Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the

Senior High School Students in Arellano University-Pasig

A Research Paper

Presented to

The Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

Arellano University-Pasig

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements

of Senior High School

Presented By:

John Joel Z. Ballad

Jhon Carlo D. Benong
Meca ella L. Bernaldez
Jerreca Garcia
Geno Garganta
Roel Eman Ray L. Lupaz
Maria Cristina Ramos
Miguel John Strebel
King R. Tadlas
Jason Valverde

January 2023

1
 APPROVAL SHEET

This Research entitled “ Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative study about the

Readiness of the Senior High School Students in Arellano University Pasig
Bonifacio - Campus”, has been prepared and submitted in partial fulfillment for
the degree of Senior High School by John Joel Z. Ballad, Jhon Carlo D. Benong,
Mecca ella L. Bernaldez, Jason Valverde, Miguel John Strebel, Geno Garganta,
Roel Eman Ray L. Lupaz, Maria Cristina Ramos, Jerreca Garcia, King R. Tadlas
is hereby recommended for approval.

________________________ MS. BRENDA D. GUHITING,

LPT
Date Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Senior High School

by the Oral Examination Committee on ___________________________ with a

rating of _____________.

_________________________ ________________________
Member Member

_________________________
Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Senior

High School.

_____________________ MS. VALERIE ANNE C. MIRANDA, LPT

MAE

2
 Date PRINCIPAL

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty for His

showers of blessings throughout my research work to complete the research.

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my research

supervisor, Ms. Brenda D. Guhiting, a Senior High School teacher from Arellano

University Bonifacio campus for allowing us to do research and providing

invaluable guidance throughout this research.

Her dynamism, vision, sincerity, and motivation have deeply inspired us.

She has taught us the methodology to carry out the research and to present the

research work as clearly as possible. It was a privilege and honor to work and

study under her guidance. The researchers are extremely grateful for what she

has offered us. Hence, the researchers are extending their heartfelt gratitude to

their classmates who participated in the conduct of this research study and for

their patience during the discussion and preparation.

The researchers are also extremely grateful to their parents for the love,

prayers, care, and sacrifices they showered all throughout this research journey.

Again, thank you for being part of this success.

JJZB
JCDB
JV
MJS

3
 GG
MCR
JG
DEDICATION

This piece of this work was pursued with prayers and encouragement. We

humbly give gratitude to our ALMIGHTY GOD, who has always guided us

throughout this study, as well as those who have motivated us and shown their

support and affection. It now serves as our greatest success and triumph.

We spiritually dedicate the work to, First and foremost, our DEAR GOD, who has

been our partner and strength from the beginning.

To Senior High School Students at Arellano University-Pasig, who give time and

effort in answering our survey questionnaires.

To our Family and Friends, for emotional support, understanding, and love.

Especially John Joel Z. Ballad Sister’s, Abigail Z. Ballad and Angeline Z Ballad.

Ms. Guhiting, we would like to thank you for your wisdom and support.

-The Researchers

4
 ABSTRACT

Title: Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study

about the Readiness of the Senior High School
Students in Arellano University-Pasig

Researchers: John Joel Z. Ballad

Jhon Carlo D. Benong
Jason Valverde
Miguel John Strebel
Geno Garganta
Maria Cristina Ramos
Jerreca Garcia

STRAND AND ACADEMIC YEAR: Humanities and Social Science

2022-2023

TYPE OF DOCUMENT: Research Study

TOTAL NO. OF PAGES:

INSTITUTE: Senior High School

NAME AND ADDRESS OF INSTITUTION: Arellano University, Andres

Bonifacio Pasig

The researchers conducted a study about the Implementation of ROTC: A

Quantitative study about the Readiness of the Senior High School Students in

Arellano University Pasig Bonifacio - Campus. ROTC became a controversial

topic when the government announced that ROTC will be implemented in senior

high schools. The researchers conducted this study to learn and understand the

5
prospected for senior high school students towards the implementation of ROTC.

The research aims to see if there is a significant relationship between readiness

and the gender of senior high school students at Arellano University.

The respondents of the study were the senior high school students with

different strands. The study was conducted at Arellano University Andres

Bonifacio Campus.

The study used the descriptive method of research utilizing research-

made questionnaires as the main instrument to gather data.

Moreover, a researcher-made questionnaire is utilized to gather data from

the senior high school students. The questionnaire is made of ten total

statements and is separated into two categorical values the answers are based

on the Likert scale

To determine the readiness prospects with implementation of ROTC of the

senior high school students in Arellano University Andres Bonifacio Campus we

used two categorical values to know the readiness prospects of senior high

school students regarding the implementation of ROTC, these are physical and

mental.

To determine if there is a significant relationship between gender and the

implementation of ROTC, the researchers used the chi-square formula to identify

if the result of the study is significant or insignificant.

The finding revealed that there is no significant relationship between the

profile of the respondents and the implementation of ROTC in the selected

HUMSS students in Arellano University Andres Bonifacio Campus.

6
 The respondents do not see ROTC as a hindrance in curriculum and are

willing to take part in ROTC, the questionnaire implies that the respondents

agreed that ROTC has a lot of benefits and aimed to make the students improve

in physical and mental categories.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………. i

APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………………. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………................................................. iii

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………. iv

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… v

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………….. viii

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………. x

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………… xi

Chapters
1 THE PROBLEM AND THE BACKGROUND

Introduction………………………………………………………………. 1
Background of the Study……………………………………………….. 3
Theoretical Framework………………………………………………… 5
Conceptual Framework………………………………………………… 7

7
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………… 8
Hypothesis……………………………………………………………….. 9
Significance of the Study………………………………………………. 9
Scope and Delimitation of the Study.…………………………………. 10
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………… 11

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature………………………………………………………. 13
Foreign Studies…………………………………………………………. 14
Local Literature…………………………………………………………. 16
Local Studies……………………………………………………………. 18

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design...…………………………………………………… 20
Subjects/Respondents of the Study………………………………….. 22
Sampling Technique…………………………………………………… 22
Research Instrument…………………………………………………… 22
Validation of Research Instrument……………………………………. 22
Procedure of Data Gathering………………………………………….. 22
Statistical Treatment of Data………………………………………….. 25

4 PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Statement of the Problem #1………………………………………….. 28

Statement of the Problem #2………………………………………….. 29
Statement of the Problem #3………………………………………….. 30

5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATION

Summary of Findings…………………………………………………... 32
Conclusion………………………………………………………………. 33
Recommendation………………………………………………………. 34

APPENDICES

Bibliography…………………………………………………………….. 35
Survey Questionnaire………………………………………………….. 39
8
 Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………... 40

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1 Table # 1................................................................................... 25

2 Table # 2…………………………………………………………… 26
3 Table # 3 …………………………………………………………... 27

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………. 23
2 Arellano University Andres Bonifacio Campus.………………. 23

9
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction, background of the study,

theoretical framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem,

hypothesis, scope, limitation of the study, the significance of the study, and

definition of terms.

