State of stress in the plate with slot at biaxial load

Mateusz Konieczny, and Grzegorz Gasiak

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 2028, 020004 (2018); doi: 10.1063/1.5066394

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5066394
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/2028/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 State of Stress in the Plate with Slot at Biaxial Load
Mateusz Konieczny1, a) and Grzegorz Gasiak2, b)

1
Opole University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Machine Design, 45-271 Opole, Poland.
2
Opole University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Machine Design, 45-271 Opole, Poland
a)
Corresponding author: mateuszmarcinkonieczny@wp.pl
b)
g.gasiak@po.opole.pl

Abstract. The numerical calculations of the state of reduced stress in the plate with the slot at the biaxial load made it
possible to determine areas of stress concentration around the top of the aperture. It was shown that the highest of
reduced stress concentration occurred in the plate with both an elliptical and flat slot, when the slope longer axis forms of
the slot an angle of 450 for a biaxial load, i.e. extension Pz = 300 kN and compression Py = -300 kN. The concentration
of reduced stress factor k depending on the method of plate load and the angle of inclination of the slot was from 2.53 to
3.72 for the elliptical slot and from 3.26 to 5.18 for the flat slot. Significant values reduced stress concentration in the top
area of the slot are usually the cause of micro cracks, which under the influence of variable loads may initiate the
propagation of fatigue cracks and lead to the destruction of the machine element.

INTRODUCTION

In the construction and operation of machines, have arisen problems which cannot be solved by means of
previously known and applied methods of material durability. These problems should include such concepts as:
stress concentration factor [1], notch ratio [2], stress intensity factor [3], speed of fatigue crack development [4],
brittle fracture, critical crack length [3]. In those cases where a defect in the form of a crack (slot) is disclosed in the
details of machinery or structural elements that causes local stress concentrations in the work piece, it is usually
intended to eliminate this defect or if it is not possible to replace the detail or element construction.
As a result of the development of defectoscopy, it has been shown that in the construction and details of
machines we have a large number of microscopic defects. It is understandable that from the point of view the
economic efficiency criterion it would be necessary at the very beginning to mention those elements of construction
or machine details if there are any micro-effects in them. However, this approach is irrational, because it is not to be
assumed that due to the micro-effect, the whole machine element can be destroyed directly [4]. In the analyzed case,
the problem arises due to the fact that in the existing strength of materials, insufficient attention was paid to crevice-
like defects. Mechanics of fracture is a discipline that allows to solve this important problem [3,5].
There are many issues in the literature regarding the analysis of stress concentration, deflections, stress
concentration factor and stress intensity factor in plates or discs weakened with holes of various shapes. The studies
were submitted homogeneous plates made of elastic material [13], isotropic and orotropic material [15], composite
material [24] and made of steel [10]. As can be seen from the literature data, these boards were weakened with holes
of various shapes and subjected to various loads (usually uniaxial tension). The geometric discontinuity took the
form of a different shape holes like: round hole [11,22,24], elliptical hole [12,16,17,18,21], triangular hole [19],
square hole [19,23], rectangular hole [20]. The works were also examined the influence the ratio of the diameter of
hole to the width of the plate on the stress distribution and deflections [25] and the dimensions of holes or cut-outs
affecting the distribution of stresses and concentration factor [12].

Fatigue Failure and Fracture Mechanics XXVII

AIP Conf. Proc. 2028, 020004-1–020004-9; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5066394
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1750-2/$30.00

020004-1
 When testing the phenomenon of cracking, it should be borne in mind that it has a complex character and for its
explanation, many scientific disciplines are used, such as dislocation theory, elasticity theory, plasticity theory,
fracture mechanics. As a rule, determination of the stress state around the slot in the loaded machine component
cannot be obtained with the use of analytical compounds and in these cases numerical methods are used [6,7].
The aim of the work is a numerical analysis the state of stress in a plate with a slot of a under biaxial load. On
basic numerical calculation, an indicate the locations of stress concentration around the top of the slot.

NUMERICAL CALCULATION

Numerical calculations is carried out using the Femap program [8]. Femap is a program independent of the CAD
system and based on Windows as a pre-processor and postprocessor for advanced calculations using the finite
element method (FEM). It allows solving complex tasks with high accuracy. Femap uses a series of advanced and
universal technologies that enable quick, efficient and simple preparation of a computational model compatible with
any computing environments used by engineers. Attention is drawn to the possibility of using the program by an
extremely wide range of MES solvers. This program together with additional modules is used for various types of
calculations and analyzes. Femap is offered in various variants, which are varied in terms of both computing and
ease of use.
The work uses a spatial six-dimensional finite element with eight nodes in the corners, i.e. Q8 (Figure 1). The
division of the plate with a flat slot into Q8 type elements is shown in Figure 3.

