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Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
L1.5 Recall the Reynolds Experiment showing variation
Mass, Overall Energy and of fluid behavior with rate and viscosity;
Mechanical Energy Balances L2.2 Determine the type of flow based on the Reynolds
Number;
at Steady State Flow L1.6 Describe an open system with steady state fluid
flow in pipes ;
Ch.E. 412: Topic 2a L1.7 Recall and write mass, overall energy and
mechanical energy balances around an open system at
steady state flow;
L2.3 Apply the continuity equation, overall energy and
mechanical energy balances for incompressible fluids
(liquids).

© UST ChE Department

Who’s He Again? Types of Flow

 The Reynolds Experiment (1883)
• Osborne Reynolds made observations on the
flow pattern of various fluids at low and high
velocities through dye experiments.
• Flow was orderly for highly viscous fluids at
low velocities and more chaotic at high
velocities and less viscous fluids.
• Flow was characterized to be LAMINAR or
Osborne Reynolds
1842- 1912
TURBULENT depending on the Reynolds
Famous British Fluid Dynamics Engineer Number, a dimensionless number.
Classified Flow Types

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The Reynolds Experiment The Reynolds Experiment

The Reynolds Number Effective Diameter (D)

Dv
NRe  Cross Sectional Area
 D = 4 R H where R H  Hydraulic Radius =
Wetted Perimeter

Where : D = effective diameter (m)

u = mean or bulk fluid velocity (m/s)
TEAM Activity:
ρ = fluid density (kg/m3) Derive D for circular pipe, square pipe, and annulus
μ = absolute viscosity of fluid (kg/m-s)

If NRe <= 2100 then flow is LAMINAR

If NRe > 2100 then flow is TURBULENT

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Pipe Specifications Flow Rate Relations

 Steel Pipes
• See Handbook; (Table 10-18 page 10-72) m=vS =GS=q
• Nominal Size
• Schedule Number m - mass rate (Mt 1 )
 Copper Tubes
• See Handbook
G = mass velocity (Mt 1L2 )
• Outside Diameter q = volumetric rate (L3 t 1 )
• BWG Number

Team Activity (5 min) Team Exercises

Derive the Reynolds Number Equation in Determine the flow type for the following:
terms of: a. Water flows at 30oC at 200 L/min in a
1. Volumetric Rate, q 2” Schedule 40 steel pipe
2. Mass Velocity, G (mass rate per cross b. Air at 400 kPa and 40oC flows at 4 m/s in
sectional area) a ½” Schedule 80 steel pipe
3. Mass Rate, m c. Oil (specific gravity= 1.2; viscosity = 50
cp) flows at 2 kg/s in a 1” Schedule 40
steel pipe
d. 2.5-1 and 2.5-2/112 (G)

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Over-all Mass Balance Equation

Open Flow System (No Mass Generation)

dM
One Entrance, One Exit System (From Ch.2, SVNA) m 2  m1   R GM  0
dt

Overall Energy Balance

Steady State Fluid Flow
(Steady State Flow)
 No accumulation or depletion of mass
 System properties do not change with
time (z, H, v, A, … etc.)
 Resulting Equation is called the Continuity
Equation
dM dM
m2  m1   R GM  0 0
dt dt
m1  m 2  v1S1 1  G1S1  q1 1 From Thermo 1 H +EK + EP = Q + Ws
(SVNA): All terms
 v 2S2  2  G 2S2  q 2  2 per mass of fluid u2 g
H + + z = Q + Ws
2gc gc

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Problem Set (OEB)

Changes From Geankoplis
from Geankoplis
 Ws is positive when the fluid is  Examples 2.7-1 and 2.7-2 (change data)
performing the work (leaving the system)  2.7-3/114
Ex: Turbine, Engines  2.7-4/114
 A Kinetic Energy velocity correction factor  2.7-5/114
(α) is included. α = 0.5 for laminar flow
 2.7-6/115
and 1.0 for turbulent flow.

v 2 g
H + + z = Q - Ws
2gc  gc

Mechanical Balance Equation Mechanical Balance Equation

(MEB) (MEB)
Let F = Total Frictional Losses per mass of fluid v 2 g
From OEB: H +  z  Q - Ws
V2
2g c
W' = 
V1
PdV - F where F > 0 gc
P2 dP
First Law of Thermo: U = Q - W' H = Q + F + 
P1 
V2 P2
Also: H = U + (PV) = U +  PdV +  VdP
P2 dP v 2 g

V1 P1
Hence: Q + F + +  z  Q - Ws
 2g c
V2 P2
 Q - W' +  PdV +  VdP P1 gc
V1 P1
V2 V2 P2
 Q - (  PdV-F) +  PdV +  VdP
P2 dP v 2 g

V1 V1 P1
F + +  z = - Ws MEB Equation
P2
 Q + F   VdP  Q + F + 
P2 dP P1  2g c gc
P1 P1 

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Problem Set (MEB)

Bernoulli Equation
from Geankoplis
Special Form of the MEB when ∑F and Ws = 0  Examples 2.7-4 and 2.7-5 (change data)
 Examples 2.7-6 and 2.7-7 (assign data)
P2 dP v2 g  2.7-7/115
F + P1 
+
2g c
 z
gc
= - Ws
 2.7-8/115
 2.7-9/115
P2 dP v 2 g
 P1 
+
2g c
 z
gc
=0  2.7-11/116
 2.7-12/116
For Incompressible Fluids and Turbulent Flow:  2.7-13/116
 2.7-14/116
P2 g c v 22 P g v2  2.7-15/116
  z 2 g = 1 c  1  z1g
 2  2