Formulas: Steel Ratio

𝜌 = 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Beta 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 pmax (choose the smallest value)
[For fc’ 17-28]
Beta = 0.85
[For fc’ > 56]
Beta = 0.65
[For fc’ 28-56]
Beta =

pmin (choose the largest value)

Effective Depth of Beam
∅𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 −
2
For double layer:
𝑆
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 − ∅𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 −
2
∅𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑡 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 −
2
Notes:
Strength Reduction Factors
a = depth of compression (mm)
[For 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.002] (compression controlled)
c = depth of neutral axis (mm)
𝜙 = 0.65
p = actual reinforcement ratio
[For 0.002 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005] (transition)
250(𝜀𝑡 − 0.002)
𝜙 = 0.65 + Steps in Designing:
3
[For 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005] (tension controlled) Maximum Moment
𝜙 = 0.90 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
*𝑀𝑢 × 106 , if it is in kN-m
0.003(𝑑 − 𝑐) 𝑓𝑠 𝜔𝑓𝑐′
𝜀𝑡 = = 𝜌=
𝑐 𝐸(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) 𝑓𝑦
600(𝑑 − 𝑐) Check for pmax and pmin
𝑓𝑠 =
𝑐 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝑛=
𝜌= 𝑎𝑠
𝑏𝑑 𝜋
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 600 𝑎𝑠 = ∅𝑑2
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝛽1 ( ) 4
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑏 − 2𝑐𝑐 − 2∅𝑠 − 𝑛(∅𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟)
𝑆=
𝜙 = 0.9 (𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛) 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
Steps in Investigating: Case 2 (a > hf)
C=T [Assume yielding]
[For assume yielding] 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑓 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝑎 − ℎ𝑓 )𝑏𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 [Assume not yielding]
[For assume not yielding] 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑓 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝑎 − ℎ𝑓 )𝑏𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 600(𝑑 − 𝑐)
600(𝑑 − 𝑐) 𝑓𝑠 =
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑐
𝑐 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
Solve for c and fs
Assume yielding (𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦) Last Steps:
Assume not yielding (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦) [Case 1]
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − ) 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛
*Divide M by 10^6 (from N-mm to kN-m) [Case 2]
0.003(𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐) ℎ𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ𝑓
𝜀𝑡 = 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶1 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶2 (𝑑 − ℎ𝑓 − ( ))
𝑐 2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛
T-Beams
Steps in Designing: T-Beams
Assume a = hf
𝑎
𝑀 = 0.90 × 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2
If the computed M > given M, then a < hf
[a]
CASE 1
𝑎
𝑀 = 0.90 × 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2
or
CASE 2
Case 1 (a < hf) ℎ𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ𝑓
𝑀 = 𝜙𝐶1 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐶2 (𝑑 − ℎ𝑓 − ( ))
C = 0.85 fc’ a bf 2 2
T = As fs *𝑀𝑢 × 106 , if it is in kN-m
C=T [As]
[Assume yielding] *If a < hf, Case 1
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
[Assume not yielding] *If a > hf, Case 2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 0.85𝑓𝑐′ ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑓 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝑎 − ℎ𝑓 )𝑏𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
600(𝑑 − 𝑐) 𝐴𝑠
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛=
𝑐 𝑎𝑠
𝜋
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 *𝑎𝑠 = 4 ∅𝑑2
Doubly Reinforced Concrete Distance of the centroid of section from the
Effective Depth of Beam extreme tension fiber, yt
∅𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 [For Rectangular]
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 −
2 ℎ
∅𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑡 =
′
𝑑 = 𝑐𝑐 + ∅𝑠 + 2
2 [For Triangular]
2ℎ
Steps in Investigation: Doubly Reinf 𝑦𝑡 =
3
Yielding
(𝑓𝑠, 𝑓𝑠′ ≥ 𝑓𝑦) Modulus of Rupture, fr
Not yielding 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
(𝑓𝑠, 𝑓𝑠 ′ < 𝑓𝑦) 𝜆 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

