATION
Content - Students will discuss the role of transportation in Philippine tourism development based on
their assigned categories of transportation thru a power-point presentation with a voice-over.
5-10 slides only
Due: 1 week

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 AIR TRANSPORTATION

After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. discuss the historical development of air transportation;

2. analyze the institutional framework;

3. classify the air transports;

4. evaluate the criteria of air traffic classification;

5. enumerate the aviation organization / association;

6. identify the international Air Transport Association

Codes;

AIRPORT TRANSPORT: DEFINITION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

What is Air Transport?
Air transport is any type of transport that moves through air. Any vehicle that can sustain fight is
part of the air transport industry, and there are various different types. From short domestic flights to
long haul international travel, air transport is a big part of the travel and tourism industry.

MAJOR TYPES OF AIR TRANSPORT

Airplane - It is a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than that of the air it
displaces. They are transportation devices which are designed to move people and cargo from one
place to another. Airplanes come in many different shapes and sizes depending on the mission of the
aircraft. In tourism aspect, it is used to provide mass and quick transportation between countries under
safe, standardized and economical conditions.

Helicopter – It is also called as “chopper or “heli”. It is a type of aircraft without wings, that has one
or two sets of large blades that go around very fast on top. They can be used as flying ambulances to
carry patients. They can be loaded with water to fight large

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fires. However, in tourism, the tours are offered to the passengers/tourists by the helicopters over the
popular places or less crowded places, in a country, giving them the time and opportunity to capture
the scenic aerial view.

Hot Air Balloon- It is an aircraft consisting of a very large bag filled with heated air or other gas,
with a basket hanging under it in which people can ride. Though it is not often used to transport
people from one place to another, they are used to have tourists enjoy a closer sight of the tourist
attractions offered by the place.

Sea Plane - It is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on
water. One of the most common uses for seaplanes these days is air taxi service. Since they can take
off and land on water, seaplanes have more flexibility when traveling from the mainland to island
sites. Many companies around Asia offer seaplane transfers from airports to prime tourist spots.

Hang Glider - It is a small aircraft without an engine, consisting of a frame covered in cloth, from
which the pilots hang. Though hang gliding is considered an air sport or recreational activity, it
allows the pilot to transfer from one place to another while enjoying the sight of the attractions
below.

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 ACTIVITY

INSTRUCTION

✅Students will form a group of 4-5members.

GROUP 1- AIRPLANE
GROUP 2 - HELICOPTER
GROUP 3 - HOT AIR BALLOON
GROUP 4 - SEA PLANE GROUP
5- HANG GLIDER

Content - Students will present 1 local and 1 international company based on their assigned major
type of air transport thru a power-point presentation with a voice-over.

1 LOCAL AND 1 INTERNATIONAL PER GROUP

1. Company name
2. Company background,location etc. 3.
Service offer, rates and promos
4. Photos
5. Website

✅ PPT must be 10-15 slides only

✅Only one representative per group will submit the PowerPoint presentation together with the
member's name list in the private comment section.

✅All group members must click "turn in" after the submission to avoid missing activity status.

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 AIRLINE INDUSTRY

TYPE OF AIRLINES
Airlines are often grouped into different categories and precise definitions can vary in different parts
of the world. However, broadly speaking, airlines can be separated into three main types:
1. International Airlines
2. National Airlines
3. Regional Airlines

INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES
International airlines are a group of the largest , most high profile and most successful airlines.
They make billions in revenue each year and operate large passenger jets.
International airlines also usually employ more staff than national and regional airlines. They also
usually transport more than just passengers. Transportation of cargo and freight over long distances is
also expected. These airlines also tend to focus their efforts on offering global services, carrying
passengers and cargo over large distances.

NATIONAL AIRLINES
National airlines represent the next step down from the largest international airlines and a step up
from regional. They will typically offer both medium-sized and large-sized jets and will focus on
offering services to areas within their home country, but many will offer access to international
destinations too.

REGIONAL AIRLINES
Regional airlines are the smallest of the three main types and focus on offering services within
specific regions. In many cases, they provide passenger services to parts of the world with lower
levels of demand and where services are not offeren by either national or international airlines. They
are one of the smallest of the three types and usually provide

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services in niches that major and national airlines usually don’t provide. Regional airlines usually
mostly deal with the transport of passengers and not so much cargo over long distances.

AIRLINE BUSINESS MODELS

There are a huge number of airlines around the world, each with different ways of doing business.
Nevertheless, most can be categorized as belonging to one of the four main business models,
which are follows:
Fu'll Service Carriers
Low Cost Carriers
Charter Airlines
Schedules Airlines Cargo
Airlines

FLIGHT TYPES
Non- Stop - Flight
Nonstop flights take you from one airport to another without stopping. Board the plane, buckle
your seatbelt, and the next time you touch ground you have reached your destination.
The plane flies from Point A to Point B on the same aircraft, with no stop in between.

