Lesson Proper for Week 13

Performance Art
Performance Art in which the medium is the artist's own body and the artwork takes the form of
actions performed by the artist. Art that could not be bought, sold or traded as a commodity.
It is an artwork or art exhibition created through actions executed by the artist or other
participants. It may be live, through documentation, spontaneously or written, presented to a
public. In a Fine Arts context, traditionally interdisciplinary.
Also known as artistic action, it has been developed through the years as a genre of its own in
which art is presented live. It had an important and fundamental role in 20th century avant garde
art. Performing arts are creative activities presented before an audience on stage and in open
places. When heard and seen simultaneously, these arts become combined arts. The
performing arts include music, dance and theatre arts (play or drama).
It involves four basic elements:
· Time
· Space
· Body and presence of the artist
· the relation between the creator and the public
The actions, generally developed in art galleries and museums, can take place in the street,
any kind of setting or space and during any time period. Its goal is to generate a reaction,
sometimes with the support of improvisation and a sense of aesthetics. The themes are
commonly linked to life experiences of the artist themselves, or the need of denunciation or
social criticism and with a spirit of transformation.
Characteristics of Performance Arts
· Performance Art is a legitimate artistic movement.
· Performance Art is live.
· Performance Art has no rules or guidelines. It is art because the artist says it is art. It is
experimental.
· Performance Art may be entertaining, amusing, shocking or horrifying. It is meant to be
memorable.
Difference between Visual Arts and Performance Arts
Performing arts is a form of art where artists use their voices, and bodies to convey a message
or artistic expression. It is different from visual arts, in which an artist use paint, canvas and
various materials to create art objects. Some most prominent types of visual arts are the
following --- photography, video making, sculpture, ceramics, architecture, poetry & literature,
pottery making, jewelry designing, woodwork, crafting of metals, printmaking, filmmaking,
movies, decorative handicrafts, etc. People engaged in the fields of fine arts and visual arts are
generically termed as being artists.
 On the other hand, the Performing Arts are those arts which are performed using certain
talents/skills by the performers before the public audience. The most common examples of
performing arts are dancing, singing, or acting. Some other examples of performing arts are
drama, music, opera, magic or illusion performances, oratory, mime, recitation, musical theater,
etc. The people who are active in the field of performing arts are generically called as
performers.
Types of Performing Arts
1. Dance - Dance is the art of movement of the body, usually rhythmically and to music, using
prescribed or improvised steps and gestures. In dance we have classical dance, Folk and tribal
dance.
2. Music - Music is an art form, and a cultural activity, whose medium is sound. General
definitions of music include common elements such as pitch (which governs melody and
harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics
(loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes
termed the "color" of a musical sound).
3. Theater - theater refers to a mode of fiction represented in a performance. The text used in
theatrical play is called a Drama. "Drama" originated from the Greek word "drao" which means
action. Dramas are usually enacted by actors on a stage for an audience. The structure of the
text for dramas is usually influence by collective reception and collaborative production.
Masterpieces that can be considered to be in this form include the classical Athenian tragedy,
"Oedipus the King" of Sophocles and "Hamlet" of William Shakespeare. Some theatrical
performances are musical in nature.
Other types of performing arts:
4. Opera – Opera is a form of theatre in which music has a leading role and the parts are taken
by singers, but is distinct from musical theatre. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian
word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a librettist and incorporates a
number of the performing arts, such as acting, scenery, costume, and sometimes dance or
ballet.
5. Mime or Mime Artistry - Miming involves acting out a story through body motions, without
the use of speech. In earlier times, in English, such a performer would typically be referred to as
a mummer. Miming is distinguished from silent comedy, in which the artist is a character in a
film or skit without sound.
6. Puppetry - puppet is a form of theatre or performance that involves the manipulation
of puppets – inanimate objects, often resembling some type of human or animal figure, that are
animated or manipulated by a human called a puppeteer. Such a performance is also known as
a puppet production.
7. Spoken Word or Poetry - Spoken word is often used as an entertainment or musical term,
referring to works that are intended to be performed by a single person who will speak by
himself naturally. Musically, this is different from rapping for the latter involves rhythm while
spoken words do not follow such. Spoken words can be in a form of poetry, storytelling or
speeches.
Lesson Proper for Week 14

Theater Arts
Theater Arts is an art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined
event before a live audience in a specific place. The performers may communicate this
experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance.
The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre" as derived from the
Ancient Greek théatron, which means "a place for viewing”.

