Reinforced Concrete Design

CHAPTER III

DESIGN OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH

OF BEAMS
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS For non-prestressed beams not supporting or attached
to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged
Before the design of an actual beam is by large deflections, overall beam depth ℎ shall satisfy
attempted, several considerations need to be consider. the limits in Table 409.3.1.1, unless the calculated
These includes the following: deflection limits of Section 409.3.2 are satisfied.

1. Beam Proportions - the most economical beam Table 409.3.1.1

sections are usually obtained for shorter beams, Minimum Depth of Non-Prestressed Beams
when the ratio of d to b is in the range of 1-1/2 to
Support Condition Minimum, 𝒉[1]
2. For longer spans, better economy is usually
Simply Supported 𝒍/𝟏𝟔
obtained if deep, narrow sections are used.
One End Continuous 𝒍/𝟏𝟖. 𝟓
Both Ends Continuous 𝒍/𝟐𝟏
2. Deflections - minimum beam depth are provided by
Cantilever 𝒍/𝟖
the NSCP in Table 409.3.1.1 for which such [1]
Expressions applicable for normal weight concrete and 𝑓𝑦 =
deflection calculations are not required. The 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 . For other cases, minimum ℎ shall be modified in
purpose of such limitations is to prevent accordance with Sections 409.3.1.1.1 through 409.3.1.1.3, as
deflections of such magnitudes as would interfere appropriate.
with the use of or cause injury to the structure. If
deflections are computed for members of lesser For 𝑓𝑦 other than 420 MPa, the expressions in Table
𝑓
thicknesses than those listed in the table and are 𝑦
409.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by 0.4 + 700 .
found to be satisfactory, it is not necessary to
abide by the thickness rules. For non-prestressed beams made of lightweight
concrete having 𝑤𝑐 in the range of 1440 tto 1840
3. Estimated Beam Weight - the weight of the beam to
kg/m3, the expressions in Table 409.3.1.1 shall be
be selected must be included in the calculation of
multiplied by the greater of (a) and (b):
the bending moment to be resisted, because the
beam must support itself as well as the external a. 1.65 − 0.0003𝑤𝑐
loads. b. 1.09
4. Selection of Bars - after determining the necessary For non-prestressed composite beams made of a
reinforcing area, it is crucial to opt for an combination of lightweight and normal-weight
appropriate diameter of reinforcing bars to concrete shored during construction, and where the
accommodate the clear span of each longitudinal lightweight concrete is in compression, the modifier of
bar. In the case of beams, the minimum allowable Section 409.3.1.1.2 shall apply.
diameter for bars is 12mm.
The thickness of a concrete floor finish shall be
5. Cover - the reinforcing for concrete members must permitted to be included in ℎ if it is placed
be protected from the surrounding environment;
monolithically with the beam, or if the floor finish is
that is, fire and corrosion protection need to be designed to be composite with the beam in accordance
provided.
with Section 416.4
Minimum Beam Depth (Section 409.3.1)

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Reinforced Concrete Design

Basic Equations of Ultimate Strength Design (USD):

Compression on Concrete Design Moment Capacity

𝑎
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓'𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝑀𝑢 = 0.9𝐶 × 𝑑 − 2
𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9𝑇 × 𝑑 − 2
Steel Tensile Stress at 𝜀𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 0.003

600(𝑑−𝑐) Flexure Equations

𝑓𝑠 = 𝑐
< 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9𝑓' 𝑐 𝑏𝑑2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
Non- Yielding Tension on Steel, (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 )

𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 Balanced Condition

Yielding Tension on Steel, (𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦 ) When there is simultaneous yielding of concrete and
steel
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 600𝑑
𝑐𝑏 = 600+𝑓
𝑦

Balanced Steel Ratio

Nominal Moment Strength 𝑓' 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽 𝑓 𝑐 600+𝑓𝑦
𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶 × 𝑑 − 𝑧
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 × 𝑑 − 𝑧 DETERMINATION OF STEEL AREA

Design Moment Strength Method 1

𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9𝐶 × 𝑑 − 𝑧
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9𝑇 × 𝑑 − 𝑧 𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑀𝐿𝐿
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅0.85𝑓' 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
2
For Singly Reinforced Beam (SRB) 0.85𝑓'𝑐 𝑎𝑏
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑓𝑦
Static Equilibrium
𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐶 = 𝑇 ; 𝑎 = 0.85𝑓' 𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑅𝐵
𝑐