Example:
MNL--------------------DVO
Flight 5J 1234 Flight 5J 1234

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Direct Flight
Direct flights, however, don't offer the same convenience. Instead, “direct” means that the
flight number doesn't change, even as the aircraft may make one — or more — stops.
The plane flies from Point A to Point B on the same aircraft, but it stops at an airport in between.
EXAMPLE:
MNL ---------------------NRT-----------------------LAX
Flight PR 1234----- Flight PR 1234----------Flight PR 1234

Connecting Flight route

A connecting flight or transit flight is to reach the final destination through two or more flights,
namely, traveling without any direct flights.
It require passengers to leave the plane and board a different aircraft in order to reach the destination.

Example:
MNL-------------------------ZAM----------------------------------------------TWT
Flight 5J 1234------ Flight 5J 1234 to Flight DG 4567---------Flight DG4567

One - Way Flight Itinerary

The passenger only travels from Point A to Point B.

Example:
MNL-------ILO
Flight 5J 1234---------Flight 5J 1234

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Open – Jaw Flight Itinerary
The passenger flies from Point A to Point B, then travels by ground transportation (e.g., car rental,
boat or rail) from B to C, then returns by air from C to A.

Example:
MNL --HKG---Boat from HKG ---MFM—MNL

Roundtrip Flight Itinerary

-The traveler flies from Point A to Point B, stays a while, and then returns from B to A. Circle
Flight Itinerary
The traveler has two or more extended stopovers and returns to the originating city. Example:
MNL-SGN-PNH-BKK

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 ACTIVITY

Airline Business Models"

There are a huge number of airlines around the world, each with different ways of doing business.
Nevertheless, most can be categorized as belonging to one of the four main business models,
which are following:
1. Full-Service Carriers
2. Low-Cost Carriers
3. Charter Airlines
4. Scheduled Airlines
5. Cargo Airlines

Please give the basic definition of each airline business model and give at least 2 examples
including company description and photos.

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 AIRPORT CODES
AIRPORT CODES
Airport codes arose out of the convenience that the practice brought pilots for location identification
in the 1930s.- An airport code is a three- or four-letter code used to identify a particular airport in
documents relating to passenger reservations and ticketing as well as flight timetables, luggage tags,
air traffic control, and other standard industry procedures.

ICAO VS. IATA CODE

ICAO Codes are four-letter codes used by an appendant body of the United Nations to designate
international flights and govern the standards of air travel.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a United Nations Specialized Agency based
in Montreal that is tasked with governing the standards of international air navigation, transport, and
planning. It is the sole international organization with legal authority to implement — and revise —
standards on infrastructure, navigation technology, flight inspections, and cross-border procedures for
international flights.

IATA codes are three-letter codes used by a non-governmental trade organization efficiently identify
airports, airlines, and flight paths for consumers.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is a non-governmental entity and International
Air Transport Association (IATA) is a non-governmental entity and trade association that is
primarily concerned with the enforcement of private sector standards — with an emphasis on
commercial airlines, travel agencies, and consumers. Its purpose is to ensure safety and efficiency
for travelers by implementing international standards through its IATA Operation Safety Audit —
which is mandated by many governments.

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CHAPTER QUIZ

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 AIRLINE TICKET, CANCELLATION AND DELAYS

AIRLINE TICKET
An airline ticket is a document or electronic record, issued by an airline or a travel agency that
confirms that an individual is entitled to a seat on a flight on an aircraft. The airline ticket may be one
of two types: a paper ticket, which comprises coupons or vouchers; and an electronic ticket
(commonly referred to as an e-ticket).

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AIRLINE TICKET
The ticket, in either form, is required to obtain a boarding pass during check-in at the airport. Then
with the boarding pass and the attached ticket, the passenger is allowed to board the aircraft.
Regardless of the type, tickets contain the following information.

 The passenger's name

 The issuing airline
 A ticket number, including the airline's three-digit code 9Mat the start of the number
 The cities between which the ticket is valid for travel
 Flight for which the ticket is valid (unless the ticket is "open")
 Baggage allowance.
 Fare. (Not always visible on a printout but recorded electronically for the airline)

AIRLINE TICKET
Taxes. (Not always visible on a printout but recorded electronically for the airline) The "Fare
Basis", an alphabetic or alphanumeric code that identifies the fare Restrictions on changes
and refunds. (Not always shown in detail, but referred to) Dates for which the ticket is
valid
Form of payment", i.e. details of how the ticket was paid for, which will in turn affect how it would
be refunded.
The exchange rate used to calculate any international parts of the fare and tax. A "Fare
Construction" or "Linear" showing the breakdown of the total fare
Times on airline tickets are generally for the local time zone where the flight will be at that
moment.
There are several factors that contribute to the cost of a fare:

Purchase date - The earlier you buy a ticket, the cheaper it will be (most likely). Someone who
buys a ticket on the day the flight is entered is going to get a cheaper fare than someone who buys
a seat on the day of the flight.

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Class-first class is more expensive than coach.
Destination There are certain destinations that cost more, either because of the distance to the
destination or the popularity of the destination.
Flight date and time Flights that depart earlier in the day tend to have lower fares because fewer
people are flying then. Also, fares go up in the summer vacation season.
Fuel costs- Fuel is an airline's second largest expense. Any increase in fuel costs is usually passed
onto passengers in the ticket price.
Competitors' fares- An airline has to be careful not to price their fares too much higher than their
competitors.
Special factors There are certain specialty fares given to senior citizens, government and military
employees and corporate customers.