Elements of Theater Arts

1. Performers
A. People onstage presenting characters in dramatic action.
B. When the actor/actress is on stage, they must be believable as the character
C. they are portraying. If they are not believable, then the audience will be less interested in
the production.
2. Audience
A. It is the assembled spectators or listeners at a public event, such as a play, movie,
concert, or meeting
B. The essence of theater is the interaction between the performer and audience.
C. In a live theater experience, when the audience laughs out loud, or cries, then the actors
respond to that energy.
3. Director
A. The director makes certain that the performers understand the text and deliver the script
excitingly and appropriately.
B. The director also makes sure the blocking, costume designs, set designs and other
aspects of the show blend together to make a production that works together.
C. All the aspects of theater should complement each other, and the director oversees all
these things.
4. Theater Space
A. Another necessary element of theater is the space in which performers or audiences
come together.
B. It is essential to have a stage, or some equivalent area, where actors and actresses can
perform.
C. It is also essential to have a place for audience members to sit or stand.
5. Design Aspects
A. Visual Aspects - costumes, lighting, and some form of scenic background
B. Nonvisual Aspect - sound.
6. Script or Text
A. It is a written work by playwrights for the drama presentation.
B. It includes focus, purpose, point of view, dramatic structure, and dramatic actions that
need to be executed.
Drama
In general terms, Drama often refers to the written, intellectual or emotional context of a
situation, which is intended for an audience. Theater refers to the overall spectacle of the
drama, that being how a drama is staged, showcased and performed

Types of Drama
. Comedy – Comedies are lighter in tone than ordinary works, and provide a happy conclusion.
The intention of dramatists in comedies is to make their audience laugh. Hence, they use quaint
circumstances, unusual characters, and witty remarks. An example a comedy is Much Ado
About Nothing by William Shakespeare
2. Tragedy – Tragic dramas use darker themes, such as disaster, pain, and death. Protagonists
often have a tragic flaw — a characteristic that leads them to their downfall. It arouses pity and
fear in such a way as to culminate in a cleansing of those passions, the famous catharsis, the
process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions. The three
great playwrights of tragedy were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
Other types:
3. Farce – Generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama, which often overacts or engages
slapstick humor.
4. Melodrama – Melodrama is an exaggerated drama, which is sensational and appeals directly
to the senses of the audience. Just like the farce, the characters are of a single dimension and
simple, or may be stereotyped.
5. Musical Drama – In musical dramas, dramatists not only tell their stories through acting and
dialogue, but through dance as well as music. Often the story may be comedic, though it may
also involve serious subjects.
6. Historical - These plays focus on actual historical events. History as a separate genre was
popularized by William Shakespeare. Examples of historical plays include Friedrich Schiller's
Demetrius and Shakespeare's King John.
Theater Arts versus Film
D. In theater arts, everyone in the audience needs to see the action and hear the dialogue
on stage, so theatre actors must exaggerate their movements and speak loudly to bridge the
gap. Films, on the other hand, use a camera to eliminate the distance between performer and
observer. Theater needs to be experienced live. There is a "call and response" atmosphere that
cannot be witnessed in films.
Lesson Proper for Week 15