Introduction

NSTP or the National Service Training Program has been widely known

and associated in the educational system especially in tertiary education. NSTP

has three main components; The Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS);

Literacy Training Service (LTS); Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC).

Meanwhile, Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, while believed equally significant

by the NSTP law (it upheld its existence and nature mentioned in RA 7077

having the primary objective to prepare the youth in national defense, became

merely a component of the program. Hence, Mostajo (2018) defines Reserve

Officers Training Corps (ROTC as a civic education and defense preparedness

program for Filipino college students. ROTC's mission is to provide students with

military education and training in order to mobilize them for national defense

readiness. Moreover, its specific goals include preparing college students for

service in the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the event of an emergency, as

1
well as training them to become reservists and potential commissioned officers of

the AFP.

According to Jepoyo (2017), In 1992, the Reserve Officers' Training Corps

(ROTC) was established and became a subject at the University of the

Philippines. The ROTC program was made mandatory for all colleges and

universities in 1935. However, due to the death of a cadet from the University of

Santo Tomas in 2002, it was completely abolished (UST). The cadet was brutally

murdered as a result of his exposure to the Reserve Officers' Training Corps

(ROTC) training corruption at the university.

Ranada (2019) President Duterte signed legislation resurrecting the

ROTC on February 17, 2017. The measure will grant the mandatory program

grades, XI and XII. However, the president stated that the former Reserve

Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) residence is unique in the aftermath of

corruption.

The study aims to seek and provide answers about how ready senior high

school students are for the implementation of ROTC. The researchers believed

that the result of this study will have a significant contribution to society

considering that senior high school students are the prospected participants of

ROTC if ever it will be widely implemented and mandated by the government.

Background of the Study

2
 This study is all about the Implementation of ROTC. It is significant to

understand what is the impact on the students that is a hindrance in schooling.

Especially students and their guardians who needed to be adequately budgeted

for their children.

The government wants to revive the implementation of (ROTC) the

Reserve Officers’ Training Corps and the implementation of a legal basis. In

every school the students need to be disproved.

This study of the literature on tertiary level students to motivate, train,

organize, and mobilize them for national defense preparedness. That also

articulated: to the first Reserve Officers' Training Corps or ROTC.

Tertiary students were to receive military training as part of a program

"instituted under sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077 aiming to provide

military training to tertiary level students to encourage, train, organize, and

mobilize them for national defense preparation."

The law that was in effect at the time of Chua's passing was RA 7077,

also known as the Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act of 1991,

which stipulated that in order to graduate, a student had to complete 12 units

through the ROTC program. In particular, Part 38 of RA 7077 mandated that

college students complete military training, and Section 39 commanded the

creation of ROTC units in universities and other educational institutions.

3
According to Section 4 of the Constitution from 1987, the government "may call

upon the people to defend the State," which is what the law does.

Varsitarian (2019) claimed that most grievances were related to money,

specifically the dubious collecting of P250 for "army patches" upon enrollment

during the first semester and P20 for registration during the second semester,

aside from the P300 ROTC cost. Also, cadets would pay P10 each time they took

the preliminary and final tests as well as P10 to P20 on Sunday, the first day of

training, to purchase attendance cards.

The bribery and corruption Chua and cadet Romulo Yumul complained to

the Department of National Defense (DND) about the UST-pervasive ROTC's

corruption. After a comprehensive inquiry, Maj. Demy Tejares, the commandant

of the UST-ROTC, was fired.

Secretary C Galvez Jr (2023) has stated that the initiative will be

implemented in collaboration with partner agencies. Considering the movements

in the legislative and executive branches, it seems like it's "all systems go" for

mandatory ROTC. The National Defense Department (DND).

According to ARTICLE II SECTION XXIII of the 1987 CONSTITUTION OF

THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, the state recognizes the important role

of youth in the development of the country and must promote and protect their

physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social welfare. It will instill patriotism

4
and nationalism in the youth and encourage their participation in public and civic

activities.

Thus, study discussed about the readiness of the senior high school

students in Arellano University and its underlying concerns regarding physical

and mental readiness.

Theoretical Framework

Edward Thorndike's law of readiness also emphasized that learning takes

into account the learner's readiness in order to be more lasting and effective

(Magasino, 2009). Sharma (2006) emphasized that readiness included all

preparatory adjustments that occurred immediately before the activity. The

learners of his previous experiences; mental preparation for understanding new

things, diverting his attention to the subject to be learned, and changing the

environment to suit the learning are all part of the readiness.

Thorndike’s law of readiness is related to the implementation of ROTC,

students who are not ready to participate in the ROTC, are not interested in

learning military leadership, disaster response, survival skills, etc. By determining

the respondents' readiness, the researchers can determine whether the target

respondents would be qualified in terms of physical and mental aspects utilizing

Thorndike’s theory of readiness.

Conceptual Framework

5
 The conceptual framework shows how the researchers gather the data

from the respondents. In the input, it includes the statement of the problem that

shows all of the main problems of the research we are conducting.

In the process, it shows how the researchers provide questionnaires to the

respondents to collect data.

Lastly on the output side, the researchers will know the Readiness of the

Senior High School Students at Arellano University-Pasig

The arrow of feedback points out the study of the continuity of the

procedure in the analysis, The Readiness of the Senior High School Students in

Arellano University-Pasig to the implementation of ROTC.

Figure 1.