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Reinforced Concrete Design
Method 2 600(𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝑓𝑠 =
𝑐
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛
Non-yielding steel, 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 ; recalculate 𝑐
𝑀𝑢 = 1.2𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑀𝐿𝐿
Steel Yields, 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦; 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝑓'𝑐 𝑏𝑑2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝑎
𝜔𝑓'𝑐 ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
𝜌= 2
𝑓𝑦

𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑑

Method 2
𝜌 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝜌 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑅𝐵 𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜌 < 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙; steel yields, 𝜔 = 𝑓'𝑐
DETERMINATION OF MOMENT CAPACITY 𝜌𝑓𝑠
𝜌 > 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙; non-steel yields, 𝜔 = 𝑓'𝑐
Given beam dimensions and tension steel bars
𝐶=𝑇
Method 1
0.85𝑓'𝑐 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝐶=𝑇
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝑓' 𝑐𝑏𝑑2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
0.85𝑓'𝑐𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑎 = 𝑐𝛽
𝑑−𝑐
Steps in the Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Solve for 𝑓𝑠 : 𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑐
Beam for Flexure If 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎, tension-controlled, ∅ = 0.9
If 𝑓𝑠 < 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , transition, ∅ = 0.65 +
1. Determine the values of loads, DL, LL and 𝑓 −𝑓
𝑠 𝑦
other loads. 0.25 1000−𝑓
𝑦
2. Compute the factored load. 7. Solve for 𝑏𝑑2 :
3. Compute the factored moment to be carried by 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑓' 𝑐 𝑏𝑑2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
the beam, 𝑀𝑢 8. Assume for the values of 𝑏, then solve for 𝑑.
4. Try a value of steel ratio 𝜌 from 0.7𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 to 9. Solve for the required steel area and the
0.8𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , but must not be less than 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 and number of bars.
not greater than 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
0.85𝑓' 𝑐 𝛽(600) 𝐴
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠
𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦) 𝑏
𝛽 = 0.85 for 𝑓'𝑐 ≤ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛽 = 0.85 −
0.05
(𝑓' 𝑐 − 28) Steps in Finding the Required Tension Steel Area of a
7 Beam with known Moment and other Beam Properties
for 𝑓'𝑐 > 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 Given: 𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑓'𝑐 , 𝑓𝑦 and 𝑀𝑢
𝑓'𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4𝑓𝑦
if 𝑓'𝑐 > 31.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
1.4
1. Solved for 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑀𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
Otherwise 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓' 𝑐 𝛽(600)
5. Compute the value of 𝜔, 𝜔 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦)
𝑓'𝑐
6. Solve for the reduction factor ∅ 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦
𝑓'𝑐
Solve for 𝑐:
𝑐 = (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) × 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝑓'𝑐 𝑏𝑑2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
Where 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 𝑑
3 If 𝑀𝑢 ≤ 𝑀𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , design as SRB
If 𝑀𝑢 ≥ 𝑀𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , design as DRB
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Reinforced Concrete Design
2. Solve for 𝜔 Doubly reinforced beam is analyzed by
3. Solve for 𝜌 dividing the beam into two couples 𝑀𝑛1 and 𝑀𝑛2 . 𝑀𝑛1
4. Solve for 𝐴𝑠 is the couple due to the compression steel 𝐴'𝑠 and the
other part of the tension steel area 𝐴𝑠2 .
Steps in Finding Moment of a Beam with known
Tension Steel Area and Beam Properties Compression reinforcement is provided to
ensure ductile failure. For this reason, therefore, the
Given: 𝑏, 𝑑, 𝐴𝑠 , 𝑓'𝑐 , 𝑓𝑦 stress in tension steel 𝐴𝑠 is always to 𝑓𝑦 . On the other
hand, the stress of compression steel 𝐴'𝑠 may either be
1. Solve for 𝜌 𝑓𝑦 or below 𝑓𝑦. This stress must always be checked.
2. Check if steel yields by computing 𝜌𝑏
If 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑏 , steel yields, proceed to Step 3 If the compression steel yields, then 𝐴'𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 ,
If 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑏 , steel does not yield, proceed to Step otherwise 𝐴'𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦/𝑓'𝑠 , where 𝑓'𝑠 is the stress of
4 compression steel and is given by the following
Note: If 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , the given 𝐴𝑠 is not adequate equation:
for the beam dimension. 𝑐 − 𝑑'
3. 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑏 𝑓'𝑠 = 600
𝑐
Solve for 𝜔 and 𝑀𝑢
4. 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑏 𝑓'𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑 + 𝐴'𝑠
𝑑−𝑐 𝑓𝑦
Assume 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑐
𝑇=𝐶
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓'𝑐 𝑎𝑏
Steps in Designing Doubly Reinforced Beam
𝑎 = 𝛽𝑐
Solve 𝑐 for quadratic formula and 𝑀𝐷𝑅𝐵 = 𝑀𝑆𝑅𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠
solve for 𝑓𝑠 and 𝑎
Solve for 𝑀𝑢 𝐴'𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑇 𝑑 − 2 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 − 2 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
or
𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑 + 𝐴'𝑠 𝑓𝑦/𝑓'𝑠
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐶 𝑑 − 2 = ∅0.85𝑓'𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
𝑎
2
Given 𝑀𝑢 , required 𝐴𝑠 & 𝐴'𝑠
DOUBLY REINFROCED BEAM
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
The steel that is occasionally used on the
compression sides of beam is called compression steel, 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
and beams with both tensile and compressive steel are From 𝐶 = 𝑇
referred to as doubly reinforced beams.
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦
Occasionally, beams are restricted in small 𝑎 = 0.85𝑓' 𝑏
𝑐
sizes by space or aesthetic requirements to such extent 𝑎
that the compression concrete should be reinforced ∅𝑀𝑛1 = ∅𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
with steel to carry compression. Compression
reinforcement is needed to increase the moment ∅𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑢 − ∅𝑀𝑛1
capacity of a beam beyond that of a tensilely
∅𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑'
reinforced beam with a maximum steel area.
The important first step in the design 𝐴'𝑠 𝑓'𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦
procedure for doubly reinforced beam sections is the From strain diagram:
selection of a target value for the tension reinforcement
ratio. 0.003 𝑓'𝑠 /𝐸𝑠
=
𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑑'
ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