MUSIC
Music is an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in
a structured and continuous manner.
Music is an art concerned with combining vocal or instrumental sounds for beauty of form or
emotional expression, usually according to cultural standards of rhythm, melody, and, in most
Western music, harmony.
Music notation or musical notation is any system used to visually represent aurally perceived
music played with instruments or sung by the human voice through the use of written, printed, or
otherwise-produced symbols, including notation for durations of absence of sound such as
rests.
In its primary sources, music merges with the representational arts. Oral tradition has played a
fundamental role in all ages, but in its formal sense, history--and the history of music--begins
with the visual record.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
1. Melody - A coherent succession of single pitch. Melodies are linear (“a line of music”)
Pitches, or tones, are heard in relation to each other. Distances between pitches called
intervals. Melody is affected by cultural origins.
2. Rhythm - Rhythm deals with musical movement through time. The basic rhythmic pulse
of music is the beat. Beats can be accented or made stronger than other beats. Beats can be
grouped into patterns called meters.
3. Harmony - Harmony refers to the simultaneous sounding of pitches or tones. Harmony is
vertical (“a stack of pitches”) Three or more tones sounding together makes a chord. Most
common chord in Western music is the triad Triads are based on major and minor scales.
4. Metrical Patterns - Most music is in two, three, or four beat patterns. Duple meter Triple
meter Quadruple meter. In written music these grouped patterns are called measures. The first
beat in each measure, the downbeat, is the strongest (most accented).
5. Scales - A scale is a collection of pitches arranged in ascending or descending order.
Major and minor scales divide the octave into seven pitches in a recognizable pattern. An
octave is created by two pitches with a 2:1 frequency ratio Triads are built using alternating
scale degrees (1-3-5, 2-4-6, 3-5-7, etc.)
6. More Harmonic Terms
a. The first degree (or pitch) of a scale is the tonic and is more important than the others.
The principle of organizing music around the tonic is called tonality (tonal music). Melodies &
harmonies that are limited to the tones of a particular scale are diatonic Melodies & harmonies
that are not limited to the tones of a particular scale are chromatic.
b. Harmonic progressions built on principle of tension and resolution Dissonance,
combinations of tones that sound discordant or unstable, provides tension Consonance,
combination of tones that sound agreeable or stable, provides resolution
7. Texture - Texture refers to the way in which the melodic and harmonic elements of music
are woven together. We will deal primarily with four textures: Monophony, Polyphony, Homo-
rhythm, and Homophony.
a. Monophony - Literally means “one voice”, it refers to music with one part or one line.
This is the simplest musical texture
b. Polyphony - Literally means “many voices”, it refers to music with multiple parts or lines.
Each line is an independent melody Counterpoint is the system by which these independent
lines fit together.
c. Homorhythm - Literally means “same rhythm”, it refers to music with multiple parts or
lines that are rhythmically connected. Each line moves in the same rhythm – note to note.
d. Homophony – It is a musical texture of several parts in which one melody predominates;
the other parts may be either simple chords or a more elaborate accompaniment.

8. Form - Form is the structure or design of music.

Three principles of form

A. Repetition is the return of musical ideas that we have already heard in a piece of music.
B. Contrast is the introduction of new musical ideas into a piece of music. The interaction of
the familiar and the new stimulates our interest in the music.
C. Variation is a kind of repetition in which familiar music returns but with changes.
9. Dynamics - Varying degrees of volume in the performance of music.
10. Tempo - The pace at which music moves according to the speed of the underlying beat.
11. Timbre - Tone color or quality of sound heard.
Brief History of Music

Influences from the west to the east merged into the pre-Christian music of the Greeks and later
the Romans. Musical practices and conventions perhaps conveyed by travelling musicians
brought a wealth of diversity and invention.
1. Medieval, Middle Ages (500-1400) – musical notation began as well as the birth of
polyphony. Monophonic means one note at a time while Polyphonic two or more different notes
at the same time. Plainchant (Plain Song) is a form of medieval church music that involves
chanting e.g. Gregorian chant.

2. Renaissance Music Timeline (1400-1600) - Renaissance or "rebirth," a period of significant

changes in history, including music. In this period, Humanism in Music, a new philosophy from
the concept Humanism was developed in Italy. It emphasized that life should be viewed as a
preparation for death.