6
 Conceptual Framework of the Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study
about the Readiness of the Senior High School Students in
Arellano University-Pasig

Statement of The Problem

The purpose of this study is to determine the readiness of the senior high school

students on the implementation of ROTC.

Specifically, this research sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1 grade level;

1.2 strand;

1.3 gender?

2. How may the readiness of the respondents be interpreted in terms of;

1.1 physical;

1.2 mental?

7
3. Is there a significant relationship between readiness and the profile of senior

high school students at Arellano University-Pasig with respect to grade level,

strand, and gender.

Hypothesis

The study tested the null hypothesis that states that there is no significant

relationship between the profile of the respondents and the readiness of the

senior high school in terms of physical and mental.

Significance of the Study

The researchers cited the importance and noted the worthiness of this

study which will benefit the following people:

For School Administrators, this study will help them to identify the benefits

of implementation of ROTC on the readiness of senior high school students.

The significance of this study is to benefit all of the respondents in taking a

course related to ROTC. For fellow senior high students, to understand how

ready the majority of senior high school students

For Future Researchers, may utilize the findings of this study as the

foundation for additional research and as relevant publications

The Army, service fellow Filipino, defend the country, preserve important

national interests, and perform national military obligations. The purpose is

8
enduring: to deliver appropriate troops and capabilities to the combatant

commanders in support of the national security and defense plans.

Students who will participate in ROTC get both training and financial

assistance for their schooling. They are assisted in developing robust personality

qualities such as self-discipline, self-assurance, and leadership.

Scope and Delimitation

This research examines the effect of the restoration of obligatory military

training in senior high schools under the administration of Philippine President

Ferdinand Bong Bong Marcos Jr.

This study examines the readiness of senior high school students in

Arellano University-Pasig. The researchers will make a questionnaire to gather

data from the respondents in Arellano University Andres Bonifacio Campus.

The researcher will gather data from senior high school students in

Arellano University Andres Bonifacio Campus

The researchers aimed to compile, and categorize senior high students

through profile of the respondents in terms of grade level, strand and gender.

Hence, the study was conducted during 2022-2023.

Definition of terms

9
 For better understanding of this study, the following terms have been

conceptually and operationally defined:

Implementation. This refers to an act or instance of implementing

something: the process of making something active or effective

Grievance. This refers to a cause of distress (such as an unsatisfactory

working condition) felt to afford reason for complaint or resistance

Readiness. This refers to the quality or state of being ready: such as

a state of preparation.

Mandate. This refers to an authoritative command especially: a formal

order from a superior court or official to an inferior one.

Legislative. This refers to the branch of government that is charged with

such powers as making laws, levying and collecting taxes, and making financial

appropriations

10
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents relevant information about the study. The review of

related literature and studies comes from foreign and local references. Likewise,

studies related to the topic are included to enlighten the topic for investigation.

Foreign Literature

According to Kotakis (2016) The signing of the 1916 National Defense Act

established Army ROTC units similar to the college-based Cadet Command

formations of today. The First World War ended in 1918. and the program was

firmly established by 1919. Students and administrators at private and public

schools Officer training were in high demand at land-grant universities. Harvard

and other prestigious academic institutions Yale, Princeton, and Dartmouth were

11
successful in their requests for military units. From 1919 to 1920 ROTC training

enrolled 57,282 students and resulted in the graduation of 133 officers. More

than fifty-four years later, Thousands of men had signed up for the program, and

934 officers were produced.15 The number increased annually for the next

fifteen years.

This connotes that in the effect of the first world war, ROTC started to be

established and spread in the U.S. ROTC was adopted by other countries

worldwide and it became a part of the educational curricula which became the

cause of increasing officers produced in the whole world.

According to Newman (2022), Physical fitness is foundational to the U.S.

Army as a component of combat readiness, and accurate assessment of

readiness is imperative for mission success and soldiers’ health and safety. To

this end, the Army has developed the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT), which

more accurately assesses these abilities and may aid the development of a more

combat-ready force. Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) programs

nationwide are often challenged by limited structured training time, as well as

access to equipment and training space. Development and/or adaptation of a

training program that addresses these limitations would benefit ROTC programs

nationally.

This connotes that physical fitness is a foundation of a soldier, and an

accurate assessment of readiness is critical for mission success as well as

12
soldier health and safety. Physical fitness is a must in terms of military-based

activities, this is essential in order to adapt to greater training and to pass the

limits of a soldiers’ body. Being physically can be used for safety from possible

dangers, and it introduces new physical capabilities for defense.

According to O’Neal et al., (2021), states that the Reserve Officer Training

Corps (ROTC) is a collegiate program that trains young adults to be officers in

the United States. Participants may be given military scholarships on a regular

basis. One of the few colleges that offer the Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine

Corps ROTC programs is Notre Dame. Women were not allowed to join ROTC at

any American institution before 1970. Now, both men and women who have

devoted years of their lives to one common goal serving their country make up

every ROTC program at Notre Dame, as well as many others around the country.

This connotes the rise of female involvement in ROTC, which shows that

there is a change that happened in the history of ROTC in the past women are

not allowed to participate because of how society sees women. female cadets to

undergo ROTC program. Both women and men devoted their lives in serving

their country and it shows the patriotism and nationalism of all genders.

According to Glendon (2021), also discussed the rise in female

involvement, particularly in Army ROTC. Every year, there is an increase in the

number of women participating, holding leadership roles, and maintaining a

healthy weight. Being a part of that makes me happy. The common

13
misconceptions about women in the military are nothing new to Notre Dame's

ROTC members. Air Force ROTC senior Stephanie Zaccone emphasized that

being a leader as a woman in the military need not entail being a loud,

masculine, and mud-crawling leader. There are many various kinds of leaders

one can be, and the services are always seeking good leaders.

This connotes that when it comes to ROTC women are also interested

which shows that they are ready to get out of their comfort zones and explore

new things. This implies that ROTC does not hinder gender interests.

Local Literature

According to Cepeda (2019) ROTC was previously implemented at the

college level, but it was scrapped in 2002 after an investigation showed that a

University of Santo Tomas student was murdered after he exposed alleged

corruption in the program. ROTC was later made optional and voluntary through

Republic Act No. 9163 or the NSTP Act of 2001. The House hearing was held on

Monday in response to President Rodrigo Duterte restating in November that he

wants ROTC to become mandatory for students.

