Topic 2.

2 First law of Thermodynamics in open system

Learning objectives
The students should be able
1. To solve problems on mass balance using continuity equation
2. To solve problems on industrial applications of energy balances

Introduction
The laws of mass and energy conservation apply to all processes, to open system and closed system.
Open systems are characterized by flowing streams. Flow is measured in terms of molar flow rate(n o),
mass flow rate(mo ), volumetric flow rate (q) and velocity(u). The units and interrelations of these
quantities are summarized in the table below.
Measures of flow Their interrelation Units/dimensional analysis
Molar flow rate, no mole
time
Mass flow rate, mo mo =M no gram gram mole
= x
time mole time
Volumetric flow rate, q Q= u A = velocity cross sectional vol L
= x L2 = L3 /time
Area time time
Velocity, u L
time

Mass and molar flow rate are related to velocity and cross-sectional Area, A
mo = u A x ρ when ρ is specific density
n =uAx ρ
o
when ρ is molar density

Mass balance for open system and Continuity equation

The region identified for analysis of open system is called the control volume. This is separated from the
surrounding by a control surface. The fluid inside the control volume is the thermodynamic system for
which mass and energy balance is conducted. The mass balance is expressed by
d mcv
+ ∆(mo) fs = 0 where subscript cv and fs stand for control volume and flowing streams,
dt
respectively.

Substitute the mass flow rate, the mass balance equation becomes
d mcv
+ ∆( u A x ρ ¿ fs = 0
dt

d mcv
For a steady state process(no accumulation) =0
dt

Therefore ∆( u A x ρ ¿ fs = 0 → ρ 2u 2 A 2=ρ 1 u1 A 1 Continuity Equation

1 u2 A 2 u1 A 1 o
But ρ = therefore = = m other form of continuity equation
V V2 V1
Learning Activity involving continuity equation and Reynold’s number
Problem 2.21(Smith& Van Ness) The Reynolds number, Re is a dimensionless group which
characterizes the intensity of a flow. For large Re, a flow is turbulent; for small Re, it is laminar. For
pipe flow, Re= v ρ D/ , where D is pipe diameter and μ is the dynamic viscosity. (a) if D and
μ are ¿ , what isthe effect of increasing mass flow rate mo on Re? (b) If mo and μ are fixed, what is
the effect of increasing D on Re?
Solutions
v ρD
Reynold’s number Re=
μ
A representation of v ρ can be solve from the Mass flow rate, mo = v A ρ
m
m 4m
=vρ = π =
A D 2 πD 2
4
4m
4m
Reynold’s number, Re= πD 2 D = Analyse this formula in order to answer the questions.
πμD
μ
Answers: a) If D and μ are fixed, increasing the mass flow rate m o increases Reynolds number Re
b) If mo and μ are fixed, increasing D results to decreased Reynolds number Re

Learning Activity involving continuity equation and Reynold’s number

Problem 2.21(Smith& Van Ness) The Reynolds number, Re is a dimensionless group which
characterizes the intensity of a flow. For large Re, a flow is turbulent; for small Re, it is laminar. For
pipe flow, Re= v ρ D/ , where D is pipe diameter and μ is the dynamic viscosity. (a) if D and
μ are ¿ , what isthe effect of increasing mass flow rate mo on Re? (b) If mo and μ are fixed, what is
the effect of increasing D on Re?
Solutions
v ρD
Reynold’s number Re=
μ
A representation of v ρ can be solve from the Mass flow rate, mo = v A ρ
m
m 4m
=vρ = π =
A D 2 πD 2
4
4m
4m
Reynold’s number, Re= πD 2 D = Analyse this formula in order to answer the questions.
πμD
μ
Answers: a) If D and μ are fixed, increasing the mass flow rate m o increases Reynolds number Re
b) If mo and μ are fixed, increasing D results to decreased Reynolds number Re

Learning Activity # 2 involving kinetic energy change and continuity equation

Problem 2.22 (Smith and Van Ness )An incompressible( density is constant) liquid flows steadily
through a conduit of circular cross-section and increasing diameter. At locations 1, the diameter is 2.5
 cm and the velocity is 2 m/s; at location 2, the diameter is 5 cm. (a) what is the velocity at location 2?
( b) what is the kinetic energy change(J/kg) of the fluid between locations 1 and 2?
Solution
The fluid flow steadily, the mass entering 1 is equal to the mass leaving at 2
(v A ρ ) 1= (v A ρ ) 2 the densities are cancelled out(incompressible fluids)
π 2 π 2
V1 D1 V2 D2 → v2=v1 x (D1/D2)2 = 2 m/s x (2.5/5)2 = 0.5 m/s
4 4
v2=v1 x (D1/D2)2 = 2 m/s x (2.5/5)2 = 0.5 m/s