What is Flight Cancellation?

It occurs when the airline does not operate the flight at all for a certain reason.

Why Do Flights Get Cancelled?

1. Adverse weather conditions
2. Security issues
3. Mechanical issues
4. Bird strikes
5. Missing aircraft

What is Flight Delay?

It is when an airline flight takes off and/or lands later than its scheduled time.

Why Do Flights Get Delayed?

1. Air Traffic Control (ATC) restrictions
2. Adverse weather conditions
3. Knock-on effect due to a delayed aircraft

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4. Waiting for connecting passengers, catering, bags and crew
5. Security issues/ clearance
6. Preparing the aircraft
7. Mechanical issues
8. Complying with weight restrictions
9. Bird strikes
10.Missing aircraft
11.Passenger Issues

ORAL RECITATION

MIDTERM EXAM

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 WATER TRANSPORTATION
After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. discuss the historical development of water transportation;

2. classify the water -based transport;

3. analyze the institutional framework, passenger rights and issues of ownership and

accountability; and

4. enumerate the international associations of water-based transportation

WATER TRANSPORTATION
is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, makes over a body of
water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes
the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.

WATER TRANSPORT
refers to movement of goods and passengers on waterways by using various means
like boats, steamers, launches, ships, etc.

Inland Waterways
Inland waterborne transport use boats, launches, barges, streamers, etc., to carry goods and
passengers on river and canal routes. The rivers and canals in the interior of our country is called
inland waterways.
Inland waterborne transport is an integral component of the overall transport system of the region
and one of the most advantageous transport modes.

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ADVANTAGES
 Lower cost for the transport of goods
 Fewer traffic delays
 Better safety record
 Increase in the movement of people and goods that encourages domestic and
international trade.
 It has least effect on climate change and the least environmental impact.

Ocean transport

Ocean transport refers to movement of goods and passengers with the help of ships through sea or
ocean waterways. Ocean transport has its fixed route, which links almost all the countries of the
world.

Types of Ocean Transport

1.Coastal Shipping
ships ply between the main ports of a country.

This helps in home trade, and also in carrying passengers within the country.

2. Overseas shipping
ships ply between different countries separated by sea or ocean.
It is mainly used for promotion and development of international trade.
It is economical means of transport to carry heavy machines and goods in bulk. Overseas transport
is carried out on fixed routes, which connect almost all the countries.

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Types of Ships

Liners
Is a passenger or cargo vessel, which belongs to a regular shipping company. These ships ply over a
fixed route according to a prescribed schedule or timetable.

Tramps
A tramp is a cargo ship, which does not make regular trips but plies whenever cargo is offered to
it. It does not follow a fixed route or a prescribed timetable like that of liners.

EVOLUTION OF WATER TRANSPORTATION

TIMELINE

 Many thousands of years ago, a raft made by tying several logs together with
creepers, was the first kind water transport that a person could steer.

 A frame boat, built like a basket and covered with animal skins was another very early
boat. A coating of tar kept the boat watertight.

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 4000 BC: Boat builders in ancient Egypt used reeds to build what were probably the first
sailing boats.

 By 2500 BC the Egyptians were building wooden boats that could sail across
oceans.

 1000 AD Viking longboats These ships had sails as well as up to 60 oarsmen who rowed the
ship. The longboats were long and narrow so were able to travel on the open sea, as well as
along rivers.

 1100 AD Chinese junks were sailing boats with a rudder for steering the boat, battens on the
sails to give them greater strength, and watertight compartments long before western ships
had them.

 1450 onwards three and four masted sailing ships were in service for several
centuries.

 1800’s Fast sailing ships called 'clipper ships' were built. They had long, slim hulls and tall
masts.

 1819 The first steamships to cross the Atlantic combined steam and wind power.

 1845 The first ocean-going liners made of iron and driven by a propeller were being built
from this time.

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  1880s Some steam driven river boats had rear paddles and were called stern
wheelers, others had paddle wheels on either side.

 1910 Coal burning sailing ships were converted to diesel power, using oil instead of steam.

 1955 Hovercraft float above the waves on cushions of air and are capable of high speeds
of up to 140 km an hour.

 1959 The N.S. Savannah, one of the first nuclear powered cargo ships, was able to sail for
three and a half years without refueling.

 1980s Hydrofoil Used as ferries or water taxis, hydrofoils ride on wings that lift the craft
clear of the water so that it rides on skis as it gains speed.Container ships carry cargo in huge
metal boxes which are stacked on the deck. A modern cargo ship can carry up to one
thousand containers. Among the largest ships ever built, these supertankers are used to
transport oil.

 1990sCruise liners are ships that carry hundreds of people on floating holidays.
Modern nuclear powered aircraft carriers, battle cruisers, destroyers, and nuclear powered submarines
are all used to keep a country safe and to protect its territory.

Types of Water Transportation

Bangka
Is a type of boat used in the Philippines for fishing and transporting passengers.

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They are constructed with a long thin central hull and a solid, buoyant, horizontal wooden skid,
named an outrigger, 1 to 3 meters from both sides of the hull.