36
Reinforced Concrete Design
600(𝑐 − 𝑑' )
𝑓'𝑠 =
𝑐
𝑓'𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦 , Use 𝑓𝑦 → 𝐴'𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2
𝑓
𝑓'𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 , Use 𝑓'𝑠 → 𝐴'𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑦
𝑓' 𝑠

Given 𝐴𝑠 & 𝐴'𝑠 , required ∅𝑀𝑛

PROBLEM 3.4
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝑀𝑛1 + ∅𝑀𝑛2
Design rectangular sections for the beams, loads, and ρ
𝑎 values shown. Beam weights are not included in the
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅0.85𝑓'𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − + ∅𝐴'𝑠 𝑓'𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑'
2 loads given. Show sketches of cross-sections including
bar sizes, arrangements, and spacings.
From 𝐶 + 𝐶' = 𝑇
0.85𝑓'𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝐴'𝑠 𝑓'𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

From Strain Diagram:

600(𝑐 − 𝑑' )
𝑓'𝑠 =
𝑐
𝑓'𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 , use 𝑓'𝑠

𝑓'𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦 , use 𝑓𝑦 → 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

PROBLEM 3.5
INSTRUCTIVE PROBLEM If Mu = 1225 kN.m, determine the steel area required
PROBLEM 3.1 for the section shown. Should compression steel be
Assume that beam dimensions were estimated (b = 300 required, assume that it will be placed 70mm from the
mm and h = 650mm) and an analysis of a continuous compression face. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
floor beam. Also assume that the factored design
moment was found to be a negative 220 kN.m. Design
the final section dimensions and find the required area
of tension reinforcement. Assuming f’c = 25 MPa and
fy = 420 MPa.
PROBLEM 3.2
Design a recangular beam for a 10-m simple span to
support a dead load of 20 kN/m (not including the self-
weight) and a live load of 30 kN/m. Use ρ = 0.5ρb , f’c
= 25 MPa and fy = 420 MPa and concrete weight is
23.5 kN/m3.
PROBLEM 3.3
Design rectangular sections for the beams, loads, and ρ
values shown. Beam weights are not included in the
loads given. Show sketches of cross-sections including
bar sizes, arrangements, and spacings.

37