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1) The document discusses compressibility of fluids and defines the bulk modulus as the ratio of differential change in pressure to differential change in volume for a given mass of fluid. Liquids are usually incompressible while gases are compressible. 2) It introduces the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, elevation, and density of a fluid particle along a streamline. For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow the sum of pressure, elevation, and velocity effects is constant along and across streamlines. 3) It discusses confined flows through fixed volumes like tanks, and how the continuity equation requires the inflow rate to equal the outflow rate for steady flow of an incompressible fluid

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27 views5 pages

tải xuống

1) The document discusses compressibility of fluids and defines the bulk modulus as the ratio of differential change in pressure to differential change in volume for a given mass of fluid. Liquids are usually incompressible while gases are compressible. 2) It introduces the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, elevation, and density of a fluid particle along a streamline. For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow the sum of pressure, elevation, and velocity effects is constant along and across streamlines. 3) It discusses confined flows through fixed volumes like tanks, and how the continuity equation requires the inflow rate to equal the outflow rate for steady flow of an incompressible fluid

Uploaded by

Lê Thị Thùy Linh 12B1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 2: W. M.

Seif 2016-2017

Compressibility of Fluids

Bulk Modulus:
The compressibility of the fluid expresses how the volume and the density of a given mass
of the fluid be change under the effect of an applied pressure. The bulk modulus of elasticity
is defined as

where dP is the differential change in pressure,


is a differential change in volume,
and is the initial volume.
The negative sign indicates that the increase in pressure causes a decrease in volume.

has the units of Pa=N/m2 (in SI) or psi= lb/in2 (in BG).
Large values for the bulk modulus indicate that the fluid is relatively incompressible.
Whereas liquids are usually considered to be incompressible, gases are generally considered
compressible.

Chapter 3
Elementary Fluid Dynamics
Bernoulli Equation
The inviscid fluid flow is governed by pressure and gravity forces. In such case, Newton's
second law reads
Net pressure force on a particle + net gravity force on particle
= (particle mass) (particle acceleration)
A streamline: A line is everywhere tangent to the velocity field. If the flow is steady, the
streamlines are fixed lines in space. For unsteady flows the streamlines may change with
time.

Fig.1
Streamlines

1
Lecture 2: W. M. Seif 2016-2017

As the fluid particle moves, both gravity and pressure forces do work on the particle. The
work-energy principle states that "The work done on a particle by all forces acting on the
particle is equal to the change of the kinetic energy of the particle.". Along the streamline of
a given flow, we can express work-energy principle as

This is called Bernoulli equation.


Here,
dP is the variation in pressure at a given point.
is the density of the fluid.
V is the fluid velocity.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
z is the elevation.
The elevation term (gz) is related to the potential energy of the particle. Bernoulli equation is
the most used and the most abused equation in fluid mechanics.

For a steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, along the streamline

is the specific weight of the fluid (N/m3 or lb/ft3)


This indicates that between two points (1) and (2) along a given streamline of inviscid
steady incompressible flow,

Across the stream line, the sum of pressure, elevation, and velocity effects is constant.

∫ ∫ ̂

Here, is the local radius of curvature of the streamlines.


̂ defines the normal direction.
For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, across the stream line

∫ ̂

2
Lecture 2: W. M. Seif 2016-2017

Example 1:
Consider the inviscid, incompressible, steady flow shown in Fig. 2. From section A to B the
streamlines are straight, while from C to D they follow circular paths. Describe the pressure
variation between points (1) and (2), and points (3) and (4).

Fig. 2
Solution:

3
Lecture 2: W. M. Seif 2016-2017

Confined Flows
Consider a fluid flowing through a fixed volume such as a tank that has one inlet (1) and one
outlet (2) as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig.3: Steady flow into and out of tank.

If the flow is steady,


There is no additional accumulation of fluid within the tank volume.
The continuity equation (conservation of mass) states that "mass cannot be created or
destroyed".
The rate of fluid flow into the tank (at 1) = The rate of flow out of the tank (at 2)

For an incompressible fluid, is constant.

Q is the volume flowrate the volume per unit time( ft3/s m3/s).
The volume of the fluid crossing the perpendicular outlet area (A) in a time ( ) with a
velocity (V) is .

and,
̇

For a steady flow, ̇ ̇

For an incompressible fluid ( ), we have

4
Lecture 2: W. M. Seif 2016-2017

Example 2:
A stream of water of diameter d=0.1 m flows steadily from a tank of diameter D=1.0 m as
shown in Fig. 4(a). Determine the flowrate (Q) needed from the inflow pipe if the water
depth remains constant, h = 2.0 m.

Fig. 4

Problems: (3.26, 3.30, Example 3.8)


References: “Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”; Munson, Young and Okishi, Ch. 3

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