Barge
Is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods.
Most barges are non-self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing them or towboats
pushing them.

Canoe
Small and light boat; pointed at both ends; it is usually propelled by means of paddles, although
sails and, more recently, outboard motors are also used.
in its human-powered form, the canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, usually by two people.
Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated on supports in the hull, or kneeling directly
upon the hull.

Catamaran
is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods.
It is a type of multihulled boat or ship consisting of two hulls, or vakas, joined by some structure, the
most basic being a frame, formed of akas. It can be sail- or engine-powered.

Cruise
is a passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are
part of the experience, as well as the different destinations along the way.

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Transportation is not the prime purpose, as cruise ships operate mostly on routes that return
passengers to their originating port, so the ports of call are usually in a specified region of a
continent.

Ferry
is a boat or a ship carrying passengers, and sometimes their vehicles, on short-distance, scheduled
services.

Gondola
is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat. It is also propelled by an oar.
Girak Gondola is a type of lift which transports passengers in multiple detachable enclosed cabins.
Gondola cabins have ranged in size from as small as two persons to upwards of twenty

Hovercraft
is a craft capable of traveling over surfaces while supported by a cushion of slow moving, high-
pressure air which is ejected against the surface below and contained within a "skirt”.

Jet Ski
a small self-propelled vehicle for one person resembling a scooter, which skims across water on a
flat keel, and is steered by means of handlebars.
It is properly known as "stand-up PWCs(Personal Water Craft)”

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Kayak
is a long narrow hunting boat propelled by single or double paddles.

Narrow boat
is a boat of a distinctive design, made to fit the narrow canals of Great Britain.
It refers to the original working boats built in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries for carrying goods
on the narrow canals.
modern "narrowboats“ used for recreation and occasionally as homes, whose design is an interpretation of the
old boats for modern purposes and modern materials.

Padded V-hull
is very similar in basic shape to the popular v-hull which simply forms a vee when looking at the
back of the watercraft.
They can come in many different configurations from that of a pure race boat to that of a
recreational craft.

Punt
is a flat-bottomed boat with a square-cut bow, designed for use in small rivers or other shallow
water.
The punter generally propels the punt by pushing against the river bed with a pole.

Raft

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is a special type of boat, distinguished by the absence of a hull. Rafts are kept afloat either by buoyant
materials such as wood, or by inflated containers.

Rowboat
is small boat of shallow draft with cross thwarts for seats and rowlocks for oars with which it is
propelled.

Sailboat
is a relatively small wind-driven vessel used primarily for sports and personal purposes.

Submarine
is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water.

Water Taxi
also known as a commuter boat, is a watercraft used to provide public transport, usually but not
always in an urban environment.

U-boat
refers to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and World War
II.

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Yacht
it is defined as a light fast sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and other transgressors around
and into the shallow waters of the Low Countries

Yawl
is a two-masted sailing craft similar to a sloop or cutter but with an additional mast located well aft of
the main mast, often right on the transom, specifically aft of the rudder post.

PROMINENT WATER TRANSPORATTION OPERATORS

LOCAL
SuperFerry – formerly known as (WG&A OR William Gothong and Aboitiz) it is founded by the
aboitiz group and is based in manila. It is the country’s largest shipping company in terms of the
wide and various services they can offer.

Negros Navigation
(Nenaco) is one of the oldest domestic shipping companies in the Philippines. It is also one of the
largest companies in the passenger transport business in the Philippines.

Cebu Ferries

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is a shipping company based in Cebu City, Philippines. It is the Aboitiz's alternate shipping
company.

INTERNATIONAL

Royal Caribbean Cruise

Royal Caribbean International is a Norwegian and American cruise line brand based in Miami,
Florida and owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.. With 42 ships in service, it controls a 25.6%
share of the world cruise market. Royal Caribbean International was founded as Royal Caribbean
Cruise Line in 1968 by Anders Wilhelmsen & Company, I.M. Skaugen & Company, and Gotaas
Larsen, Norwegian shipping companies.

Star Cruises
a member of Genting Hong Kong, is the sixth largest cruise line in the world behind companies
such as Carnival Corporation and Royal Caribbean Cruises. Star Cruises dominates the Asia-
Pacific market and is owned by Genting Hong Kong

Disney Cruise Line

Disney Cruise Line is an American cruise line company owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks
and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company and is headquartered in Celebration, Florida.
The business is run by President Karl Holz. Disney Cruise Line operates the Disney Cruise Line
Terminal, which homeports the Disney Magic and the Disney Dream. The Disney Wonder is home
ported in Los Angeles. In 2012, it is estimated Disney Cruise Lines will own nearly 3% share of the
worldwide cruise market.

