Unit 11.

2: Graphs & Functions

Rosary Secondary School Kondiu b)

Mathematics Department
Gr.11 Advanced Mathematics c)

Unit 11.2: Graphs & Functions

Algebraic Expressions
d)

B. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

1. Algebraic Fractions
e)
When simplifying an algebraic fraction, where possible
factorise the numerator and denominator and then cancel
common factors.

Example 1
Simplify these fractions:

Exercise 1
a) d)
Simplify these fractions.

b b
e) a)
) )

c) c) d)

Solution e) f)

a)

g) h)

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 Unit 11.2: Graphs & Functions

i) j) 2. Polynomials - Dividing Polynomials

A polynomial is a finite expression with positive
whole number indices.
k) l)
Polynomials Not Polynomials

m) n)

o) p)
Using long division to divide a polynomial by:
(i) ( x ± p), where p is a constant.
q) r) (ii) (ax ± b), where a and b are constants.

s) t)
Example 3
Divide x 3 +2 x 2−17 x +6 by (x−3).
u) v)

w) x) Solution

y) z)

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 Unit 11.2: Graphs & Functions

Example 5
Find the remainder when 2 x3 −5 x2−16 x +10 is
divided by (x−4).

Solution

Example 4
Given f ( x )=4 x 4 −17 x2 + 4.

Divide f (x) by (2 x+ 1), giving your answer in the form

3 3
f (x)=(2 x+ 1)(a x +b x +cx +d ).

Solution
The problem requires you to find

Therefore,

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 Unit 11.2: Graphs & Functions
Exercise 2 5. Show that (x +4 ) is a factor of 5 x 3−73 x+28 .

1. Write each polynomial in the form

6. Divide x 3−1 by (x−1).
2
( x ± p)(ax +bx +c )
7. Divide x 4 −16 by (x +2).
a) 3 2
x +6 x + 8 x +3 ÷(x +1)
8. f ( x )=3 x 3−14 x2−47 x−14
b) 3
x +10 x +25 x +4 ÷ ( x+ 4)
2

3 2
a) Find the remainder when f (x) is divided by (x−3).
c) x −x + x+14 ÷(x +2)
b) Given that (x +2) is a factor of f (x), factorize f (x)
d) 3 2
x + x −7 x−15 ÷( x−3) completely.
e) 3 2
6 x +27 x +14 x+ 8÷ ( x+ 4)
f) 3
4 x + 9 x +3 x−10 ÷( x +2)
2

g) 3 2
2 x + 4 x −9 x +9 ÷(x +3)
9. Find the remainder when x 3 +6 x 2+5 x−1 2 is divided
h) 3 2
x +6 x + 8 x +3 ÷( x +1)
by
i) 3 2
−5 x −27 x + 23 x +3 0 ÷( x +6) a) x−2
j) 4 3
x +5 x + 2 x −7 x +2 ÷( x +2)
2
b) x +3
k) 4 3 2
4 x +14 x +3 x −14 x−15 ÷( x +3)
l) 4
−3 x +9 x −10 x + x+14 ÷ ( x−2)
3 2

m) 3 x 4 +8 x 3−11 x 2+ 2 x +8 ÷(3 x +2)

n) 5 4
6 x −8 x +11 x +9 x −25 x+ 7 ÷(3 x−1)
3 2

3 Polynomials …
o) x + x+10 ÷( x+2)
Hint
p) 3
−3 x + 50 x−8÷ ( x−4 ) The missing terms The Factor Theorem
are not shown as
q) 3
2 x −17 x+3 ÷ (x+3) they have The factor theorem states the if f (x) is a polynomial,
coefficients of 0 , then:
r) 3
x + x −36 ÷( x−3)
2
so include them as
2 3
s) 3
−3 x + 11x −20÷ (x−2)
2 0 x ,0 x ,0 x ,  If f ( p)=0, then (x− p) is a factor of f (x) .
etc when you write
out f (x) .  If (x− p) is a factor of f (x), then f ( p )=0.

2. Show that x 3 +2 x 2−5 x−10=(x +2)(x 2−5).  If f( ba )=0, then (ax −b) is a factor of f (x).
3. Find the remainder.
If (a x−b) is a factor of f (x) , then f ( ) =0.
b

a) 3 2
x +4 x −3 x +2 ÷( x +5) a

b 3 2
−2 x +3 x +12 x +2 0 ÷( x−4)
)
c) 3 2
3 x −20 x +10 x +5 ÷(x−6)

4. Show that when 3 x 3−2 x2 + 4 is divided by (x−1)

the remainder is 5.
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 Unit 11.2: Graphs & Functions

Example 6
Show that (x−2) is a factor of x 3 + x 2−4 x−4 by:

a) Algebraic division
b) The Factor Theorem

Solution
Then, factorize
this quadratic to
full factorize the
polynomial.

Example 7
a) Fully factorize 2 x3 + x 2−18 x−9.
b) Hence sketch the graph of y=2 x 3 + x 2−18 x−9.

Solution
Example 8
Given that (x +1) is a factor of 4 x 4−3 x 2+ a, find the
value of a .

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 Unit 11.2: Graphs & Functions

Solution

Exercise 3

1. Use the factor theorem to show that:

Example 9 a) (x−1) is a factor of 4 x3 −3 x2−1.

3 2 b) (x +3) is a factor of 5 x 4−45 x2 −6 x−18.

f ( x )= p x + x −19 x+ p
c) (x−4) is a factor of −3 x 3+ 13 x 2−6 x +8.
Given that (2 x−3) is a factor of f (x),

a) Find the value of p. 2. Show that (x−1) is a factor of x 3 +6 x 2+5 x−1 2 and

b) Hence factorize f (x) completely. hence factorize the expression completely.

3. Show that (x +1) is a factor of

Solution
3 2
x +3 x −33 x−35, and hence factorize the
expression completely.

4. Use the factor theorem to show that (2 x−1) is a

factor of 2 x3 17 x 2+ 31 x−20 .

5. Each of these expressions has a factor (x ± p). Find a

value of p and hence factorize the expression
completely.
a) x 3−10 x 2+19 x +3 0
b) x 3 + x 2−4 x−4
c) x 3−4 x 2−11 x +30

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 Unit 11.2: Graphs & Functions
Polynomials …

The Remainder Theorem

 If a polynomial f (x) is divided by (ax −b) then the

remainder is f ( ba ).
Example 10
Find the remainder when x 3−2 0 x+ 3 is divided by
(x−4) using:
a) Algebraic division
b) The Remainder Theorem

Solution

Exercise 4

1. Find the remainder when:

a) 4 x3 −5 x 2 +7 x +1 is divided by (x−2)
b) 2 x5 −32 x 3 + x−10 is divided by (x−4)
c) −2 x 3+ 6 x 2 +5 x−3 is divided by (x +1)
d) 7 x 3+ 6 x 2−45 x +1 is divided by (x +3)

Example 11 e) 4 x 4−4 x 2+ 8 x −1 is divided by (2 x−1)

f) 243 x 4−27 x 3−3 x +7 is divided by (3 x−1)
When 8 x 4−4 x 3 +a x 2−1 is divided by (2 x+ 1) the
remainder is 3. Find the value of a . g) 6 4 x 3+32 x 2−16 x +9 is divided by (4 x+ 3)

2. When 2 x3 −3 x2 −2 x +a is divided by(x−1) the

Solution
remainder is −4. Find the value of a .
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 Unit 11.2: Graphs & Functions

3. When −3 x 3+ 4 x 2 +b x +6 is divided by (x +2) the

remainder is 10. Find the value of b .

Mr. A.Goya,2023

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