Contents

Inductor and capacitor

Inductor and inductance
Capacitor and capacitance
Part 3 Dynamic elements combination

Sinusoidal steady analysis

Sinusoidal source and response

Steady-state Circuits The phaser

Circuit analysis techniques
Power calculation
Phasor diagram

Special elements and phenomenon

Resonance
Mutual inductance
Ideal transformer

3. Power in the Inductor:

Inductor and Inductance PSC
iL1
1. Inductor (L, Henrys/H) is an energy storing device;
2. VCR of ideal Inductor: _
+ vL
iL1 PSC diL1
pabsorb  vLiL1  iL1 L
vL _ dt
+
d i L1 ( t ) a. Power absorbed by inductor can be positive (inductor absorbs power)
vL (t )  L
1 t dt
or negative (inductor delivers power);
1 t

L 
vL ( )d  i L1 (t0 ) 
L t 0
iL1 (t )  v L ( )d b. Power absorbed by resistor is always positive. (resistor absorbs power)

1. DC: diL=0  vL=0  short circuit 4. Energy in the Inductor:

2. Current of inductor must be continuous di 1 1
VCR of L: differential / integral  R: proportional WL  t    t p   d   t Li d  Li 2  t   Li 2  t0 
t0 t 0 d 2 2
L: “historical”&“memory”R: “instantaneous” & “memoryless”
L: dynamic element  R: static

Capacitor and Capacitance 3. Power in the Capacitor:

PSC
1. Capacitor is (C, Frads/F) a charge storing device; iC1
C
2. VCR of ideal Capacitor:
_
PSC + vC
iC1 dvC
C
pabsorb  vC iC1  vC C
_ dt
+ vC
dvC ( t ) a. Power absorbed by capacitor can be positive (capacitor absorbs power)
iC 1 ( t )  C or negative (capacitor delivers power);
dt
1 t 1 t b. Power absorbed by resistor is always positive. (resistor absorbs power)
vC (t )   iC1 ( )d  vC ( t0 )  t iC 1 ( )d
C  C 0
1. DC: dvC=0  iC=0  open circuit 4. Energy in the Capacitor:
2. Voltage of capacitor must be continuous
dv
WC  t    t p   d   t vC C C d  CvC2  t   CvC2  t0 
1 1
VCR of C: differential / integral  R: proportional t0 t0 d 2 2
C: “historical”&“memory”R: “instantaneous” & “memoryless”
C: dynamic element  R: static
 Dynamic Element Combination of Dynamic Elements
Inductors
 Resistor:
 VCR of terminals is a proportional equation;
 VCR is “instantaneous” or “memoryless”;
 n
n
di  t 
n
di  t   Leq   Lk
 Only “absorb” power; v  t    vk  t   ( Lk)  Leq  k 1

 Static element. k 1 k 1 dt dt i (0)  i (0)


 Capacitor and Inductor: i i1 i2 in
 VCR is a differential or integral equation; v L1 L2 Ln
 VCR is “historical” or “memory”;
n n t n 1  1  1 
i  t    ik  t  ( ik  0 )  (
n
 Either “absorb” or “deliver” power;
) v   d    
0
k 1 Lk
 Leq k 1  Lk 
 Dynamic elements. k 1 k 1 
1
 i 0    v   d  
t n

0 Leq i  0    ik  0 
 k 1

Capacitors
Complex Number
i
+j
v Ceq The forms of complex number F
b
n n t n 1 (1) Algebraic form F  a  jb |F |
v  t    vk  t  ( ik  0 )  ( ) v   d  1 n
 1  
k 1 k 1
0
k 1 Ck     Re[F]=a Im[F]=b 0 a +1
 i  0  
1
t
v   d  Ceq k 1  Ck  j
 (2) Exponentiation F  F e
i (0)  i (0)
0 C
eq
Euler’s formula e j   cos   j sin 

n n
dv  t   n
a = |F |cos b = |F |sin or | F | a 2  b 2   arctan
b
i  t    ik  t  ( Ck ) Ceq   Ck a
dt  k 1

dv  t 
k 1 k 1 n
i  0   i  0  (3) Polar form F  F 
 Ceq  k 1
k
dt

Elementary operations 2. Multiplication: F  F1 F2  F1  F2 e j ( 1   2 )