∆KE = ½ v2 2 – ½ v1 2= ½(0.5 m/s) 2 – ½( 2 m/s)2 = -1.875 J/ kg

First law of Thermodynamics involving open systems

Energy In → → Energy out

Control Volume
The energy entering and leaving the control volume include Internal energy and potential energy.
General Energy Balance is
d ( mU ) cv
= -∆[(U + ½ v2 + zg) mo ] fs + Qo + Work rate
dt

The work rate may include

1. -∆[(PV)mo] fs the PV work done by the piston in moving the unit mass of fluid through the
entrance.
2. Shaft work, wso the work associated with expansion or contraction of the control volume.
Stirring may be present. Pump work is included.
Sign convention for work and heat
W= - received by the system
W= + system perform the work
Q= - heat evolved by the system
Q= + heat is absorbed by the system/or added to the system
These two work rate is incorporated into the formula
d ( mU ) cv
= -∆[(U + ½ v2 + zg) mo ] fs + Qo -∆[(PV)mo] fs + wso
dt

Enthalpy H = U + PV is present in the above formula. The equation becomes

d ( mU ) cv
+ ∆[(H + ½ u2 + zg) mo ] fs = Qo + wso velocity u is the bulk velocity
dt
When the kinetic energy and potential energy in the flowing streams are negligible, the equation is
d ( mU ) cv
+ ∆(H mo ) fs + Qo + wso
dt
This equation applies to open system and will be used in deriving formula for closed and isolated system
in the next topic.

Enthalpy is used in energy balances in flow processes like heat exchanger, evaporator, distillation
columns, pumps, compressors, turbines and engines.

Learning Activity # 3. First Law of Thermodynamics

A lead bullet is fired at a stationary target. What should be the muzzle velocity in feet per sec so that
when it hits the target, its temperature would reach the melting point of lead (320 oC). Assume that
the temperature of the bullet before it hits the target is 28 oC and that the specific heat of lead in
0.0555 BTU.lb oF.

Solutions;
First law of thermodynamics: ∆(energy of system)= ∆(energy of surrounding)
∆U + ∆PE + ∆KE = Q –W = Q – [Ws + ∆(PV) ]

∆(PV) is transposed ∆U + ∆(PV) + ∆PE + ∆ KE = Q – Ws

Assumptions: horizontal, PE=0
No shaft work, Ws =0
Action is so sudden, Q = 0
∆H= ∆U + ∆(PV)

For 1 lb mass of body,

∆H + 0 + KE= 0 – 0
Cp ∆T + (v 2 2 – v 1 2)/2 gc
BTU
0.055 (320 – 28) x 1.8 oF= (0 –v1 2) (ft/sec)2/64.41 ft-lbm/lbf-sec2 x
lboF
BTU
778 ft−lbf

V1= fps

Energy balance for steady-State flow processes

When the accumulation term d(mU)cv/dt =0 in flow processes a steady state occurs. This means that
the mass of the system within the control volume is constant. There are no changes occur with time in
the control volume nor at the entrance and exit points. Since there is no expansion of the control
volume, the only work of the process is the shaft work. The general energy balance becomes
∆[(H + ½ u2 + zg) mo] fs = Qo + Wso
Division by mo gives
∆(H + ½ u2 + zg) = Qo/mo + Wso/mo = Q + Ws
Or ∆(H + ½ u2 + zg) = Q + Ws the energy unit is in Joule
For English system ∆(H + u2 /2 gc + ∆z g/gc)= Q + Ws the energy unit is in ft-lbf
Type equation here .
In many applications, the kinetic energy and potential energy terms are negligible and the equation
becomes
∆H= Q + Ws first law equation for a steady state, steady-flow process is
analogous to ∆Ut = Q + Ws for non-flow processes.

Learning activity on adiabatic flow in a pipe of increasing cross section.