This connotes that ROTC has a perceive negative to have reputation in

the Philippines, ROTC and has been used for corruption and other illicit crime. It

is also stated that a cadet has been murdered after his exposure to alleged

14
corruption in the program, it is the main reason why ROTC was abolished in the

Philippines.

Mercado (2022) The president of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos Jr. has

called on a congress about a law that concerns mandating the Reserve Officers’

Training Corps (ROTC) program that will be implemented for senior high school

students. In the first State of the Nation Address (SONA) of President Marcos,

the president proposed that ROTC should be part of the senior high school

curriculum in all public and tertiary schools. President Marcos Jr. states, “This

seeks to reinstitute the ROTC program as a mandatory component of senior high

school programs grades 11 and 12 in all public and private tertiary level

educational institutions.” He also said that “This is to motivate, train, organize,

and mobilize students for national defense preparedness and capacity building

for risk related situations,” he added.

This connotes that, once it is implemented, senior high school students in

grades 11 and 12 must take part in ROTC in order to be inspired, taught, and

equipped with self-defense in high-risk situations. This study shows that the

respondents needed are grade 11 and 12 because the implementation of ROTC

will be implemented in the senior high school curriculum.

Ang (2022) The representative of Negros Occidental’s third congressional

district Arnolfo Teves Jr., presented a measure that would require high school

15
graduates to enlist in the Reserved Officers Training Corps (ROTC). The ROTC

Act of 2022, also called House Bill (HB) No.4500, This bill all about requires the

institutionalization of fundamental ROTC courses in senior high schools in all

educational institutions across the nation. A law was approved by the House of in

the 2019 final reading, the law is about requiring senior high school students to

participate in mandatory ROTC as a requirement for graduation. ROTC became

official in college after the National Service Training Program Act of 2002, despite

repeated appeals from former president Rodrigo Duterte.

This connotes explained the law of ROTC which is called House Bill (HB)

No. 4500, it also discusses that all senior high school students must participate in

the said program particularly the graduating students because it is a requirement

for graduation so students must undergo this kind of program.

According to Padilla (2017), If the youth understand why they are being

trained, they will learn a variety of skills such as basic life support, first aid, basic

defense, combat preparation, survival skills, and others. Overall, we can see that

not only does the nation benefit, but we also learn not only in defense but also in

self-discipline.

This connotes that the youth should understand why it is necessary to be

trained, there are multiple benefits of ROTC, and Padilla expresses that despite

the bad image of ROTC we should take ROTC in a positive way.

16
 According to Gatchalian (2022), most Filipinos are in favor of restoring the

mandatory ROTC. The cooperation of universities and colleges in the ROTC

program is critical to the program's implementation. Educational institutions will

be able to see how students contribute to the country's peace, security, and

national development initiatives. Furthermore, the curriculum provides students

with several chances and perks. Young-molded cadets can get tacit knowledge

on leadership and national defense readiness, allowing them to become

academics and engage in the ROTC Cultural Understanding Language Program.

This connotes explained the impact of implementing the ROTC program,

which is ROTC gives knowledge to students about the cultural understanding of

language programs and also national defense readiness to protect ourselves

from different dangerous situations.

Foreign Studies

According to Oliver et al., (2017), The findings of this study agree with

previous findings that Physical readiness training improved Army physical fitness

test scores and increased physical fitness levels in freshmen ROTC cadets to

levels previously observed in ROTC cadets with prior physical readiness training

experience. Given the small, albeit significant, gains in strength and the lack of

power gains, it would be prudent to provide freshmen ROTC cadets with

supplemental strength and power training. Because ROTC is a large

commissioning resource for the Army with greater access to equipment and
17
resources, it may be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to improve and educate

young commissioning officers on the benefits of proper strength and power

training for use in future commands.

This connotes that physical readiness training improved the results of the

cadets in Army physical fitness test scores, and it applies to the students when

they will undergo ROTC. Readiness in terms of physical education has a huge

contribution to students participating in ROTC if ever it will be implemented

mandatorily, students that are ready physically can adapt easily to the ROTC

program environment.

According to Bloshchynskyi et al., (2021), Physical training is an important

component of professional training and prepares servicemen for future

professional and combat activities. The research was conducted at S. Military

Institute P. Koroliov Zhytomyr to assess the efficacy of an experimental academic

program in the discipline of Physical Education and Special Physical Training.

The experiment included 120 male cadets and a control group (CG) of cadets

studying according to the discipline's working academic program (n=60).

The experimental program evaluated the physical and psychological

fitness of cadets and their psychological qualities. It was found that teaching

classes in accordance with the program helped to develop the cadets' unique

physical qualities, mastery of military-applied skills, and professional qualities.

The most significant changes in EG cadets occurred in an obstacle course,

18
holding the angle on parallel bars, horizontal position, attention distribution and

volume tests, and mental performance.

This connotes that building psychophysical readiness enhances the

learning of cadets, the formation of psychophysical readiness gives a vast

amount of contribution to changes in terms of obstacle course holding the angle

on parallel bars, horizontal position, attention distribution and volume tests, and

mental performance.

According to Barry et al., (2017) claimed in their study, "Gender and

Leadership," examining distinctions based on gender is a more nuanced and

insightful method to comprehend personal characteristics. According to the World

Health Organization (WHO), "Sex" refers to the biological and physiological traits

that distinguish males from women, they noted in their study. Gender, on the

other hand, refers to the socially created roles, behaviors, activities, and qualities

that a particular culture believes are proper for men and women.

This connotes that examining distinctions based on gender is a nuanced

and insightful method to comprehend personal characteristics, gender

stereotypes are a common thing that happens inside and outside of military

training, especially for women, society views women as weak and frail which

affects the minds of female youths thus causing low self-confidence on women

causing a lack of motivation in participating military-related activities.

19
 According to Brownson (2014) According to qualitative evaluations, it has

been indicated that gender disparities should not hinder physical fitness or

occupational success, and that female militants often outperform their male

counterparts in terms of leadership, physical fitness, and work performance.

These findings support qualitative evaluations and show that female ROTC

cadets have adequate physical capabilities for their jobs.