1. Addition and subtraction F1 F j ( 1  2 )
3. Division： F   1 e
F1  a1  jb1 F2  a 2  jb2 F2 F2
则： F1  F2  ( a1  a 2 )  j ( b1  b 2 )
So Complex plane:
Vector scaling (absolute value / magnitude/modulus) & vector
Complex plane: rotating (argument/phase/angle)
Use geometric representation (vectors) to calculate the operations F1 F2
+j +j F1
+j
+j F2
F1-F2 F1 F1/F2
F1  2 F1 F2 2 F2
F2 F1+F2 F2 -F2 1
1 2 2
F1-F2 0 +1 0 +1
0 +1
0 +1 Multiplication Division

Subtraction：subtrahend → j
Addition：initial point ↔ Ae j  A e j ( a  ) Rotation factor e
terminal point minuend
A’s modulus keeps the same, A’s argument increases θ
 Ex.1 5 47 + 10-25  Sinusoidal Source
= (3.41+j3.657) + (9.063-j4.226) 1. Sinusoidal Voltage/Current Source:
Produce Voltage/Current varies sinusoidally with time.
=12.47-j0.567
Vm AC: Alternative
= 12.48 -2.61 Current
(17  j9) (4  j6) v  t   Vm cos t   
Ex. 2 220  35 


20  j5
19.24 27.9  7.211 56.3
 180.2  j126.2  -Vm T
20.6214.04
 180.2  j126.2  6.72870.16 2. Parameters of Sinusoidal Function
 180.2  j126.2  2.283  j6.329 Vm Amplitude: determines the maximum value.
 182.5  j132.5  Angular frequency: determines the rate varying with time.
 225.5 36 
 Initial phase angle: determines the value at t = 0.

 Angular Frequency   RMS Value

T Period: measured in seconds RMS value of a periodic function:
1
f Frequency: measured in hertz (Hz) f  The square root of the mean value of the squared function.
T
 Angular Frequency: measured in radians/second v  t   Vm cos t   
2
  2 f  1 T 2 1 T
 v  t  dt   Vm cos t     dt
2
T Vrms 
v  t   Vm cos t    T 0 T 0

Phase Angle  1
 Initial phase angle: determines the value at t = 0. Vrms  Vm
v 2
3 1 2  =0 : 1
 <0 : 2 v  t   2Vrms cos t   
t
 >0 : 3


Assignment 9 Assignment 9
 List of Key Words The Phasor
Phasor transform 向量变换 When i  I m cos( t  i ) , i(t0)=0 & uc(t0)=0, us=?
Inverse phasor transform 向量逆变换 i
Time domain 时域 Frequency domain 频域 u R  Ri  RI m cos( t  i )
Trigonometric 三角函数的 di
Passive element 无源元件 uL  L   L I m sin( t  i )
dt
In phase 同相 Lead 超前 1 t 1
u C  u C (t0 )   I cos( t  i ) dt  I m sin( t  i )
Lag 滞后 Impedance 阻抗 C t0 m
C
Admittance 导纳 Reactance 电抗 u S  u R  u L  u C  U m cos( t  u )
Susceptance 电纳 Reciprocal 倒数
 Euler’s formula: e j  cos  j sin cos  Re e j 
Vm cos t    Re Vme     Re  Vme e 
j t  j jt