Tension ---------------------Compression Cracking Moment, Mcr

𝐴𝑠 [𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠 ] = 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 [𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠′ ] 𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
- 𝑦𝑡
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 *Divide by 106 (N-mm to kN-m)
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
600(𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝑓𝑠 = Actual Moment, Ma
𝑐
600(𝑐 − 𝑑′ ) [Cantilever – moment at free end]
′
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑀=𝑀
𝑐
- [Cantilever – point load at free end]
0.003(𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐) 𝑀 = 𝑊𝐿
𝜀𝑡 = [Cantilever – distributed load]
𝑐
0.003(𝑐 − 𝑑′) 𝑤𝐿2
𝜀𝑠 ′ = 𝑀=
𝑐 2
- [Simply – point load at the middle]
𝑎 𝑊𝐿
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠 ′𝑓𝑠 ′(𝑑 − 𝑑′ ) 𝑀=
2 4
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 [Simply – distributed load]
𝑤𝐿2
Serviceability 𝑀=
8
Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie W = service/unfactored loads (kN/m)
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 Unfactored loads = sum of dl and ll
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 Ma > Mcr, cracked section, compute for Ie
If Ie > Ig, use Ig Ma < Mcr, no need to compute Ie, just use Ig

Gross Moment of Inertia, Ig If cracked section, SINGLY REINFORCED

[For Rectangular] (mm4) Cracked Moment of Inertia, Icr
𝑏ℎ3 [For Rectangular] (mm4)
𝐼𝑔 =
12 𝑏𝑐 3 𝑐 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑐)2 + + 𝑐𝑏 ( )
12 2
Modular ratio, n Instantaneous Deflection, 𝛿𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡
Max deflection, 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 (mm)
[Cantilever – moment at free end]
𝑀𝐿2
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝐸𝐼
Es = 200000 MPa
[Cantilever – point load at free end]
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑊𝐿3
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
3𝐸𝐼
Area of Concrete, Ac (mm2) [Cantilever – distributed load]
𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8𝐸𝐼
𝑛𝜋 2 [Simply – point load at the middle]
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑑 𝑊𝐿3
4
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
48𝐸𝐼
Depth of neutral axis, c (mm) [Simply – distributed load]
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
384𝐸𝐼
W = service loads/unfactored loads
W = in (1 kN/m = 1 N/mm)
L = length of the beam (mm)
If cracked section, DOUBLY REINFORCED I = effective moment of inertia (mm4)
Cracked Moment of Inertia, Icr I = Ie
[For Rectangular] (mm4)
𝑏𝑐 3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + (𝑛𝐴𝑠 ′ )(𝑐 − 𝑑′ )2 + (𝑛𝐴𝑠)(𝑑 − 𝑐)2 Allowable deflection, 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 (mm)
3

Modular ratio, n

Es = 200000 MPa
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓𝑐′

Area of Concrete, Ac (mm2)

𝑛𝜋 2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑑
4

Depth of neutral axis, c (mm)

𝑐
𝑏𝑐 ( ) + (𝑛𝐴𝑠 ′ )(𝑐 − 𝑑′) = (𝑛𝐴𝑠)(𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 , serviceable 𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 0.75𝑉𝑐
𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 , not serviceable If 𝑉𝑢 ≥ 𝜙𝑉𝑐 , design the spacing
If 𝜙𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢 > 0.5𝜙𝑉𝑐 , no need for area of
Long Term Deflection, 𝛿𝑥𝑦 shear reinforced (minimum stirrups
𝛿𝑥𝑦 = 𝛿𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 × 𝜆Δ needed) Just compute Spacing beyond x
Note: 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛿𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 If 0.5𝜙𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢 , no need for stirrups
Note: Take note of the percentage of loads
Shear Capacity of Stirrups, Vscap
Long Term Deflection Factor
𝜉
𝜆Δ =
1 + 50𝜌′ *Divide by 1000 (N to kN)