This connotes that gender disparities do not hinder or do not have any

relationship to physical fitness and occupational success. There are some

instances that females are more capable than males when it comes to ROTC,

which proves that females have adequate physical capabilities for their

respective jobs.

Local Studies

Tullao (2019) An educational program that combines practical and

unequaled leadership training is the ROTC, a military science component of the

NSTP. This study aimed to ascertain how Bulacan State University criminology

students felt about the NSTP's ROTC component's military science course.

These military science classes are intended to help criminology students be

ready to grow in their leadership, discipline, and sense of community in response

to the community's catastrophe risk reduction program.

Purposive sampling was used to choose the respondents in this study,

who were 324 Basic and Advanced ROTC cadets from Bulacan State University.
20
The basic cadets thought that the manning, manning management and manning

organization were extremely obvious and that the training was also very obvious.

The ROTC program helps criminology students succeed in their chosen field in

college and be aspiring Police Officers of the Philippine National Police (PNP)

and in the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

This connotes that Bulacan State University's criminology students should

be prepared for their upcoming leadership and discipline. Bulacan State

University supports students who are interested in becoming criminologists in

their chosen fields of study as well as future members of the Philippine National

Police (PNP) and Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

According to a study by Bulacan State University (2019), The ROTC as a

military science component of the NSTP is an educational program that

combines practical and unmatched leadership training. This program is designed

to produce quality commissioned officers in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

These Military science courses are designed to prepare criminology students to

develop their leadership, discipline, and community awareness in response to the

disaster risk reduction program of the community. The ROTC program helps

criminology students succeed in their chosen field in college and be aspiring

Police Officers of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and in the Armed Forces

of the Philippines (AFP).

21
 This connotes that when it comes to ROTC we are not only talking about

physical capabilities of a cadet or students, ROTC also tackles developing their

leadership skills and discipline, mentally ROTC has a good contribution as they

help to develop the minds of the students, and their maturity.

According to Cardines et al., (2019), The respondents were described

according to different demographic profiles. The majority of the respondents were

from the age bracket 17 to 19 years old; 72.8% were male; 83.3% were first-year

students and 83.3% were cadet officer candidates. As attested by the

respondents on the function of ROTC cadet officers as part of Army Reserve

Command (ARESCOM) at Bestlink College of the Philippines in terms of training,

school, and leadership, most responses were regarded as strongly in agreement.

As attested by the respondents on the difficulties encountered by the ROTC

cadet officer as part of Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM) at Bestlink College

of the Philippines in terms of family, academics, financial, time management, and

peer group, most responses were regarded as agree. As attested by the

respondents on the recommendation forwarded by the respondents to address

the function of the ROTC Cadet Officer as part of Army Reserve Command, most

responses were regarded as agree. The findings of the study show the function

of ROTC cadet officers as part of the Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM) at

Bestlink College of the Philippines. This study can be used as a guide to improve

the performance of the ROTC cadet officers and to deal with and resolve the

difficulties encountered by the ROTC cadet officers.

22
 This connotes that being a cadet officer is not easy, it comes with great

responsibility and discipline, and it is applicable to the future students that will undergo

ROTC. Discipline is necessary for ROTC because being a discipline cadet shows your

dedication toward your country.

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

In this paper, we present the synthesis of the reviewed literature and

studies of ROTC. Physical readiness is necessary to achieve greater physical

capabilities; it is also stated that physical readiness training will give a huge

contribution to a cadet if he is planning to serve the country by joining the army.

Gender stereotyping is common in ROTC, it disrupts the potential female

cadets to further enhance their physical capabilities but according to Brownson

2014, there is no gender disparity when it comes to ROTC, it is also stated that

women can outperform men in terms of physical activities and leadership skills.

In this study, the researchers will determine if there is a relationship between the

profile of the respondents and their readiness and towards the implementation of

ROTC.

The reviewed literature and studies in ROTC Arellano University were

extensively discussed to support the findings of this study and to provide a basis

for the lessons learned.

23
 Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains various methodologies that were used in gathering

data and analysis which are relevant to the research. It deals with the research

design, respondents of the study, sampling technique, setting of the study, data

gathering procedure, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

The research design used in the study was a descriptive research design.

A descriptive design was appropriate to use in this study since it involves the use

of collecting data and receiving shreds of evidence. Further, the descriptive

method analyzes events in a natural environment and to determine causal

relationships between variables.

24
 According to Siedlecki (2020) the purpose of descriptive studies is to

describe individuals, events, or conditions by studying them as they are in nature.

In addition, the researchers found it appropriate to utilize this research design for

it utilized content analysis wherein the researchers will not manipulate any of the

variables but rather only describe the sample/and or the variables.

The research selected this research design to explore the readiness of the

respondents towards the implementation of the mandatory ROTC and have

adequate knowledge of the said program.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were the 100 senior high school students

from Arellano University-Pasig. The researchers believed that senior high school

students are suitable to be the respondents of this study since there was a bill

passed regarding the implementation of ROTC through senior high school

students.

Sampling Technique

The sampling technique used by the researchers is a purposive sampling

technique. It is a type of non-probability sampling that is most effective when one

needs to study a certain cultural domain with knowledgeable experts within.

Hence, this method belongs to the category of non-probability sampling

25
techniques; sample members are selected based on their knowledge, expertise

regarding a research subject.

According to Frost (2022) Purposive sampling is a non-probability method

for obtaining a sample where researchers use their expertise to choose specific

participants that will help the study meet its goals. These subjects have particular

characteristics that the researchers require to assess their research question. In

other words, the researchers select the participants “on purpose.”

Moreover, the senior high school students at Arellano University are

selected on purpose considering that ROTC targets to be implemented in senior

high school. Thus, senior high school students have the characteristics needed in

samplings such as grade level and gender.

Research Instrument

The research instrument used by researchers to gather data and

information is a researcher-made questionnaire-checklist. It enables the

researchers to determine the readiness of the respondents in terms of physical

and mental aspects,

The survey questionnaire is the main instrument for collecting data for

research. It is a set of standardized questions, often called items, which follow a

fixed scheme to collect individual data about one or more specific topics. The

questionnaire has undergone revision and validation.