Carnival Cruise Lines is a British-American owned cruise line, based in Doral, Florida, a suburb of
Miami in the United States. The company has the largest fleet in the group, with
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twenty three vessels currently in operation that account for 21.1% of the worldwide market share .
Executive control of the company is provided by the North American division of Carnival
Corporation, headquartered in Doral, Florida
Carnival Cruise Lines

Princess Cruises
Is a British-American owned cruise line, based in Santa Clarita, California in the United States.
Previously a subsidiary of P&O Princess Cruises PLC, the company is now one of ten cruise ship
brands operated by Carnival Corporation & PLC and accounts for approximately 19% share of its
revenue

Costa Cruises

is a British-American owned Italian cruise line, based in Genoa, Italy

Oceania Cruises
is a Miami, Florida, United States-based shipping company that operates four luxury cruise ships on
world-wide itineraries. It is currently the world’s largest upscale cruise line, offering good-quality
food and itineraries at a cheap price when compared to other upscale cruise lines.

Holland America
is a cruise shipping company. It was founded in 1873 as the Netherlands-America Steamship
Company ,a shipping and passenger line. Headquartered in Rotterdam and providing service to the
Americas, it became known as Holland America Line. HAL is now headquartered in Seattle,
Washington, U.S

WATER TRANSPORT INFASTRUCTURE

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Philippine Waterways: 3,219 km (limited to vessels with draft less than 1.5 m) (2011)

The main gateway to the Philippines through the sea is through the Manila International Cargo
Terminal and the Eva Macapagal Port Terminal, both in the pier area of Manila. Other cities with
bustling ports and piers include Bacolod, Batangas City, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Butuan,
Iligan, Iloilo, Jolo, Legazpi, Lucena, Puerto Princesa, San Fernando, Subic, Zamboanga, Cotabato,
Allen, Ormoc, Ozamiz and Tagbilaran. Most of these terminals comprise the Strong Republic
Nautical Highway, a nautical system conceptualized under the term of President Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo where land vehicles can use the roll- on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) ship service to traverse the different
islands of the country at minimal costs.

PORTS AND HARBORS

River Ferries

Pasig River Ferry Service - (Cruises the historical river of the Philippines "Pasig River" from Plaza
Mexico, Intramuros, Manila to Barangay Kalawaan Sur, Pasig City)

REGULATING AGENCIES

LOCAL
Philippine Ports Authority (PPA)
The Philippine Ports Authority is a government-owned corporation under the Department of
Transportation and Communications as an attached agency. It is responsible for financing,
management and operations of public ports throughout the Philippines.

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The Philippines' Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA)
Is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Transportation and
Communications responsible for integrating the development, promotion and regulation of the
maritime industry in the Philippines. MARINA has jurisdiction over the development, promotion and
regulation of all enterprises engaged in the business of designing, constructing, manufacturing,
acquiring, operating, supplying, repairing, and/or maintaining vessels, or component parts thereof, of
managing and/or operating shipping lines, shipyards, drydocks, marine railways, marine repair ships,
shipping and freight forwarding agencies and similar enterprises.

Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)

The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) is a maritime law enforcement agency operating under the
Department of Transportation and Communications of the Philippines. The general mandate of the
law that brings the PCG at the forefront of maritime law enforcement is given further clarity in
bilateral and multilateral agreements with the Bureau of Customs (BoC), the Presidential Anti-
Smuggling Group (PASG), the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), and the Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), among others.

INTERNATIONAL
Is the world's largest cruise association and is dedicated to the promotion and growth of the cruise
industry.

Cruise Lines International Association

CLIA exists to promote all measures that foster a safe, secure and healthy cruise ship environment,
educate, train its travel agent members, and promote and explain the value, desirability and
affordability of the cruise vacation experience.

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SOLAS

'Safety of Life at Sea'

SOLAS- SOLAS stands for 'Safety of Life at Sea' and is an International agreement for all vessels
(cargo, tanker, passenger etc.) that sets standards for safety, emergency procedures and other such
protocols.

SOLAS REQUIREMENT
Medical fitness
Other areas will be: World Geography, Operation of Lifeboats, Rescue boats and other buoyant
apparatuses used in rescue. Fire prevention and Fire-fighting; Knowledge of hazards in radio
installations and equipment: electrical, mechanical, chemical and radiation hazards. First-aid
including resuscitation and other medical techniques.
You will also receive training in theory and practice in manning sea going vessels.
Physically fit at sea, speak and write English, has basic knowledge of first aid and cpr, basic,
firefighting technique and procedures. Boat handling and navigation, basic rescue skills and
evacuation, communication use UHF and VHF radio. Able to fix electrical, radio and safety
device.

Advantages of Water Transport

Water Transport has the following advantages

37
1. It is a relatively economical mode of transport for bulky and heavy goods.
2. It is a safe mode of transport with respect to occurrence of accidents.
3. The cost of maintaining and constructing routes is very low as most of them are naturally made.
4. Play major role in the international trade,
5. Reducing congestion by using available space on the water

6. Ensure fast and direct connection, supporting the land-borne mode

7. Providing a reliable service for commuters
8. Providing a unique way to discover a city for tourist and leisure travelers.
9. Increase in Economic Activity
10.Increase in Foreign Exchange
11. Decrease in Transportation Cost
12. Increase in Government Revenue
13.Increase in Employment opportunities
14. Increase in Foreign Investment

Limitations of Water Transport

1. The depth and navigability of rivers and canals vary and thus, affect operations of
different transport vessels.

38
2. It is a slow moving mode of transport and therefore not suitable for transport of perishable goods.
3. It is adversely affected by weather conditions.
4. Sea transport requires large investment on ships and their maintenance.
5. Accident can cause water pollution and creating dangers for marine life,
6. Not flexible.

