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Heat Transfer

Heat transfer is a discipline involving the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include conduction, convection, radiation, and phase changes. Conduction involves direct microscopic energy exchanges between particles in contact. Convection occurs through the bulk fluid flow carrying heat. Radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves. Engineers use concepts like heat transfer coefficients and heat flux to calculate heat transfer between materials with different temperatures.

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28 views2 pages

Heat Transfer

Heat transfer is a discipline involving the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include conduction, convection, radiation, and phase changes. Conduction involves direct microscopic energy exchanges between particles in contact. Convection occurs through the bulk fluid flow carrying heat. Radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves. Engineers use concepts like heat transfer coefficients and heat flux to calculate heat transfer between materials with different temperatures.

Uploaded by

vijay kumar honnali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion,

and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into
various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and
transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing
chemical species (mass transfer in the form of advection), either cold or hot, to achieve heat
transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in
the same system.
Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchanges of kinetic energy of
particles (such as molecules) or quasiparticles (such as lattice waves) through the boundary
between two systems. When an object is at a different temperature from another body or its
surroundings, heat flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature, at
which point they are in thermal equilibrium. Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a
region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described in the second law of
thermodynamics.
Heat convection occurs when the bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries its heat through the fluid.
All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. The flow of fluid may be forced
by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when
thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The
latter process is often called "natural convection". The former process is often called "forced
convection." In this case, the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan, or other mechanical
means.
Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid or fluid or gas). It is
the transfer of energy by means of photons or electromagnetic waves governed by the same laws.[1]

Overview[edit]
See also: Heat transfer physics

Earth's longwave thermal radiation intensity, from


clouds, atmosphere and surface.
Heat transfer is the energy exchanged between materials (solid/liquid/gas) as a result of a
temperature difference. The thermodynamic free energy is the amount of work that a thermodynamic
system can perform. Enthalpy is a thermodynamic potential, designated by the letter "H", that is the
sum of the internal energy of the system (U) plus the product of pressure (P)
and volume (V). Joule is a unit to quantify energy, work, or the amount of heat.[citation needed]
Heat transfer is a process function (or path function), as opposed to functions of state; therefore, the
amount of heat transferred in a thermodynamic process that changes the state of a system depends
on how that process occurs, not only the net difference between the initial and final states of the
process.
Thermodynamic and mechanical heat transfer is calculated with the heat transfer coefficient,
the proportionality between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat.
Heat flux is a quantitative, vectorial representation of heat-flow through a surface.[2]
In engineering contexts, the term heat is taken as synonymous to thermal energy. This usage has its
origin in the historical interpretation of heat as a fluid (caloric) that can be transferred by various
causes,[3] and that is also common in the language of laymen and everyday life.
The transport equations for thermal energy (Fourier's law), mechanical momentum (Newton's law for
fluids), and mass transfer (Fick's laws of diffusion) are similar,[4][5] and analogies among these three
transport processes have been developed to facilitate prediction of conversion from any one to the
others.[5]
Thermal engineering concerns the generation, use, conversion, storage, and exchange of heat
transfer. As such, heat transfer is involved in almost every sector of the economy.[6] Heat transfer is
classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal
radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes.

Mechanisms[edit]

The four fundamental modes of heat transfer illustrated


with a campfire
The fundamental modes of heat transfer are:
Advection
Advection is the transport mechanism of a fluid from one location to another, and is
dependent on motion and momentum of that fluid.
Conduction or diffusion
The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact. Thermal conductivity is
the property of a material to conduct heat and evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's
Law for heat conduction.
Convection
The transfer of energy between an object and its environment, due to fluid motion. The
average temperature is a reference for evaluating properties related to convective heat
transfer.
Radiation
The transfer of energy by the emission of electromagnetic radiation.

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