Comparisons between time-domain & frequency domain methods

The Phasor Ex. y1=20cos(ωt-30°) and y2= 40cos(ωt+60°), find y1+y2
Time domain Frequency domain Trigonometric identities Phasor concept
v(t )  Vm cos t    Phasor transform
︿ ︿ Vˆ  Vm e j  Vm  y1=20cos(ωt)cos30°+20sin(ωt)
Ŷ= Ŷ1+ Ŷ2
1
P [v ]  V &v  P [V ]
sin30°
=20 ∠-30 ° +40 ∠60 °
Sinusoidal Function Phasor y2=40cos(ωt)cos60°－40sin(ωt)
=17.32-j10+20+j34.64
1. Real number 1. Complex number sin60°
2. Function of time 2. Independent of time =37.32+j24.24
y1+y2=(20cos30°+40cos60°)
3. Includes Vm, ,  3. Includes Vm, . ( are the same) =44.72 ∠33.43 °
cos(ωt)+(20sin30°-40sin60°)
Note: RMS sin(ωt)
Ex. Do phasor transformations. Iˆ I values in
Chinese books =37.32cos(ωt)-24.64 sin(ωt)
y1+y2=P-1[Ŷ]
i1=10cos(ωt+30°) 10 ∠ 30 ° 7.07 ∠ 30 ° =44.72(cos33.42°cos(ωt)- =44.72cos(ωt+33.43°)
sin33.42°sin(ωt))
i2=50cos(314t-45°) 50 ∠ -45 °35.35 ∠ -45 °
=44.72cos(ωt+33.43°)
i3=30sin(ω t+60°) 30 ∠ -30°21.21 ∠ -30°
i4=-14.14cos(ω t-150°) 14.14 ∠ 30° 10∠ 30°

Basic Operations of Phasor Addition and Subtraction

Proof:
vk  t   Vmk cos t  k  N N

 Addition and Subtraction Operation r  t   vk  t   Vmk cos t  k 

k 1 k 1
r  t    vk  t  Rˆ   Vˆk   Vmk e jk
N
N j jt 
  Re Vmk e jk e jt   Re  Vmk e k e  
 Differential Operation k 1  k 1 
dv  t   N
   N
jt 
r t   Rˆ  jVˆ  Vm e j (k 90 )  Re Vmk e jk  e jt   Re Vˆk e 


Re  Rˆ e jt 
dt  k 1    k 1 
 Integral Operation
N N
r  t    v  t  dt Rˆ 
Vˆ Vm j (k 90 )
 e Rˆ   Vˆk   Vmk e jk 
j  k 1 k 1
Time domain Frequency domain
 Differential Operation Integral Operation
Proof: Proof:
r (t )   

dv  t  d Vm cos t     d Re Vm e e 
j jt
 r (t )   v  t  dt   Vm cos t    dt   Re Vme e  dt
j jt

dt dt dt
 d Vm e j e jt    d  e jt    Re   Vme j e jt dt   Re Vme j  e jt dt 
 
 Re    Re Vm e j 
 dt   dt   j 1 jt   1 
  Re Vme  e   Re  Vme j e jt 
j  j
 Re Vm e  j e    Re  jV e e 
 j jt
 j j t   
 m 
 1 ˆ jt 
Re  Rˆ e jt   Re  Ve 
Re  Rˆ e jt   Re  jVˆe jt   j 
 
Vˆ Vm j (k 90 )
Rˆ  jVˆ  Vm e j (k 90 )

Rˆ   e
j 

di
i1  i2 = i3 i
dt 1
 id t  i 2
Time domain
VCR of Passive Elements
1 Frequency
Î1  Î 2  Î 3 Î j Iˆ Î Î  VCR of Resistor in Phasors
j domain
Ex. i1  6 cos(314 t  30 ) ( A) di1
i2  4 cos(314 t  60 ) ( A) 
Find i1  i2
dt  i dt
2

Solution: Iˆ1  630  5.2  j3( A)  VCR of Capacitor in Phasors

Iˆ2  460  2  j 3.5( A)
 Iˆ1  Iˆ2  7.2  j 6.5  9.6741.9 ( A)
j Iˆ1  j  314  630  1884120 ( A)
Iˆ2 460  VCR of Inductor in Phasors
  0.0127  30 ( A)
j j  314
 i1  i2  9.67 cos(314 t  41.9 )(A)
di1
 1884 cos(314 t  120 )(A)  i2 dt  0.0127 cos(314 t  30 )(A)