ROLE OF WATER TRANSPORTAION IN SOCIETY

The role that transportation plays in the planning of natural areas as destination sites involves
various players and the consideration of the needs of the community it will serve.
Transportation sometimes does not stimulate the desired tourism development and therefore it
is important to understand the central position of transport in destination development if the
destination’s growth process is to be understood.

Importance to Foreign Trade

Majority of foreign trading partners, the only options for transportation are water or air.
Water-based transportation is generally the most cost effective mode for the majority of
internationally traded goods.

Ports function as the transfer point between land and water transportation of cargo.

The channels provide adequate water depths for the vessels and navigational aids.

Water Transportation Today

39
 Today, as much as ever, America relies on its system of inland waterways and coastal
ports. Imports and exports of raw materials and finished products fuel the world economy.

A significant portion of domestic trade is carried on the inland waterways as well.

Industries that either use or produce large, heavy, or bulk materials are often located adjacent to
waterways in order to take advantage of barge transportation. Barges can move more weight and
volume at less cost and at less environmental impact than freight moved by planes, trains, or trucks.
Steel mills, lumber mills, oil refineries, and grain silos can all be found adjacent to navigation
channels.

The Future of Water Transportation

Barges and ships use less fuel to carry a higher volume of cargo than trucks, railcars, or
airplanes, they operate more cheaply and with less environmental impact than other transportation
alternatives. The efficiency of the U.S. waterways infrastructure is key to the nation's competitive
position in the international marketplace. Other nations have modeled their waterways infrastructure
on their system in order to improve their own potential for world trade. To meet the challenges of the
future, the American Ports and the Corps of Engineers actively plan for port and channel
improvements. There is a great deal of effort locally and nationally to find ways to make the
development and maintenance of waterways and port facilities economical and environmentally
sound. With careful planning and conscientious maintenance, our waterways -- the most ancient of
highways -- will serve us long into the future.

IMPLICATION OF WATER TRANSPORATION OPERATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

40
Effects in the Environment

Dams change free-flowing rivers into reservoirs, and can prevent fish movements.

Navigation also requires dredging in order to maintain safe depths in channels, which in the past has
been seen as an environmental problem.

Water Pollution

The normal operation of transportation vehicles does not generate water pollution in the way
that it generates air pollution.
Shipping activity, in particular, directly affects the environment in a number of ways. The
routine discharge of ballast water from marine vessels, if ballast is not segregated from cargo,
introduces oil pollution at sea and in coastal waters, and can lead to introduction of nuisance species
transported from the boat’s origin to its destination. The routine maintenance dredging of ports and
inland waterways stirs up toxic sediment and frequently leads to the disposal of dredged material in
the open ocean. These problems increase with growth in shipping, although they are less directly
linked to ton-kilometers of freight than is air pollution.

Air Pollution

All transport modes consume energy and the most common source of energy is from the burning of
fossil fuels like coal, petrol, diesel, etc. The relation between air pollution and respiratory disease have
been demonstrated by various studies and the detrimental effects on the planet earth is widely
recognized recently. The combustion of the fuels releases several contaminants into the atmosphere,
including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,

41
oxides of nitrogen, and other particulate matter. Particulate matters are minute solid or liquid particles
that are suspended in the atmosphere. They include aerosols, smoke, and dust particles. These air
pollutants once emitted into the atmosphere , undergo mixing and disperse into the surroundings.

Noise Pollution
Sound is acoustical energy released into atmosphere by vibrating or moving bodies where as noise
is unwanted sound produced. Transportation is a major contributor of noise pollution. Noise is
generated during both construction and operation. During construction, operation of large
equipments causes considerable noise to the neighborhood. During the operation, noise is generated
by the engine and exhaust systems of vehicle, aerodynamic friction, and the interaction between the
vehicle and the support system (road-tire, rail- wheel). Extended exposure to excessive sound has
been shown to produce physical and psychological damage.

Role of Water Transport in Tourism

Cruise tourism has been a growing market sector around the world, not only as a means to
travel to a destination but as an experience. The development of a destination as a cruise port
requires in-depth economic, environmental and social assessment.
Destinations also need to consider the capacity of existing tourism product, marine infrastructure,
land-based transport services and tour operations to meet the needs of this market. Successful cruise
destinations must provide a unique experience for visitors, have well organized transport systems and
public amenities, clustered tourism products and attractions and a variety of excursion and shopping
options.

There are a number of considerations in developing appropriate and effective water-based transport
facilities and services in a destination including:

42
Understanding visitor and resident demand for water-based infrastructure and facilities and assessing
this demand against existing supply;
Assessment of the ecological, economic, social and cultural impacts of water-based transport
Consideration of the planning and safety regulations and environmental restrictions for the development of
water-based transport facilities;

Development of a comprehensive management and monitoring plan for the transport operation to
ensure sustainability of the business and conservation of the natural environment;
Incorporation of all stakeholders interests and values to ensure support and commitment for development and
ongoing management;
Development of public / private partnerships to gain public support for infrastructure development
and private involvement in tourism operations.