FIGURE 1. A spatial sixteen-dimensional element with eight nodes in the corners

Numerical models of the plate

For numerical calculations of the state of stress in the plate, the plate with a elliptical slot is applied, whose long
axis is inclined at an angle α = 900 to the z axis (Fig. 2a) and whose long axis is inclined at an angle α = 450 to the z
axis (Fig. 2b) and the plate with a flat slot is applied, whose long axis is inclined at an angle α = 900 to the z axis
(Fig. 2c) and whose long axis is inclined at an angle α = 450 to the z axis (Fig. 2d)
The following dimensions of the plate is applied (Fig. 2):
 length 𝐿 = 300 𝑚𝑚;
 width 𝐵 = 300 𝑚𝑚;
 thickness 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑚;
 long axis of the ellipse 𝑎 = 25 𝑚𝑚;
 short axis of the ellipse 𝑏 = 12,5 𝑚𝑚;
 half the length of the slot 𝑙 = 20 𝑚𝑚;
 the radius of the top of the flat slot, 𝑟 = 1 𝑚𝑚, 𝑟 = 2 𝑚𝑚, 𝑟 = 5 𝑚𝑚, 𝑟 = 10 𝑚𝑚;
 width of the flat slot 𝑐 = 2 𝑚𝑚.
Parameters of the plate material [EN - PN 1027 -1]:
 S235JR steel;
 Young's modulus 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎;
 Poisson's ratio ν = 0,29.

020004-2
Plate, where plane stress is assumed. The following boundary conditions of the plate is assumed (Fig. 2):
 CD and DE sides articulated;
 EF and FC sides free.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
FIGURE 2. Geometry of the plate with a slot in the case of: a) plate with elliptical slot for α = 900; b) plate with elliptical slot for
α = 450; c) plate with flat slot for α = 900; d) plate with flat slot for α = 450

FIGURE 3. Division into finite elements of a plate with a flat slot

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 Ways of loading the plate

The plate with the slot shown in Fig. 2a - 2d is subjected to a biaxial loading in the form of:
 Extension along z axis and y axis, i.e. 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 i 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 (Fig. 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a);
 Extension along z axis and compression along y axis, i.e. 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 i 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁 (Fig. 4c, 5c, 6c,
7c);
 Compression along z axis and y axis, i.e. 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁 i 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁 (Fig. 4e, 5e, 6e, 7e);
The state of stress in the plate is a complex. The von Mises hypothesis was used to determine the reduced stress
in plate, in form of [9]:

σ = 𝜎 + 𝜎 − 𝜎 𝜎 + 3𝜏 , (1)

where:
σy,σz - stress along y axis and z axis;
τyz - tangential stress.

The results of numerical calculations

Distributions of reduced stresses 𝜎 [MPa] in plates with a slot loaded according to the methods described in
section ways of loading the plate, shown in Fig. 4b, 4d, 4f, 5b, 5d, 5f, 6b, 6d, 6f, 7b, 7d, 7f.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

020004-4
 (e) (f)
FIGURE 4. Plate with elliptical slot for 𝛼 = 900: a) biaxial extension 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁, 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁; b) reduced stresses
distribution where 𝜎 = 332,0 𝑀𝑃𝑎; c) extension 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 and compression 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁; d) reduced stresses
distribution where 𝜎 = 522,3 𝑀𝑃𝑎; e) biaxial compression 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁, 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁; f) reduced stresses
distribution where 𝜎 = 332,0 𝑀𝑃𝑎

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
FIGURE 5. Plate with elliptical slot for 𝛼 = 450: a) biaxial extension 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁, 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁; b) reduced stresses
distribution where 𝜎 = 331,3 𝑀𝑃𝑎; c) extension 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 and compression 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁; d) reduced stresses
distribution where 𝜎 = 663,5 𝑀𝑃𝑎; e) biaxial compression 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁, 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁; f) reduced stresses
distribution where 𝜎 = 331,3 𝑀𝑃𝑎