dt

VCR of Resistor
Time domain Frequency domain
VCR of Passive Elements
IˆR  VCR of Resistor in Phasors
VˆR
VˆR  RIˆR
vR(t)=RiR(t) VˆR  RIˆR  VCR of Capacitor in Phasors
VRm cos( t   v )  RI Rm cos( t  i )
vR V  RI Rm
  Rm
i   v  i  VCR of Inductor in Phasors
0 t IˆR VˆR

v=  i
For resistor, v(t) and i(t) are in phase.
 VCR of Capacitor
Time domain Frequency domain VCR of Passive Elements
IˆC  VCR of Resistor in Phasors
VˆC Wrong:
dv (t ) VˆR  RIˆR
iC (t )  C C
dt
IˆC  jCVˆC 1

v
C i  VCR of Capacitor in Phasors
d[cos( t   v )] 1 ˆ
I Cm cos( t  i )  CVCm VˆC  IC 1

Vˆ
dt jC C Iˆ 1 ˆ
 CVCm sin( t   v ) VˆC  IC
 IˆC jC
 CVCm cos(t   v  )
i
2 i
 I Cm   CVCm  VCR of Inductor in Phasors
v 
t
 
0   i   v  2
VˆC
For capacitor, v(t) lags i(t) by 90o.

VCR of Inductor
Time domain Frequency domain VCR of Passive Elements
L IˆL  VCR of Resistor in Phasors
L VˆL
Wrong:
di (t ) v VˆR  RIˆR
vL (t )  L L L 
i
dt VˆL  j LIˆL Vˆ
 VCR of Capacitor in Phasors
d[cos( t   i )] L 
VLm cos( t   v )  LI Lm
dt Iˆ 1 ˆ
  LI Lm sin( t  i ) VˆL VˆC  IC
 jC
  LI Lm cos(t   i 
2
) IˆL
v
VLm   LI Lm  VCR of Inductor in Phasors
i  i
 
0 t   v   i  2 VˆL  j LIˆL
For inductor, v(t) leads i(t) by 90o.

Impedance and Admittance VCR of Passive Elements

 Impedance:
VCR of Resistor in Phasors VˆR  RIˆR
the ratio of a circuit element’s voltage phasor to its current phasor.

Vˆ VCR of Capacitor in Phasors Vˆ  1 ˆ

Z Z  R j X IC
jC
C
Iˆ
Reactance VCR of Inductor in Phasors Vˆ  j LIˆ
measured in  the imaginary part of the impedance. L L

 Admittance: the reciprocal of impedance.  VCR of Passive Elements in Phasors:

1 Iˆ Y G j B
Y  Resistor ZR
Z Vˆ Susceptance 1 1
the imaginary part of the admittance. Vˆ  ZIˆ Capacitor Z j
measured in S jC C
Inductor Z  j L
 Assignment 10 List of Key Words
Phasor diagram 向量图
Circuit simplification 电路简化
Impedance 阻抗 Admittance 导纳
Resistance 电阻 Conductance 电导

 KVL :
KL in Frequency Domain same  Frequency domain
Time domain

 KCL :  v (t) = 0 Vˆ  0

same  Frequency domain The algebraic sum of all the phasor voltages
Time domain
arround any loop in a circuit is ZERO.
 i (t) = 0  Iˆ  0
The algebraic sum of all the phasor currents
entering any node in a circuit is ZERO.
Vˆ3
Vˆ1  Vˆ3  Vˆ2  0
IˆA IˆB Vˆ1 Vˆ2
   
 IˆA   IˆB  IˆC  IˆD  0 Vˆ1  Vˆ3  Vˆ2
IˆD IˆC IˆA  IˆB  IˆC  IˆD

Circuit Simplifications
Ex. A1 =6(A), A2 =8(A) Iˆ3
1. Impedances in Series
Vˆ
Find：A3 Iˆ1 Iˆ2

Sol: Phasor diagram: Vˆab

Iˆ
Let Vˆ be the reference phasor:
Vˆ
Iˆ1 
R By KVL in phasor:
Vˆ
I 3m  I12m  I 22m N