Positive Impacts of the Cruise Industry

The industry contributes to the economy of destination areas.

In addition, the exposure of tourists to beautiful, pristine areas such as those in Alaska can improve
understanding of the need for conservation.

The cruise industry can aid in raising awareness of threatened or endangered species.

CHAPTER QUIZ

43
 CRUISE
CRUISE
 is a vacation onboard a ship
 is a leisure trip undertaken to both enjoy the facilities and amenities of the ship and visit
interesting destinations at the same time
 is not limited to sea voyage ,but it also involves river, and lake voyages.
 “Floating resorts/hotels” to “floating cities”
 includes many important elements
 is not about ships transporting people to various destinations for their vacation
,rather, the ship itself is a destination.

Cruise tourism
 one of the fastest growing segments of the tourism industry that involves luxurious form of
travelling onboard a cruise ship with specific prearranged itinerary wherein the cruise ship
calls at several ports before coming back to its home port.
 involving an all-inclusive holiday on a cruise ship of at least 48 hours, with a set and specific
itinerary, in which the cruise ship calls at several ports or cities.

HISTORY

Cruise Tourism in the Philippines

DOT and CLIA both commit to cooperate in the developing the Philippine cruise industry by developing cruise
ports, itinerary ,and guest experience
The Philippines’ proximity to major Asian cruise markets like China, Japan, and Hong Kong is the
country’s competitive and comparative advantage in the Asia- Pacific region.

44
(8)ports as tourism gateways for cruise liners:
1. Davao
2. Bohol
3. Boracay
4. Cebu
5. Manila
6. Puerto Princesa
7. Currimao in Ilocos Norte
8. Catagbacan in Bohol

Cruising Today and Beyond

 Cruisers have become very much fascinated with “instagrammable” photos.
 Cruisers seek total restoration.
 A shift from experience travel to achievement travel.
 Cruisers are technology savvy.
 Travelers are mindful of the environment.
 Access in the new luxury.
 Generation Z takes the lead at sea.
 Off -peak Escapades.
 Work and leisure combo.
 Women power.
 Go solo.

5 A’s of Cruising

1. Attractions
2. Activities
3. Access
4. Accommodation
5. Amenities.

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BASIC PARTS OF THE SHIP
bow and stern - are both physical pieces of a vessel. The bow is a moving ship's frontmost part,
which is often made of steel that comes to a point to more efficiently cleave through the water.
Conversely, the stern is the rearmost part of a ship.

forward and aft, -are directional terms, rather than words for physical parts of the ship. In that vein,
the bow is located forward (to the front) on a ship, and the stern is located aft (to the back).

port and starboard - are directional terms used to indicate a vessel's left and right sides, relative to its
bow. When you're facing forward, toward the bow, the port side is to your left, and the starboard
side is to your right.

46
Ship Structure
Three ways to measure the size gross
registered tonnage (GRT)
-it is determined by the total permanently enclosed, public spaces including hull-cut balconies.
number of guests (pax; passengers) it can accommodate with ranges from very small, medium,
large, and mega ship.
number of staterooms/cabins

Classification of Cruise ship

Types of Cruises
OCEAN CRUISING
sail on an enormous, floating hotel featuring pools, waterslides, restaurants galore and nightly
gala performances

47
big and can carry thousands of passengers
provide children's programs and activities, 24-hour dining, shopping, late-night entertainment, and
days spent travelling through endless seascapes

RIVER CRUISING
-provide easy access to city centers
-Passengers sail directly into the heart of every destination and dock in the middle of town
-accommodate only 30 to 200 guests

EXPEDITION CRUISING

is a whole new concept that regular cruise lovers may not be familiar with
should be approached as an expedition rather than a relaxing holiday, all be it on a ship. main
attraction of an expedition cruise are the destinations
specialized ships allow passengers to get to the heart of these iconic destinations

48
Profile of Cruise Lines

49
50
Cruise Fleet

A cruise line is a company in leisure business that operates and markets a fleet of ships to the cruise
tourism markets.
. Cruise line own or operate cruise ships, which are luxury vessels that sail for the primary purpose of
leisure ,taking care of passengers on holiday

The term fleet means cruise ships owned by the same cruise line

Cruise Lines International

Association (CLIA)
is the world’s largest cruise industry trade association, providing a unified voice and leading
authority of the global cruise community.

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 ACTIVITY
INSTRUCTION
1. Research and presentation on chosen Cruiseline (Example: Costa Cruises- Costa Fortuna)
2. Form a group 2-3 members.
Content
Company Overview, Logo,headquarters/base, number of ship under its fleet, year/location
founded.

SHIP
Attractions, Activities, Access, Accommodation, Amenities.

-Record your self explaining your content (5-8 minutes)

-SPEAK IN ENGLISH
-camera on
- Bulleted form include HD photos from official website

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 LAND TRANSPORTATION
After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. discuss the historical development of air transportation;

2. analyze the institutional framework;
3. classify the air transports;
4. evaluate the criteria of air traffic classification;

LAND TRANSPORT
Land transport is the transport or movement of people, animals or goods from one location to
another location on land. The two main forms of land transport can be considered to be rail
transport and road transport.