26
 . The questionnaire is comprised of two parts; the profile of the

respondents and questionnaire-checklist. The questionnaire-checklist contained

two (2) categorical values; physical and mental. Hence, the researchers utilized

these categorical values to determine the readiness of senior high school

students in Arellano University-Pasig concerning the implementation of

Mandatory ROTC. In accordance with the requirements of the study, these data

were then tallied, combined and have undergone statistical treatment. Thus, the

key details and the data gathered establish the study's legitimacy and

justification.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers undergone title defense in September. Then, the

researchers worked on with chapters 1 and 3 and their revisions. Afterwards,

they worked on with the letter of permission to conduct the study that was sent to

the respective school where the study was conducted. Subsequently, after the

letter was approved, the researchers worked on with the validation of the

questionnaire wherein they looked for experts that may help them improve their

instrument. Consequently, after the questionnaires have been validated, the

researchers worked on with the administration of the research questionnaires.

27
 The data gathered were then tallied and treated with appropriate statistical

treatment. Subsequently, the researchers worked on Chapters 4 and 5 which

includes presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. Thus, the summary of

findings, conclusions, and recommendation was formulated.

Statistical Treatment

The data were tallied, assembled, sorted, and structured as the

researchers collected them. Senior high school students' questionnaire

responses were statistically compared to the study's data needs. The frequency

distribution %, weighted mean ordinal scale and chi-square were the statistical

methods used.

To determine the grade level percentage of senior high school students,

frequency distribution was used.

To determine the percentage of the profile of the respondents in terms of

grade level, strand, and gender of the senior high school students, frequency

percentage distribution was used.

P=Fx100/(n)

28
 To determine the readiness of the senior high school students at Arellano

University-Pasig on the prospective implementation of ROTC, the researchers

used weighted mean.

To further discuss, range and verbal interpretation was used.

Weight/Scale Mean Range Verbal Interpretation

5 4.51-5.00 Strongly Agree

4 3.51-4.50 Agree

3 2.51-3.50 Neutral

2 1.51-2.50 Disagree

1 1.00-1.50 Strongly Disagree

To determine if there is a significant relationship between the profile of the

respondents and readiness of the senior high school students in Arellano

University-Pasig, the researchers used the chi-square test of independence. The

categorical values that the researchers used are physical and mental in order to

determine the chi-square statistics.

29
 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION Of DATA

This chapter contains a detailed presentation and discussion of data

analysis and the results of this study. This chapter presents the research findings

of the data collected from the questionnaire samples. The findings will be

presented concerning the research objectives stated in the study. The

methodology chapter has already discussed the method used to analyze the

data.

30
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Profile of the Respondents

The tables below show the frequency and percentage distribution of the

respondents in terms of grade level, strand and gender of the respondents.

Table 1

The Percentage of Grade Level on Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative

Study about the Readiness of the Senior High School Students

According to Table 1, 78% of the respondents are from grade 12 that

answered the questionnaire, and 22% of the respondents are from grade 11.

Therefore, the majority of respondents came from grade 12.

This connotes that the grade 12 senior high school students are the most

interested in the said study since they were about to enter college where NSTP

was already part of the curriculum in tertiary school.

Table 1.2

31
The Percentage of Strand on the Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study
about the Readiness of the Senior High School Students

Strand f % Rank
ABM 8 8% 4
STEM 22 22% 2
HUMSS 23 23% 1

ICT 22 22% 2
GAS 3 3% 6

HOME ECONOMICS 14 14% 3

TOUR GUIDING 3 3% 6

CAREGIVING 5 5% 5

Total 100 100%

According to Table 2, 23% of the respondents are from HUMSS strand

that answered the questionnaire, 22% are from STEM strand, 22% are from ICT

strand, 14% are from Home Economics strand, 8% are from ABM strand, 5% are

from Care Giving strand, 3% are from GAS, 3% are from Tour Guiding strand.

Therefore, the majority of respondents came from the HUMSS strand.

Humanities and Social Studies Humanities and Social Sciences are very

comprehensive fields of studies. It consists of two parts – the humanities and the

social sciences. The humanities part, it comprises of philosophy, history,

literature, religion, music, and the human condition.

However, social sciences are more associated to human behavior. The

field of study comprises criminology, gerontology, law, political science,

psychology, and human development, among others. Thus, it reflects based on

32
the result and the connection of the strand to law it connotes that the HUMSS

students are more willing to explore more about the said program and its

underlying advantage and disadvantages.

Table 1.3
The Percentage of Gender and the Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative

Study about the Readiness of the Senior High School Student

Gender f % Rank

Male 45 45% 2

Female 46 46% 1

LGBTQIA+ 9 9%

Total 100 100%

According to Table 3, 46% of the respondents are female respondents

that answered the questionnaire, 45% are male, 9% are LGBTQIA+. Therefore,

the majority of respondents are female.

O’Neal et al., (2021) Glendon also discussed the rise in female

involvement, particularly in Army ROTC. Every year, there is an increase in

women participating, holding leadership roles, and maintaining a healthy weight.

Being a part of that makes me happy. The common misconceptions about

women in the military are nothing new to Notre Dame's ROTC members. Air

Force ROTC senior Stephanie Zaccone emphasized that being a leader as a

woman in the military need not entail being a loud, masculine, and mud-crawling

33
leader. There are many various kinds of leaders you may be, and the services

are always seeking good leaders.

This connotes that when it comes to ROTC women are also interested

which shows that they are ready to get out of their comfort zones and explore

new things. The results show that the majority of the respondents were female,

which implies that ROTC does not hinder gender interests.

The Readiness of Senior High School Students on the Implementation of ROTC

The tables below show the weighted mean of the implementation of ROTC

and the readiness of the senior high school students in Arellano University in

terms of physical and mental.

Table 2 .1
Computed Weighted Mean of the Readiness of the Senior High School Students
on Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the
Senior High School Students in Terms of Physical

I. Physical Mean Verbal Interpretation

1. I eat healthy foods and high protein foods to 3.66 Agree

build muscles

2. I do aerobic activity weekly to strengthen my 2.86 Neutral

muscles

3. I do calisthenics exercises to develop muscular 2.8 Neutral

34
 endurance

4. I do flexibility exercises to move my joints 3.25 Neutral

efficiently

5. I do agility exercises to improve balance and 3.24 Neutral

control of my body

Total Weighted Mean 3.16 Neutral

According to Table 4, statement number 1 “I eat healthy foods and high

protein foods to build muscles” got the highest verbal interpretation of Agree,

statement number 3 “I do calisthenics exercises to develop muscular endurance”

got the lowest verbal interpretation of Neutral, the verbal interpretation of senior

high school students in Arellano university-Pasig in terms of physical readiness is

Neutral.

