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Title-Stress Concentration in Plate With A Hole, Surface Cracks What Is Stress Concentration?

The document discusses stress concentration in plates with holes or discontinuities. It defines stress concentration factor (Kt) as the ratio of maximum stress at a discontinuity to nominal stress. Methods to calculate Kt include using theoretical equations based on geometry, strain gage tests, photoelasticity, and finite element analysis. A lower fatigue strength reduction factor (Kf) accounts for how notches affect endurance limits. Notch sensitivity (q) compares Kf to Kt. Stress concentration can be reduced by adding fillets, distributing notches, or using grooves. The methodology presented models a plate with a hole in ANSYS to determine Kt by comparing maximum and nominal stresses.

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55 views4 pages

Title-Stress Concentration in Plate With A Hole, Surface Cracks What Is Stress Concentration?

The document discusses stress concentration in plates with holes or discontinuities. It defines stress concentration factor (Kt) as the ratio of maximum stress at a discontinuity to nominal stress. Methods to calculate Kt include using theoretical equations based on geometry, strain gage tests, photoelasticity, and finite element analysis. A lower fatigue strength reduction factor (Kf) accounts for how notches affect endurance limits. Notch sensitivity (q) compares Kf to Kt. Stress concentration can be reduced by adding fillets, distributing notches, or using grooves. The methodology presented models a plate with a hole in ANSYS to determine Kt by comparing maximum and nominal stresses.

Uploaded by

anubhavjoat
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Title-Stress concentration in Plate with a hole, surface cracks What is Stress Concentration?

The concentration of high stress due to discontinuity or abrupt change in the cross section is known as stress concentration.

Calculating Stress Concentration Factor: The Stress Concentration factor determined here is theoretical oneConsider a plate with a centrally located hole and the plate is subjected to uniform tensile load at the ends. Stress distribution at a section A-A passing through the hole and another section BB away from the hole are shown in figure. Stress distribution away from the hole is uniform but at AA there is a sharp rise in stress in the vicinity of the hole. Stress concentration factor kt or kc is defined here as, kt =max/nominal ,where maximum stress at the discontinuity, at section AA is simply ,P/t(w-2*b) and nominal =P/w*t.

This is the theoretical or geometric stress concentration factor and the factor is not affected by the material properties. In general case it is possible to calculate the kt by using elliptical discontinuity on the plate .In that case kt is given by kt = [1 + 2*b/a], Where b is the semi-axis of the hole perpendicular to the direction of the force and a is the semi axis of the hole in the direction of the force. Stress concentration factors may also be obtained using any one of the following experimental techniques: 1. Strain gage method 2. Photoelasticity method 3. Brittle coating technique 4. Grid method For more accurate estimation numerical methods like Finite element analysis may be employed. Theoretical stress concentration factors for different configurations are available in handbooks.

In design under fatigue loading, stress concentration factor is used in modifying the values of endurance limit while in design under static loading it simply acts as stress modifier. This means Actual stress= kt calculated stress. For ductile materials under static loading effect of stress concentration is not very serious but for brittle materials even for static loading it is important. It is found that some materials are not very sensitive to the existence of notches or discontinuity. In such cases it is not necessary to use the full value of kt and instead a reduced value is needed. This is given by a factor known as fatigue strength reduction factor Kf and this is defined as: Kf = Endurance limit of notch free specimens/ Endurance limit of notched specimens

Another term called Notch sensitivity factor, q is often used in design and this is defined as following q=(kf -1)/(kt -1) The value of q usually lies between 0 and 1. If q=0, Kf =1 and this indicates no notch sensitivity. If however q=1, then , Kf = Kt and this indicates full notch sensitivity. Methods of reducing stress concentration A number of methods are available to reduce stress concentration in machine parts. Some of them are as follows: 1. Provide a fillet radius so that the cross-section may change gradually. 2. Sometimes an elliptical fillet is also used. 3. If a notch is unavoidable it is better to provide a number of small notches rather than a long one. This reduces the stress concentration to a large extent. 4. If a projection is unavoidable from design considerations it is preferable to provide a narrow notch than a wide notch. 5. Stress relieving groove are sometimes provided. Methodology to determine Stress concentration in the plate with a hole: Analysis Platform used is -ANSYS 13.0 Modeling Software - Creo Pro/ENGINEER 5.0 Here in this project aluminium a ductile material with following specification has been takenFor this analysis, we will assume the specimen is made of aluminum (E = 71 GPa and = 0.33) with a yield strength of Sy = 290 MPa and is 8.2 mm thick. We will use ANSYS to analyze the stresses and deflections in the specimen under a static load of P = 3500 N. A linear-elastic, static analysis will be performed using 8 node, 2D isoparametric plane stress elements (PLANE 82). Specifically, we wish to determine the magnitude of the stress concentration factor due to the hole in the center of the specimen. Here we can calculate the nominal stress on the specimen by using the following relationavg =P/A ,

where P is applied load in Newton , and A is the cross sectional area of the specimen given as A=t*w, where t is the thickness of the plate and w is the width. Once the nominal stress is obtained we will use ANSYS to analyze the rectangular plate with hole for static load condition and as results we will obtain the maximum stresses at the discontinuity. Then we can use the basic relationship given as Kf=(Actual maximum stress in the notched specimen)/(Nominal stress in the notch free specimen) , to obtain the actual stress concentration factor Kf. Validation of results: There are standard charts available for a rectangular plate with a hole which provides the value of stress concentration factor for a provided diameter to width ratio. Surface crack: This requires further study into the subject fracture mechanics. Which will be taken in the forthcoming sessions. References and Bibliography: 1- Pilkey, Walter D, Peterson's Stress Concentration Factors, Wiley, 2nd Ed (1999). 2- ESDU64001: Guide to stress concentration data. 3- Google book- Peterson's stress concentration factors By Walter D. Pilkey, Deborah F. Pilkey, Rudolph Earl Peterson 4- The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design.

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