Iˆ2 
Vˆ Vˆab  Vˆ1  Vˆ2    VˆN   Vˆn
 (6 2)2  (8 2)2  10 2( A) Vˆab N
j L Z ab    Zn
 
n 1
Iˆ3 N
  Z n Iˆ  Iˆ Z n
N
Iˆab n 1
n 1 n 1
A3 =10A
2. Impedances in Parallel Ex Z1=10+j6.28 Z ab  Z 3 
Z1 Z 2
 Z3  Z
Z2=20-j31.9  Z1  Z 2
Z3=15+j15.7 , (10  j 6.28)( 20  j 31.9)
Z
Iˆ Find Zab 10  j 6.28  20  j 31.9
Vˆab Iˆ1 Iˆ2 IˆN
 11.8132.13  37.65o  57.61
o o
1 2 N
39.45  40.5
 10.89  j 2.86
 Z ab  Z 3  Z  15  j15.7  10.89  j 2.86
By KCL in phasor:
 25.89  j18.56  31.9 35.6 o 
N
Iˆ  Iˆ1  Iˆ2    IˆN   Iˆn
1 Iˆ N
1
n 1
 
N  Vˆ  N
 1  Z ab Vˆab n 1 Z n
   ab  Vˆab   
n 1  Z n  n 1  Z n 

3. Source transformation 4. Thévenin / Norton Equivalent Circuit

a a Linear a a
Zs ZTH
Equivalent Equivalent
Zp  Voc
VˆTH =V ˆ
OC

Vˆs Iˆs
b
b b b

 RZs  RZpp Linear a a

 ˆ ˆ Equivalent IˆN =iIˆsc
vVss  iIss RZpp
SC

ZN

b b

Ex. Find the current of Iˆ0 by Thévenin equivalent. 3. Based on the Thévenin equivalent circuit to find current:
a
Iˆ0
Iˆ0
Z Th  20  j160
100 V
VˆTh

Solution: b VˆTh  2 5  63.4 V

1. Find the open circuit voltage: 2. Find Thévenin equivalent impedance:
 j50 VˆTh 2 5  63.4
Vˆoc  100 Iˆ0    0.0224  116.53A
 j50 100 ZTh  100 (20  j160)  100
j
 100
j 2
1 90
 100 100    j 50 
5 26.6 ZTh  j 200 
100  j 50
 2 5 63.4 V   20  j160  
 Node-Voltage Method Mesh-Current Method
Ex. Find the current of Iˆ , Iˆ , Iˆ by Node-Voltage method.
a b c
Ex. Find the current of i1(t) i2(t) by Mesh-Current method.
1 2

Iˆx Iˆb
i1 i2
Iˆa 20 Iˆx

+
Iˆc i1
10.60A 3t
0
Solution:
Vˆ Solution:
Vˆn1 Vˆn1  Vˆn2 Iˆa  n1  6.84  j1.68(A)
  10.6  0   103 rad / s
10 1  j 2 10 Vˆs  1000
Vˆ  Vˆ
Vˆn2  Vˆn1 Vˆn2 Vˆn2  20 Iˆx Iˆx  n1 n 2  3.76  j1.68(A) Z L  j L  j103  4  103  j 4
  0 1 j2 Z R  R  2
1  j 2  j5 5 Vˆ  20 Iˆx
Iˆb  n 2  1.44  j11.92(A) 1 1
Vˆ  Vˆ ZC     j 2
Iˆx  n1 n2 Vˆ 5 jC j103  500  106
1 j2 Iˆc  n 2  5.2  j13.6(A)
 j5

The frequency domain circuit is: Assignment 11

Iˆ1 Iˆ2
100V
Iˆ1
m1 m2

ˆ 10
   I1  7  j 4  1.2429.7 A
0
3Iˆ1  j 4 Iˆ1  Iˆ2  100

 
j 4 Iˆ2  Iˆ1  j 2 Iˆ2  2 Iˆ1  Iˆ  20  j 30  2.7756.30 A
 2 13
The required currents of i1(t) and i2(t) are:   103 rad / s
i1  1.24 cos 103 t  29.7 0  A


i2  2.77 cos 10 t  56.3  A
3 0

Assignment 11