Oliver et al. (2017) It would be wise to provide freshmen ROTC cadets

more strength and power training given the modest, though substantial, gains in

strength and lack of power increases. The time spent in ROTC may be a unique

chance to develop and educate young commissioning officers on the advantages

of effective strength and power training for use in future commands because it is

a significant commissioning resource for the Army with better access to

resources and equipment.

This connotes that the respondents are neither ready nor not about the

implementation of ROTC.

Table 2.2

35
Computed Weighted Mean of the Readiness of the Senior High School Students
on Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the
Senior High School Students in Terms of Mental

I. Mental Mean Verbal

Interpretation

1. I think rationally every time I make a decision 3.69 Agree

2. I think before I speak 3.92 Agree

3. I try to be calm every time I express my 3.91 Agree

concerns

4. I do deep-breathing exercises whenever I am 3.67 Agree

stressed

5. I am able to slow down and assess things at 3.45 Neutral

work without becoming agitated

Total Weighted Mean 3.728 Agree

According to Table 5, statement number 2 “I think before I speak” got the

highest verbal interpretation of Agree, statement number 5 “I am able to slow

down and assess things at work without becoming agitated” got the lowest verbal

interpretation of Neutral, the verbal interpretation of senior high school students

in Arellano University-Pasig in terms of mental readiness is Agree.

Weinberg & Gould (2019) Mental skills training targets building and

developing things like the ability to from failure, the ability to cope with pressure,

the determination to persist in the face of adversity, and mental resilience.

This implies that the data gathered from respondents shows that the

majority are ready to undergo the ROTC program mentally, which is determined

by the help of questionnaire statements.

36
The Significant Relationship between the Profile of the Respondents in Terms if

Gender and the Implementation of ROTC: A Quantitative Study about the

Readiness of the Senior High School in Arellano University-Pasig.

The tables below show the significant relationship between the profile of

the respondents in terms of grade level, strand and gender and the readiness of

the senior high school student on the implementation of ROTC.

Chi-Square Test of Independence between the Relationship of the Profile of the

Respondents in terms of Grade Level and the Readiness of the Senior High
School Students on the Implementation of ROTC

Calculated d Tabulated Remark Decision

Value Value s
5.18 28.869 not sig. Accepted
the null

According to table 3.1 that in terms of grade level and their readiness to

ROTC in terms of physical and mental, the result is not significant and the null

hypothesis is accepted.

This implies that regardless of the grade level of the students, it does not

affect their readiness in both physical and mental on the implementation of

ROTC. Moreover, it reveals that given the widespread of information about the

proposed implementation of the program, students nowadays are seemed aware

of it and its underlying implications.

Table 3.2

37
Chi-Square Test of Independence between the Relationship of the Profile of the
Respondents in terms of Strand and the Readiness of the Senior High School
Students on the Implementation of ROTC

Calculated d Tabulated Remark Decision

Value Value s
5.56 16.919 not sig. Accepted
the null

According to table 3.2 that in terms of strand and their readiness to ROTC

in terms of physical and mental, the result is not significant and the null

hypothesis is accepted.

The study reveals that given the diversion of students and set of standards

expected in each strand, this connotes that students could take part and

participate in the prospected implementation of the program. Hence, though the

result is not significant, as students, being physically and mentally fit goes along

way on keeping them healthy and safe. Thus, for that instance, they would be

ready to take part in the program if ever it would be implemented.

Table 3.3
Chi-Square Test of Independence between the Relationship of the Profile of the
Respondents in terms of Gender and the Readiness of the Senior High School
Students on the Implementation of ROTC

Calculated d Tabulated Remark Decision

Value Value s
19.08 79.802 not sig. Accepted
the null

38
 According to table 3.2 that in terms of gender and their readiness to ROTC

in terms of physical and mental, the result is not significant and the null

hypothesis is accepted.

This implies that there is no significant relationship between readiness and

the gender of senior high school students at Arellano University-Pasig readiness.

Brownson (2014) According to qualitative evaluations, it has been

indicated that gender disparities shouldn't hinder physical fitness or occupational

success, and that female militants often outperform their male counterparts in

terms of leadership, physical fitness, and work performance. These findings

support qualitative evaluations and show that female ROTC cadets have

adequate physical capabilities for their jobs.

This connotes that the result as the relationship of readiness and gender

to the implementation of ROTC is not significant. Any gender can be ready when

it comes to ROTC physically and mentally.

39
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendation drawn from the results obtained and the recommendation

offered.

Summary of Findings

After careful analysis and interpretation of data gathered, the following are

hereby summarized.

1. The Profile of the Respondents.

1.1. In terms of grade level, the Grade 12-respondents garnered a highest

percentage of 22%>

1.2. In terms of strand, the HUMSS obtained the highest percentage of

22%.

1.3. In terms of sex, the female-respondents acquired the highest

percentage of 46 %>

40
 2. The Readiness of the Senior High School in Arellano University on the

Implementation of ROTC.

2.1. In terms of the physical aspect, it has obtained a lowest mean of 3.16.

2.2. In terms of the mental aspect, it has obtained a highest mean of 3.72

3. The Significant Relationship between the Profile of Respondents in

terms of Profile and the Implementation of ROTC is not significant: A

Quantitative Study about the Readiness of the Senior High School in

Arellano University.

3.1 Between the grade level and the physical and mental readiness of the

senior high school students, the result is not significant and the decision is

accepted.

3. Between the strand and the physical and mental readiness of the senior

high school students, the result is not significant and the decision is

accepted.

3.3 Between the gender and the physical and mental readiness of the

senior high school students, the result is not significant and the decision is

accepted.

Conclusions

From the summary of findings, the following conclusions were drawn.

41
 1. Based on the data gathered, it was proven that the female respondents

are more interested on the implementation of ROTC.