SYSTEM
Several systems of land transport have been devised, from the most basic system of humans carrying
things from place to sophisticated networks of ground-based transportation utilizing different types of
vehicles and infrastructure. The three types are human-powered, animal powered and machine
powered

HUMAN-POWERED TRANSPORT
Human powered transport, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people and/or
goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and swimming. Modern
technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains
popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and environmentalism; it is sometimes
the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.

53
ANIMAL POWERED TRANSPORT
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods.
Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or
harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

ROAD TRANSPORT
The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own
motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002,
there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles have caused air pollution which results
to people getting Asthma . Road transport offers a complete freedom to road users to transfer the
vehicle from one lane to the other and from one road to another according to the need and
convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed, and timings of travel is not
available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door to door service only by road
transport.

OTHER MODES
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe; most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but
pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any
chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for
sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural
gas.
Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power
source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway,
elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport

RAIL TRANSPORT
A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly
provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight.
The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity

54
supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a
multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines.
Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more
energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

OTHER MODES
CONVEYOR TRANSPORT
PIPELINE TRANSPORT

HISTORY
Humans' first means of land transport was walking. The domestication of animals introduces a new
way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or
humans to ride the animals for higher speed and duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled
helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. However, water
transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, was the only efficient way to transport large quantities
or over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw a number of inventions fundamentally change
transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant and independent of transport. The
invention of the steam engine, closely followed by its application in rail transport, made land
transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed and capacity increased rapidly,
allowing specialization through manufacturing being located independent of natural resources.

With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile at the turn into the 20th century,
road transport became more viable, allowing the introduction of mechanical private transport. The first
highways were constructed during the 19th century with macadam.
Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving material.

55
After World War II, the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing rail to
freight and short-haul passenger.[15] In the 1950s, the introduction of containerization gave massive
efficiency gains in freight transport, permitting globalization.[14] International air travel became
much more accessible in the 1960s, with the commercialization of the jet engine. Along with the
growth in automobiles and motorways, this introduced a decline for rail transport. After the
introduction of the Shinkansen in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started taking passengers
on long-haul routes from airlines.[15]

Early in U.S. history, most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels were owned by
private joint-stock corporations. Most such transportation infrastructure came under government
control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the nationalization of inter-city
passenger rail service with the creation of Amtrak. Recently, however, a movement to privatize
roads and other infrastructure has gained some ground and adherents.[16]

LAND TRANSPORT
Traveling by land is the most flexible and economical form of mass transportation. Modern motorway
networks have made major cities easily accessible.
Car service Couch
traveling
Recreational vehicles

Car services it is usually an independent mean of transport. The driver decides where, when and how
he is going to get to a destination. It is usually cheaper since roads fees are not directly paid but rather
from taxes. Car transport is the dominant mode in world tourism (77% of all journeys), notably
because of advantages such as flexibility, price, and independence.
Car travelers have greater freedom in choosing their route, destination, and timing of their journey.
a) Private cars for rental;
b) Taxis; and

56
c) Private cars.

Coach traveling: This type of mode of transport uses the same road network as cars. Coach refers to a
long-distance express bus as well as those used for sightseeing excursions.
They can be used for short duration local tours (hours) but also can be set for multi-days journeys
where the coach is the conveyance.

Recreational vehicles, or RVs, function like mobile motel rooms, enabling the traveler to integrate
travel mode and accommodation facility into one unit. RV sales are increasing, and more
destinations are providing the facilities for RVs to dock. These facilities, known as RV campgrounds,
provide hook-ups for water, electricity, and sewage.

Advantages of road transport

• Cost effective
• Fast delivery
• Easy to communicate with driver
Disadvantages of road transport
• Transport it is focused to traffic delays
• Transport subject to breakdown
• Goods susceptible to damage because of careless driving
• Bad weather

RAIL TRANSPORTATION
The rail travel has emerged as the dominant form of mass public transport before the age of the
automobile.

57
The railway systems of several countries, notably in Europe, have seen massive investments for
long-distance routes and high speed services. Due to the scenery or the amenities provided, rail
transportation can also be a touristic destination in itself.
a number of services have been designed specifically for the tourist trade on a local and
international level.

Examples include “Orient Express” in Europe and “Indian-Pacific” across Australia. Others include
the “Trans-Siberian Railway” and the “Bullet Train” of Japan

Advantage
 Convenience: it usually arrives at and depart from the central business district of a city,
thus saving transit time between city and airport.
 Suited to medium or long distance journeys, and to densely populated urban areas,
 Environmental friendly
 Disadvantage
 High fixed costs

Challenges Facing Transportation

Congestion of roads, passenger terminals, and airports is a condition that most travelers face at one
time or another, especially in urban areas.
Inadequate facilities to handle growing demand is often the primary cause of congestion, but it can
also result from traffic flow design problems, repairs and other construction-related activity, and
tighter security procedures.
Visa and customs procedures often require travelers to stay within the confines of the passenger
terminal for longer periods of time, and contribute to the overall congestion of the terminal.

ASSIGNMENT

FINAL5EXAM