Prob 2.25 Smith and Van Ness Water at 28 oC flows in a straight horizontal pipe in which there is no
exchange of either heat or work with the surroundings. Its velocity is 14 m/s in a pipe with an internal
diameter of 2.5 cm until it flows into a section where the pipe diameter abruptly increases. What is
the temperature change of the water if the downstream diameter is 3.8 cm? If it is 7.5 cm? What is
the maximum temperature change of an enlargement in the pipe?
Given: Q=0 and W=0 no heat and work transfer with the surroundings
Potential energy =0 the pipe is horizontal
Internal diameter at inlet= 2.5 cm inlet velocity is 14 m/s

Required: a) temperature change at a point where the internal diameter is 3.8 cm

b) temperature change at a point where the internal diameter is 3.8 cm
c.) maximum temperature change for an enlarge in the pipe?
Solution:
Use the continuity equation to have an expression for V 2 in terms of V1, ID1 and ID2
V2 A2 ρ 2 = v1 A1 ρ 1 cancel densities(assume that density remains at inlet and outlet points)
π π
(ID2)2 V2= (ID1)2 V1
4 4

ID 1 2
Simplify the equation to give the Expression for exit velocity, v2= V1 ( )
ID 2
Energy balance Equation: ∆H + ∆PE + ∆KE = Q + W ( Q,W and PE are all zero)
∆H + ∆KE=0
Substitute the formulas of H and kinetic energy: Cp∆T + 1 [{V1( ID 1 2}2 – V12]
¿
2 ID 2
ID 1 4
Expression for the change in temperature, ∆T= V1 2 /2Cp [ 1 – ( ) ]
ID 2
a) At ID= 3.8 cm
∆T= (14 m/s)2/ 2(4.18 x 103 J/kg oc .[ 1- (2.5/3.8)4 = 0.0191 oC

b) At internal diameter of 7.5 cm

Computed ∆T=0.023 recalculate to check the answer
c) Maximum temperature change occurs when the internal diameter is so large to assume the
internal diameter ratio is zero
∆T= V12/2Cp[ 1-0]
Substitute the values to get ∆T= 0.0234 oC

Dimensional analysis on the conversion of m 2/s2

kg m N −m
multiply with Kg/kg→ m2/s2 x = (kg-m/s2) x = =J /kg
kg kg kg
Learning activity on shaft work(turbine) and use of steam table.
Steam at 200 psia and 600 oF(state 1) enters a turbine through a 3-inch diameter pipe with velocity of
10 ft/s. The exjaust from the turbin is carried through a 10-inch diameter pipe and is at 5 psia and 200
oF(state 2). What is the power output of the turbine? Problem. 2.33 Smith and Van Ness

Given:
State 1 State 2

velocity 10 ft/s ?
Diameter 3 inch= 0.25 ft 10 inch=0.83 ft

Pressure 200 psia 5 psia

Temperature 600 oF 200 oF

Enthalpy(steam table) H1=1322.6 BTU/lbm H2=1148.6 BTU/lnm

Specific volume(steam table) V1=3.058 ft3/lbm V2=78.14 ft3/lbm

Required: power output of the turbine

Solution:
Solve for the mass rate mso and exit velocity from the turbine by using the continuity equation.
mso is computed from the data in state 1, ms o = A1 v1 ρ 1 but density is equal to reciprocal
of specific volume,
A1 v1
ms o = = {∏/4 d1 2 x v1]/ V1= [∏/4 x (0.25 ft)2 (10 ft/s)/ 3.058 ft3/lbm
V1
ms o= 0.160521 lbm/s
use this mass rate in computing the velocity at state 2
v2 = (ms o x V2)/ A2= [(0.160521 lbm/s) x (78.14 ft3/lbm)]/ ∏/4 (0.83 ft)2= 22.997 ft/s
∆KE= ½ (v2 – v1 2)
2

Overall energy balance: ∆H + ∆KE + ∆PE = Q + Ws assume Q =0 and turbine ∆PE=0

Ws= (H2- H1) + ½ ( v2 2 – v1 2 )
= ( 1148.6 – 1322.6) BTU/lb + ½( 22.997 2 – 10 2 ) (ft2/s2)
The units of the two terms are different. Divide the second term by gc to make
their units the same.
ft −lbm 0.94783 BTU
Ws=-174 BTU/lbm – [214.44 ft2/s2]/ { 32.174 }x
lb f s 2 737.562lbf −ft
BTU Lbm
Ws= -173.99 x 0.160521 = -27.93 BTU/s
lbm s

1.34102hp
Or Ws= -27.33 BTU/s x = -39.52 hp
0.947831 BTU /s
work turbine= -(Ws)= -(-39.52 hp) = 39.52 hp