2. Among the two aspects, it was revealed that most of the respondents

were mentally ready on the implementation of ROTC. This concludes that

they were not physically ready to undergo training given that ROTC

requires physical fitness test.

3. Based on the results, it was proven that there is no relation between the

profile of the respondents and their readiness to ROTC. This connotes

that regardless of the grade level, strand and gender, everyone should be

ready on the implementation of ROTC considering that the program aims

to promote culture of discipline and responsibility; provides opportunity to

inculcate the values of patriotism, nationalism, and character-building;

provides training that will develop students' leadership skills.

Recommendations

In the light of the summary of findings and conclusions drawn, the

following recommendations are offered:

1. The respondents regardless of their gender should engage to seminars

and activities that may help them be aware of the implementation of

ROTC.

42
2. The respondents should practice doing physical fitness activities and

routines that are necessary for the training, they may read books or watch

videos from the internet that may guide them in doing these activities.

3. The institution shall hold seminars regarding ROTC or have a program

that will require students to have at least 3 basic physical fitness activities

that they may perform daily. Moreover, regardless of their grade level,

strand and gender, they will have adequate knowledge about the

implementation of ROTC. Hence, this will encourage students to be ready

both physical, mental and emotional if ever the ROTC will be implemented

and mandated by the government.

43
 APPENDIX A

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Online Journals/Articles

Gregorio, X. (2022, November 29). Gender equality? Female students not exempted in

mandatory ROTC revival. Philippine Star. Retrieved December 29, 2022, from

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/11/29/2227316/gender-equality-female-

students-not-exempted-mandatory-rotc-revival

Magsambol, B. (2022, July 26). 'Added burden to students,' groups warn Marcos on

mandatory ROTC. Rappler. Retrieved December 29, 2022, from

https://www.rappler.com/nation/groups-reactions-marcos-jr-pushes-mandatory-

rotc-sona-2022/

Mercado, N. A. (2022, July 25). Bongbong Marcos to Congress: Make ROTC

mandatory in senior high school. Inquirer.net. Retrieved January 5, 2023, from

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1634290/bongbong-marcos-to-congress-make-rotc-

mandatory-in-senior-high-school

Formoso, M. (2022, November 4). Women, LGBTQIA+ Groups Amplify Opposition to

Mandatory ROTC. Philippine Collegian. Retrieved January 5, 2023, from

https://phkule.org/article/653/women-lgbtqia-groups-amplify-opposition-to-

mandatory-rotc

Silva, J. M. (2008, December 1). A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC

Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional
44
 Femininity. https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/87/2/937/2235508?

redirectedFrom=fulltext

Worthen, M. G. F. (2011, January 28). 28 CrossRef citations to date 0 Altmetric

ARTICLES College Student Experiences with an LGBTQ Ally Training Program:

A Mixed Methods Study at a University in the Southern United States, 332-377.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19361653.2011.608024

O'Neal, K., Hare, J., & Hammers, E. (2021, March 5). Women in ROTC // Scholastic //

University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame Scholastic. Retrieved January 7, 2023,

from https://scholastic.nd.edu/issues/women-in-rotc/

Mandatory ROTC - Sexual Differences on its Perceived Effectiveness in Skills

Attainment Needed for Military Services. Group 2. (n.d.). Scribd. Retrieved

January 7, 2023, from https://www.scribd.com/document/539647065/Mandatory-

ROTC-Sexual-Differences-on-its-Perceived-Effectiveness-in-Skills-Attainment-

Needed-for-Military-Services-Group-2#

Fernandez, D. (2022, July 27). Pulse Asia survey says 69% of Filipinos favor ROTC

program in senior high. Inquirer.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1635707/pulse-

asia-survey-says-69-of-filipinos-favor-rotc-program-in-senior-high

Executive Order No. 292 [BOOK IV/Title VIII/Subtitle II/Chapter 6-Armed Forces of the

Philippines] | GOVPH. (1987, July 25). Official Gazette. Retrieved January 7,

2023, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-

292-book-ivtitle-viiisubtitle-iichapter-6-armed-forces-of-the-philippines/

45
Ang, M. J. (2022, September 19). Mandatory ROTC bill filed by Arnolfo Teves files in

Congress. ? - YouTube. https://ph.news.yahoo.com/mandatory-rotc-bill-filed-

congress-050914739.html?

guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_ref

errer_sig=AQAAAC6LyJCqt4ipJZbiODOxEp8BYEnDUrB2hDrNyZFMAxrFOjj5p1

kl3uWYRHwViYPKoukNjdKt6aLtliGz_uRLyttnlWIwzVSRhEv

Cepeda, M. (2018, December 10). Mandatory ROTC will expose students to corruption,

says lawmaker. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/218628-mandatory-rotc-

expose-senior-high-school-students-corruption/

CNN Philippines Staff. (2019, May 23). Mandatory ROTC should be reimposed at

college level, not senior high – experts.

https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/5/23/mandatory-rotc-senior-high-

school-college-tertiary.html?

fbclid=IwAR0aDDJM3drylCiDDrCQSw8OLcmIMdbc16A4v0tdz9y74gSdPYWIO5

g_FlY

Tullao, Marvin, Perception of Criminology Students Towards ROTC Program of Bulacan

State University (September 4, 2019). Available at SSRN:

https://ssrn.com/abstract=3447813 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3447813

B. Published Thesis

Mahoney, D. J. (2011). Gender and Leadership: Female ROTC Cadets' Perceptions of

Gender and Military Leadership. ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University.

46
 Retrieved January 6, 2023, from

https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&context=eps_diss

Peavie, B. K. (2018). College ROTC Cadets' Perceptions of Gender Fairness With

Selective Service Registration. ScholarWorks | Walden University Research.

Retrieved January 7, 2023, from

https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?

article=7206&context=dissertations

Cardines, J. B. ., De la Cruz, K. C. R. ., Monis, R. C. ., Sicad, J. R. J. L. ., Villasan, J. R.

C. ., & Mosqueda, Ph. D. CRIM, R. D. . (2019). The Task of the ROTC Cadet

Officers in the Army Reserved Command (ARESCOM) at Bestlink College of the

Philippines. Ascendens Asia Singapore – Bestlink College of the Philippines

Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(1). Retrieved from

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1540

47