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Laplace Transforms

Laplace transform is an integral transform that converts a function of real variable (usually time) to a function of a complex variable (frequency domain). It transforms differential equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication. Pierre-Simon Laplace discovered this transform and used a similar method in his probability theory work. The Laplace transform is now widely used in engineering to solve linear differential equations.

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81 views3 pages

Laplace Transforms

Laplace transform is an integral transform that converts a function of real variable (usually time) to a function of a complex variable (frequency domain). It transforms differential equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication. Pierre-Simon Laplace discovered this transform and used a similar method in his probability theory work. The Laplace transform is now widely used in engineering to solve linear differential equations.

Uploaded by

vijay kumar honnali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Laplace transform

In mathematics, the Laplace transform, named after its discoverer Pierre-Simon


Laplace (/ləˈplɑːs/), is an integral transform that converts a function of

a real variable (usually , in the time domain) to a function of a complex variable

(in the complex frequency domain, also known as s-domain, or s-plane). The
transform has many applications in science and engineering, mostly as a tool for solving
linear differential equations.[1] In particular, it transforms ordinary differential
equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication.[2][3] For suitable
functions f, the Laplace transform is defined by the integral

History[edit]

Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace


The Laplace transform is named after mathematician and astronomer Pierre-Simon,
marquis de Laplace, who used a similar transform in his work on probability theory.
[4]
Laplace wrote extensively about the use of generating functions (1814), and the
integral form of the Laplace transform evolved naturally as a result.[5]
Laplace's use of generating functions was similar to what is now known as the z-
transform, and he gave little attention to the continuous variable case which was
discussed by Niels Henrik Abel.[6] The theory was further developed in the 19th and early
20th centuries by Mathias Lerch,[7] Oliver Heaviside,[8] and Thomas Bromwich.[9]
The current widespread use of the transform (mainly in engineering) came about during
and soon after World War II,[10] replacing the earlier Heaviside operational calculus. The
advantages of the Laplace transform had been emphasized by Gustav Doetsch,[11] to
whom the name Laplace transform is apparently due.
From 1744, Leonhard Euler investigated integrals of the form

as solutions of differential equations, but did not pursue the matter very far.[12] Joseph-
Louis Lagrange was an admirer of Euler and, in his work on integrating probability
density functions, investigated expressions of the form

which some modern historians have interpreted within modern Laplace transform
theory.[13][14][clarification needed]
These types of integrals seem first to have attracted Laplace's attention in 1782, where
he was following in the spirit of Euler in using the integrals themselves as solutions of
equations.[15] However, in 1785, Laplace took the critical step forward when, rather than
simply looking for a solution in the form of an integral, he started to apply the transforms
in the sense that was later to become popular. He used an integral of the form

akin to a Mellin transform, to transform the whole of a difference equation, in order to


look for solutions of the transformed equation. He then went on to apply the Laplace
transform in the same way and started to derive some of its properties, beginning to
appreciate its potential power.[16]
Laplace also recognised that Joseph Fourier's method of Fourier series for solving
the diffusion equation could only apply to a limited region of space, because those
solutions were periodic. In 1809, Laplace applied his transform to find solutions that
diffused indefinitely in space.[17]

Formal definition[edit]
The Laplace transform of a function f(t), defined for all real numbers t ≥ 0, is the
function F(s), which is a unilateral transform defined by

(Eq.1)

where s is a complex frequency domain parameter

with real numbers σ and ω.

An alternate notation for the Laplace transform is instead of F.[3]


The meaning of the integral depends on types of functions of interest. A necessary
condition for existence of the integral is that f must be locally integrable on [0, ∞). For
locally integrable functions that decay at infinity or are of exponential type ( ), the
integral can be understood to be a (proper) Lebesgue integral. However, for many
applications it is necessary to regard it as a conditionally convergent improper
integral at ∞. Still more generally, the integral can be understood in a weak sense, and
this is dealt with below

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