Time-dependent factor
Time 𝜉
5 years or more 2.0
12 months 1.4
6 months 1.2 If 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 𝑉𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑝 , adequate
3 months 1.0 If 𝑉𝑠 > 𝑉𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑝 , inadequate (increase the size of
the section)
Shear Reinforcement
Effective Depth of Beam Critical Span, x
∅𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑅 𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ∅𝑠 − =
2 𝐿 𝐿
2 2−𝑥
Gravity Loads, Wu (kN/m)
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
Larger value will govern
Design Shear, Vu
Spacing within x, S (mm) [SEISMIC]
For simply supported beam,
𝑊𝑢 𝐿
𝑅=
2
𝑅 𝑉𝑢
=
𝐿 𝐿
2 2−𝑑

Shear Capacity of Concrete, Vc

*Divide by 1000 (N to kN) *Multiply Vs by 1000 (kN to N)

Least value will govern
2𝜋
𝐴𝑣 = (∅𝑠)2
4
 𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
Wu = in kN/m

Clear Span, ln
Spacing beyond x, S (mm) ln = clear span (l – b)
b = width of beam

Approximate Analysis

*Corrections (bw and 0.35)

Least value will govern

𝐿
One Way Slab 𝑆 > 2.0
Minimum Slab Thickness of Solid Non-
Prestressed One-Way Slabs
(fy = 420 MPa & normal weight concrete)
Support Condition Minimum h
Simply Supported l/20
One end continuous l/24
Both ends continuous l/28
Cantilever l/10
l = short span length (mm)
h = minimum slab thickness (mm)
If fy is not 420 MPa, h should be multiplied
to:
𝑓𝑦
(0.4 + )
700

Design Load, Wu
Moment
𝑊𝐷𝐿 = [𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝐹𝑙𝑟. 𝐹𝑖𝑛 + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ
𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛 2
+ 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 (ℎ)](1 𝑚) 𝑀𝐴 =
WDL = in kN/m 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓
ln = length of clear span measured face to
Ceiling = in kPa
face of supports for positive moments and
Flr. Fin = in kPa
the average of the two adjacent clear spans
Electromech = in kPa
for negative moments, (in m)
𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
h = in m
Width of slab, b Temperature and Shrinkage, T & S
b = 1000 mm (1 m strip) Minimum Ratios of Deformed Shrinkage
and Temperature Reinforcement Area to
Effective depth, d (mm) Gross Concrete Area
∅𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 −
2
Minimum concrete cover of slab is 20 mm

Required reinforcement ratio, 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑

𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝜌𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 ′ )
𝑓𝑐
*Multiply Mu by 106
*Shift solve to -1
𝜙 = 0.90

Minimum Main Reinforcement, As

Lowest value will govern

𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Between Asmin and Asreqd, choose the
larger value
Where:
Ag = b x h (mm2)

Spacing, S

𝜋 2
𝐴𝑏 = 𝑑
4

Lowest value will govern

Round down to nearest 5
Analysis and Design of Short Reinforced Volumetric Spiral Reinforcement, 𝜌𝑠
Concrete Columns
Axial Load Strength, Pu
For nonprestressed members with spiral
reinforcement or composite members:
*Also called 𝑝𝑠(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)
𝑃𝑢 = 0.85𝜙[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠]
𝐴𝑔 𝑓𝑐′
For nonprestressed members with tie 𝜌𝑠(min) = 0.45 ( − 1)
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑡
reinforcement:
𝜌𝑠(min) ≤ 𝑝𝑠(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)
𝑃𝑢 = 0.80𝜙[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠]
Ach = cross sectional area of structural
Pu = axial load strength (kN)
member measured to outside edges of
Multiply Pu by 1000
structural member
Ag = gross area (mm2)
Dc = core diameter out-to-out of the spiral
db = ∅𝑡 = diameter of spiral bar (mm)
Strength Reduction Factor
as = cross sectional area of spiral (mm2)
For spiral reinforcement 𝜋
𝜙 = 0.75 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑑2
4
For other reinforcement (tied) 𝐷𝑐 = 𝑑 − 2(𝑐𝑐)
𝜙 = 0.65 𝜋
𝐴𝑐ℎ = 𝐷𝑐 2
4
𝜋 2
Reinforcement Ratio 𝑎𝑠 = 𝑑𝑏
4
Dc = in mm
d = new diameter of column (mm)
+ Compute for pmin
+ Compute for S using formula of 𝑝𝑠(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)
Reinforcement Ratio (Seismic Provision)
by letting 𝜌𝑠(min) = 𝑝𝑠(𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)
*Round down for S every 5 mm

Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties

Minimum Number of Longitudinal Bars in
Clear Distance between Longitudinal Bars
Compression Members
*For spirally reinforced or tied reinforced
For bars within rectangular or circular ties
𝑛=4
For bars within triangular ties
𝑛=3
For bars enclosed by spirals
𝑛=6

The larger value will govern

db = diameter of the bar
Lateral Ties Sizes and Spacing of Spirals
For longitudinal bars, ∅32 𝑚𝑚 or smaller Size of Spirals
∅𝑡 = 10 𝑚𝑚 (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚) For cast-in-place construction
For longitudinal bars, ∅𝑡 = 10 𝑚𝑚 (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚)
∅36 𝑚𝑚, ∅42 𝑚𝑚, ∅58 𝑚𝑚 and bundled
longitudinal bars Clear Spacing between Spirals
∅𝑡 = 12 𝑚𝑚 (𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚)

Vertical Spacing of Ties

S = spacing (mm)

Steps in Designing:
Compute for Pu
least dimension of column is the smallest
length in the column
The least value will govern
Round down to nearest 5 mm PDL = axial dead load (kN)
∅𝑏 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 PLL = axial live load (kN)
∅𝑡 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒 Pu = axial load strength (kN)

Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties Compute for Ag

(Seismic Provision) Use the formulas:
𝑙𝑜 ≤ 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆 • Axial Load Strength
• Strength Reduction Factor
If given, assume x% longitudinal steel
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑥%𝐴𝑔
Ag = gross area (mm2)

Correction: least dimension of the column Compute for dimension of the column
The least value will govern • For square, x
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑥 2
x = length of each side (mm)
*Round up by 50 mm
∅𝑏 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟 • For circular, d
hx = maximum horizontal spacing of hoop 𝜋
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑑2
or crosstie legs on all faces of the column 4
(mm) d = diameter of column (mm)
So = in mm *Round up by 10 mm
Compute for As Design Summary
Use the formulas: For square,
• Axial Load Strength + Use (dimension) square column reinforced
- Using the new computed Ag with (n-∅𝑑) bars distributed evenly at all
• Strength Reduction Factor faces of the column
+ Use (∅𝑡) lateral ties spaced @(spacing
Compute for n (number of rebars) between lateral ties) on center towards
𝐴𝑠 column midheight
𝑛=
𝑎𝑠 For circular,
As = total area of rebar (computed)
+ Use (diameter of column) diameter
as = area of 1 rebar
𝜋 circular column reinforcement with (n-∅𝑑)
𝑎𝑠 = ∅𝑑2 bars distributed evenly around the column
4
n = no. of rebars + Use (∅𝑡) spiral bar with pitch equal to
For square, (clear spacing between spirals)
n = round up to divisible by 4
For circular,
n = round up to whole number

Compute for 𝜌𝑠 and S (for circular only)

Design of spiral reinforcement
Use the formulas:
• Volumetric Spiral Reinforcement
• Clear Spacing between Spirals
(checking)

Compute for S (spacing between bars)

Use the formulas:
• Clear Distance between
Longitudinal Bars

Determine the ∅𝑡
• Lateral Ties

Compute for S (spacing between lateral ties)

Use the formulas:
• Vertical Spacing of Ties