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Comuter Science Lec 1,2

The document provides an introduction to computer studies, describing the basic components and functions of a computer system. It discusses the two main types of computers as digital and analog, and describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the component that controls operations and processes data. The CPU contains a control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers. The document also outlines the role of primary memory (RAM and ROM) and how different types of memory are used in a computer system.

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Kareem Adel
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34 views19 pages

Comuter Science Lec 1,2

The document provides an introduction to computer studies, describing the basic components and functions of a computer system. It discusses the two main types of computers as digital and analog, and describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the component that controls operations and processes data. The CPU contains a control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers. The document also outlines the role of primary memory (RAM and ROM) and how different types of memory are used in a computer system.

Uploaded by

Kareem Adel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Computer Studies

Dr. Mahmoud Mohamed


What is the computer
The computer is a complex system contains
elementary electronic components to perform
data processing.
Types of Computers
There are two basic types of computers:
• Digital computers: operates on discrete data
Examples:
PC (personal computers), work station,
minicomputers, main frame computers and super
computers.
• analog computers. operates on continuous data
Examples:
• thermometer
• Speedometer
• gasoline pump,
• electric watt meter
The Functions of Computers:
1. Data processing.
2. Data storage.
3. Data movement between itself and
outside world.
4. Control input – output devices.
5. Communication.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
• Automatic:
1. Computers are automatic machines because it works by itself
without human intervention.
2. Computer cannot start themselves.
• Accuracy:
1. The accuracy of a computer is very high.
2. The degree of accuracy of a particular computer depends upon
its design.
3. Errors can occur by the computer. But these are due to human
weakness, due to incorrect data, but not due to the
technological weakness.
• Speed:
1. Computer is a very fast device. It can perform the amount of
work in few seconds
The main structural components of a
computer

Organization of an information system

Input processing output


System configuration
The Block Diagram of Computer
The central processing unit CPU
• CPU is the part of the computer system where
the manipulation of the data occurs. This unit is
simply called a processor.
• its function is to control all computer
operations and performs its data processing
functions.
• These functions are written to the CPU in the
form of instructions stored in memory and the
CPU executes these instructions.
• The CPU consists of:
Øcontrol unit CU
Øarithmetic and logic unit ALU
The Components of the CPU
1. Temporary storage area called registers
to store data, instructions and results. Registers
2. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):
Connection buse
to perform the arithmetic and logic
operations.
Control unit Arithmetic and
3. Control unit: to Coordinate
logic unit (ALU)
and control the other parts of the
computer system. It also reads a stored
program, one instruction at a time and directs other
components of the computer system to perform tasks
4.Connection buses: to connect the components of the
CPU.
Register:
it is temporary storage location in the ALU or
control unit where small amounts of data and
instructions reside for thousandths of a second
just before use

Cache memory:
- memory area for high speed storage of frequently
used instruction and data.
- has small size.
- inside CPU .
- very expensive.
Primary storage (primary memory or main memory)
• Its functions
• storing data and programs temporarily during
processing
• storing the operating system that manage the computer
The characteristics of memory:
1.Capacity: Is the amount of information accommodated in
the memory, the capacity is measured by byte or word.
2.Unit of transfer: this is equal to the number of data lines
into and out of the memory module. This is called the word
length.
3.Access time: it is the time required to a read or write
operation.
4.Transfer rate: it is the rate at which the data can be into or
out of a memory.
Types of internal memory

•RAM (Random access memory)


•ROM (Read Only Memory) •For short term storage
•Can only be read from •Volatile
•Programs already burned in •Can be read from or write on it
•Non volatile

register Main memory


Cache memory

•PROM (programmable ROM) •EPROM (erasable programmable ROM)


•Can be programmed once •Used for device control such as in robots
•Used for control devices in the where the program may be changed
manufactures •It can be erased and reprogrammed
RAM
• The complete name of RAM is random access
memory which is also known as Primary memory.
• It is called read/write memory because data can be
read as well as write in RAM.
• It is called random access because you can directly
access any data from RAM
• The RAM chip is fixed on the mother board & the
mother board is designed in such a way that its
memory capacity can be enhanced by adding more
RAM chip.
• RAM is a VOLETILE memory.
RAM chips are of two types:
1- DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory is a volatile memory that allows
fast access to data and is ideal for use as the primary store of computer
systems.
• However, the information is stored as electrical charges and the charges
need to be constantly refreshed in order for the data to be maintained.
2- SRAM: Static Random Access Memory is also a volatile memory.
Once data is written into the chip, it is maintained as long as power is
supplied to it; it does not need refreshing.
SRAM is slower than DRAM and it is also more expensive.
ROM
• The complete name of ROM is read only memory.
• The data stored permanently & can’t be altered by the
programmer.
• Data stored in ROM chip can be read & used but cannot be
changed.
• This memory also known a field storage permanent storage or
dead storage.
• It is basically used to store manufacturer programmed & user
program.
• Most of the basic operations are carried out by electronic
circuits which are known as micro programs.
• These programs are stored in ROM. For ex. System Boot
Loader.
Types of ROM
• PROM : Programmable Read Only Memory is a non-volatile
memory which allows the user to program the chip with a
PROM writer. The chip can be programmed once, thereafter, it
cannot be altered.
• EPROM & EEPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory and Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory chips can be electrically programmed.
• Unlike ROM and PROM chips, EPROM chips can be erased and
reprogrammed.

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