020004-5
 (a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
FIGURE 6. Plate with flat slot for 𝛼 = 900: a) biaxial extension 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁, 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁; b) reduced stresses distribution
where 𝜎 = 876,5 𝑀𝑃𝑎; c) extension 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 and compression 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁; d) reduced stresses distribution
where𝜎 = 1028,7 𝑀𝑃𝑎; e) biaxial compression 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁, 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁; f) reduced stresses distribution where
𝜎 = 876,5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

(a) (b)

020004-6
 (c) (d)

(e) (f)
FIGURE 7. Plate with flat slot for 𝛼 = 45 0: a) biaxial extension 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁, 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁; b) reduced stresses distribution
where 𝜎 = 872,0 𝑀𝑃𝑎; c) extension 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 and compression 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁; d) reduced stresses distribution
where 𝜎 = 1104,3 𝑀𝑃𝑎; e) biaxial compression 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁, 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁; f) reduced stresses distribution where
𝜎 = 872,0 𝑀𝑃𝑎

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 presents a summary the results of the calculation the maximum reduced stress 𝜎 according to the
von Mises hypothesis in the plate with a flat slot subjected to a biaxial load and the results of the maximum stress
concentration factor k.

Table 1 The results of the calculation of the maximum reduced stress 𝜎 in the plate with a flat slot with
a biaxial load Pz, Py.

Angle Plate with elliptical slot Plate with flat slot

α [0 ] Load red max k [-] Load σred max k [-]
Pz [kN] Py [kN] [MPa] Pz [kN] Py [kN] [MPa]
300 300 332,0 3,32 300 300 876,5 8,78
90 300 −300 522,3 3,02 300 −300 1028,7 5,94
−300 −300 332,0 3,32 −300 −300 876,5 8,78
300 300 331,3 3,31 300 300 872,0 8,72
45 300 −300 663,5 3,46 300 −300 1104,3 6,38
−300 −300 331,3 3,31 −300 −300 872,0 8,72

The obtained results of calculations (table 1) indicate that the highest concentration of reduced stress occurred in the
plate with an elliptical slot and in the plate with a flat slot, when the slope of the main axis formed an angle α = 450
in the case of extension load along the z axis and compression load along the y axis, i.e.: 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 and
𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁 which was respectively 𝜎 = 663,5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (Fig. 4c, 4d), 𝜎 = 1104,3 𝑀𝑃𝑎. (Fig. 5c,
5d).

020004-7
 The amount of stress concentration due to irregularities in any body is measured by the stress concentration
factor k which is denoted by and given by the generalized relation:

𝑘= , (2)
where:
k - stress concentration factor [-]; 𝜎 - maximum reduction stress [MPa]; 𝜎 - nominal reduction stress
occurring in the plate without a slot calculated according to equation (1) [MPa]

In this case the nominal reduction stress 𝜎 is:

 for 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 and 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 or 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁 and 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁: 𝜎 = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 for 𝑃 = 300 𝑘𝑁 and 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁 (pure share): 𝜎 = 173,2 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Table 1 shows that the of stress concentration factor k depending on the load method and the angle of inclination
of the main axis of the slot, takes values from 𝑘 = 3,02 to 𝑘 = 3,46 for the elliptical slot and from 𝑘 = 5,94 to 𝑘 =
8,78 for the flat slot.
Significant values of the stress concentration factor k are usually the cause of the formation of micro cracks in
the area the top of the slot. In the case of variable (fatigue) loads, micro cracks start to develop and as a
consequence, they may damage the machine element. In connection with the above, it is very important to determine
the value and location of stress concentration in machine components containing the reasons for their occurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions can be drawn from the above analysis:

1) It was shown that the highest of reduced stress concentration occurred in the plate with elliptical slot and
flat slot, when the slope of the main axis slots an angle α = 450 for a biaxial load, i.e. extension 𝑃 =
300 𝑘𝑁 and compressive 𝑃 = −300 𝑘𝑁 (pure shear case);
2) The stress concentration factor k depending on the load method and the angle of inclination of the main
axis of the slot, takes values from 𝑘 = 3,02 to 𝑘 = 3,46 for the elliptical slot and from 𝑘 = 5,94 to 𝑘 =
8,78 for the flat slot.
3) Femap program provides a very suitable way of determining stresses induced in any body.
4) Significant values of reduced stresses concentration in the top area of the slot are usually the cause of micro
cracks, which under the influence of variable loads may initiate the propagation of fatigue cracks and lead
to destruction of the machine element or construction element.

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