3. Baroque Music Timeline (1600-1760) - "baroque" comes from the Italian word "barocco"
which means bizarre (very strange). It is a time when composers experimented with form, styles
and instruments. Opera became popular, too.
4. Romantic Music Timeline (1815-1910) - is characterized by using music to tell a story or
express an idea. Romanticism is a concept that included different art mediums; from music to
painting to literature. During the 19th century, Vienna and Paris were the centers of musical
activity.
5. 20th Century Music Timeline (1900-2000) – It brought about many innovations on how
music was performed and appreciated. It has used technology to enhance compositions.
Classification of Musical Instruments
1. Percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped
by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck.
2. A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of
air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips.
3. A woodwind or wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator
in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into a mouthpiece set at or
near the end of the resonator.
4. String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that
produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some
manner.
TRIVIA: The piano can be considered both a string instrument and a percussion
instrument. Most believe it is percussion because the hammers are striking
the strings inside. The range of the piano goes from the lowest note you can play on a double-
bassoon to the highest note you can play on a piccolo.
Lesson Proper for Week 16

Dance is a rhythmic and expressive movement of the body in successive movement usually
accompanied by music. It has been said to be the mother of the arts, for it’s the oldest of the art
which actually reflects man’s age old need to communicate different emotions such as joy, grief,
excitement and others It simply started as man’s own life for almost all occasions, in whatever
aspects, as birth, death, healing of the sick, asking for forgiveness, war, marriage – were
celebrated by dancing. There are dances that express thankfulness for a good harvest, in
celebration of religious festivities, or just a mere pleasurable expression of the body. It uniquely
intensifies different moods and emotions that somehow deepen everybody’s feelings.
The Elements of Dance

The acronym BASTE helps students remember the elements:

1. Body - The body is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dancer, seen by others. The
body is sometimes relatively and sometimes changing as the dancer moves in place or travels
through the dance area. Dancers may emphasize specific parts of their body in a dance phrase
or use their whole body all at once.
2. Action - Action is any human movement included in the act of dancing— it can include
dance steps, facial movements, partner lifts, gestures, and even everyday movements such as
walking.
3. Space - Dancers interact with space in myriad ways. They may stay in one place or they
may travel from one place to another. They may alter the direction, level, size, and pathways of
their movements.
4. Time - The keyword for the element of time is when is the Human movement naturally
rhythmic in the broad sense that we alternate activity and rest. Breath and waves are examples
of rhythms in nature that repeat, but not as consistently as in a metered rhythm.
a. Clock time: The dance is based on units of seconds, minutes, and/or hours.
b. Sensed time: Dancers pick up on each other's timing such as gradually increasing from a
walking tempo to a running tempo by cueing off each other rather than a music score. Another
example happens when dancers hold a group shape then spontaneously move out of it based
on the group's organic impulse.
c. Event Sequence: An internal or external event signals a change such as repeating a
traveling phrase over and over until everyone arrives at a corner of the stage.
5. Energy - Energy is about how the movement happens; Choices about energy include
variations in movement flow and the use of force, tension, and weight.

KINDS OF DANCE
ETHNOLOGIC DANCE – This is a dance that is indigenous to a certain race or country.
Example: tribal or ritual
SOCIAL DANCE – These are popular type of dancing for pleasure as generally performed by
pairs or group of people following a definite step or pattern.
Examples: Ballroom or Folkdance
SPECTACULAR OR THEATRICAL DANCE – These are dances which are intended for
viewing audience
Examples: Ballet or Modern Dance; acrobatic dance or tap dance

POPULAR FILIPINO FOLK DANCES

1. PANDANGO SA ILAW – It is a typical folk dance originated in Ilokano region. It is very
popular dance which express in different versions. It is the most difficult for the female dancers
that they have to balance these oil lamp, one on her head and two on each palm. It’s a dance of
grace and skill.

2. ITIK-ITIK – This fascinating dance originated from a dance called Sibay. It is a native
dance interpreting the playfulness if duckling wading in the river.
3. HABANERA SOLTERA – This dance is from Ilocos Sur. This dance is performed by the
bride to be and her close friends at the traditional social gathering on the eve of the wedding.
This is bride’s farewell to the state of single blessedness.
4. SINGKIL – It’s a dance based on the Maranao epic “Bantugan”. It features a beautiful
princess dancing gracefully over clashing bamboo pole nimble followed by a nimble prince. It is
a Lanao court dance which women of royal blood have to learn.

5. TINIKLING – It is a native dance presenting using long bamboo sticks from which the
dancers hop from one pole to another.
Lesson Proper for Week 17

THE MEDIA ARTS

If Visual Arts uses the eyes for appreciation and Performing Arts uses the body as a
medium, Media Arts combines both in a time-related artwork. The term media pertains to any
vehicle that is used to deliver an emotion or communicate a message to an audience. However,
this literal translation is not suitable with modern technology. As stated, Media Arts is time-
related. It is not constant. It is not stationary. It is quite the contrary. Media Arts is dynamic,
changing, and mobile as provided by visual images and sound. Having this in mind, the most
popular form of Media Arts are film and broadcast media.

FILM
A film is also called a movie or motion picture. It is a series of still images which, when shown
on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to phi phenomenon (an optical illusion
that perceives separate objects to be continuously moving caused by rapid motion.
It is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing
drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of computer
animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects.

FILMMAKING is both an art and an industry. Originally, Films were recorded onto plastic film
which was shown through a movie projector onto a large screen; but the modern techniques of
filming use digital data and storage, such as the Red One camera which records onto hard-disk
or flash cards. It usually includes an optical soundtrack, which is a graphic recording of the
spoken words, music and other sounds that are to accompany the images. It runs along a
portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected. Films could be created by
specific cultures. They reflect those reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is
considered to be an important a form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful
medium for educating-or indoctrinating-citizens.

The visual basis of film gives it a universal power of communication. Some films have become
popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the
language of the viewer. The images that make up a film are called frames. On projection, a
rotating shutter causes intervals of darkness as each frame in turn is moved into position to be
projected, but the viewer does not notice the interruptions because of an effect known as
persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the
source has been removed.

The perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called beta movement. The name
"film" originates from the fact that photographic film has historically been the medium for
recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion
picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay and flick. The most common
term for "film" in the United States is movie, while in Europe ft is still called film. In general, it
Includes the big screen, the silver screen, the movies and cinema; the latter is commonly used
in scholarly texts and critical essays, especially by European writers. In early years, the word
sheet was sometimes used instead of screen.

This 16 mm spring-wound Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level- camera used
in film schools. Film as an art-form began with Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the- Sixth Art.
Formalist film theory, led by Rudof Arnheim,
Béla Balázs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could
be considered a valid fine art. André Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's
artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce More recent analysis spurred by
Jacques Lacan's psychoanalysis and reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise
to realist theory. Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to
Psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others. Influenced
by Wittgenstein, try to clarify misconceptions used in theoretical. On the other hand, critics from
the analytical philosophy tradition, es and produce analysis of a film's vocabulary and its link to
a form of life. wishes to show, and the apparatus for displaying It.

Film Production or Filmmaking

The means to produce a film depend on the content the filmmaker therefore take as little as one
person with a camera or thousands of actors, extras and crewmembers fora live-action, feature-
length epic. The steps for almost any film can be down to Conception, Planning, Execution,
Revision, and distribution.

The more involved the production, the more significant each of the steps becomes. typical
production of a Hollywood-style film, these main stages are defined as:

A. Development
B. Pre - Production
C. Production
D. Post-production
E. Distribution
· This production cycle usually takes three years. The first year is taken up with
development.
· The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year is post-
production and distribution.
The bigger the production, the more resources it takes, and the more important financing
becomes. Most feature films are not only artistic works. but for-profit business entities.
Improvements since the late 19th century include:
A. the mechanization of cameras allowing them to record at a consistent speed
B. quiet camera design allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large
"blimps" to encase the camera
C. the invention of more sophisticated filmstock and lenses, allowing directors to film in
increasingly dim conditions
D. the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the
same speed as its corresponding action.
SOUNDTRACK
The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures,
many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously. It is a track (as on a motion-
picture film or television videotape) that carries the sound record.

STILL IMAGES/ PHOTOGRAPHS

Since film is a medium, it is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as
the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in
the form of a slideshow.

MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION
Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as
primary historical documentation.
MODERN DIGITAL VIDEO METHODS
Digital methods have been used to restore historic films. Film preservation of decaying film
stock is a matter of concern to all film historians and archivists for future generation and
revenues.
FILM CAST
A cast is the group of actors who make up a film. The act of being chosen for the part is a job of
the casting director. a casting (or casting call) is a pre-production process for selecting a certain
type of actor, dancer, singer, or extra for a particular role or part in a script, screenplay,
or teleplay. This process is typically utilized for a motion picture, television
program, documentary, music video , play, or television advertisement, etc.
FILM CREW
It is a group of people hired by a film company, during the production" or "photography" phase,
for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. On a movie set, the film crew keeps the
machine we call production running smoothly. They are distinguished from cast, the actors who
appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film.

A film crew consists of:

 Production Office
 Assistant Director(s)
 Art Department
 Camera Department
 Grip and Electric
 Sound
 Costume Department
 Editorial
Kinds of Filmmaking
1. Independent filmmaking - It often takes place outside of Hollywood or other major studio
systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or
distribution from a major movie studio. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get
their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as
YouTube has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
2. Open content film - It is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open
collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to
allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative source. Filmmaking takes place outside of
Hollywood, or other major studio open works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent
filmmaking, open systems.
3. Fan film - It is a video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar
source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan
filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually
been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration
reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent
motion pictures to rarer, full-length motion pictures.

Four Elements of Film

1. Sound - Since film is a highly visual art form, sound is sometimes disregarded in a movie.
However, one cannot discount the fact that without sound, any film cannot fully impart its
message or strengthen a scene without any noise or music supporting it. Every sound, whether
a background noise or a music injected to the film, helps a film generate an impact to the
audience. Some sounds are even imbedded to the auditory memory of a person that by simply
listening to a few notes, the person can already guess the film. This audio can be easily recalled
and identified by those who have watched the film. Sound can be categorized as diegetic and
non-diegetic. Diegetic sounds are any noise recorded while filming, while non-diegetic would be
those added to the film during editing.
2. Cinematography- As a general rule, cinematography pertains to the camera
manipulation. The three categories are:

 Angles – These are used to place the audience in a position wherein they can fully
understand the relationship of each character. Angles are further classified into four:
Bird's eye view, High, Eye level, and Low.
 Distance – This pertains to the amount of space seen in a shot. It is categorized as
extreme long shot, long shot, medium shot, close-up and extreme close-up.
 Movement – It is used by filmmakers to form meaning. It can be by way of crane shot,
tracking, panning or tilting.

3. Mise en-scène - It is a French word that means "put into the scene". This element
encompasses everything that appears within a shot. From props, lighting, make-up, costume,
actors, and even static figures like buildings or landscape, these are all part of Mise-en-scène
as all these are chosen by the director to be included in a specific scene.

4. Editing- In the literal sense, this is the linking of film shots. It is done to create a logical
development to the film. An example would be a person waving at someone across the street
followed by a shot of a person waving back to the first actor.

BROADCAST MEDIA
This form of art is the youngest but the most powerful art form. It is a source of entertainment
and information as transmitted via:
a. Radio
b. Television
c. Cable
d. Internet
It can be referred to as mass media because it is used to reach large audience in a single
broadcast. Purposes of broadcast media include for entertainment, instruction, explanation and
some cases, emergency broadcast. In the contemporary setting, a variety of artistic expression
have been shown in many \Social Media flatforms such as:
a. Facebook
b. Youtube
c. Instagram
d. TikTok