OIP IICHE CPT

Name: Ananjan Mukhopadhyay

Email: ananjan3016@gmail.com
Assignment -2
1.a) Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) is a key raw material used in the production of
polyester fibers, films, and packaging materials. The PTA value chain includes the
following stages:
Once PTA is produced, it is packaged into containers and distributed to
manufacturers and other customers who use PTA as a raw material in their own
production processes.
PTA is used as a key raw material in the manufacturing of several products, including
polyester fibers, films, and packaging materials.
Finished products made from PTA are then distributed to end-users, such as consumers,
packaging companies, and industrial manufacturers.
CTA stage operation
Disclosed is an oxidation reactor for manufacturing terephthalic acid (CTA). In
particular, in connection with manufacturing CTA by oxidizing para-xylene in the
presence of air containing oxygen and acetic acid solvent, the present invention
relates to location relationship among a gas reactant feeding location to feed air
containing oxygen, a liquid reactant feeding location to feed para-xylene and a
location of an impeller, and also relates to a new oxidation reactor, a structure of
which is changed.
The oxidation reactor of the present invention controls location relationship among a
gas reactant feeding location, a liquid reactant feeding location and a location of an
impeller in consideration of a flowing pattern of gas reactant and liquid reactant and a
distribution of formed CTA, thereby performing a reaction without a dead zone in
the reactor, thus manufacturing CTA in a higher forming rate than before.
PTA Stage Operation
PTA production is a hot, high-pressure, two-stage process. The first stage oxidizes the
feedstock, paraxylene (PX) in acetic acid, and creates crude terephthalic
acid (CTA). In the second stage, hydrogen is introduced to water and the CTA; the
water is removed, and the PTA is crystallized and dried to a white powder. A process for
the production of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) from crude terephthalic acid
(CTA) comprising mixing the CTA with an aqueous medium to form an aqueous CTA
mixture, heating the mixture to dissolve substantially all of the CTA in the aqueous
medium by introducing into the aqueous mixture vapour having a temperature greater
than that of said mixture and then chemically reducing impurities in the aqueous
solution of CTA followed by recovery of PTA by a crystallisation process. The vapour
is typically steam derived from the crystallisation process and may be introduced into
the aqueous CTA mixture by means of an injection device. Modern technologies
produce purified terephthalic acid by the catalytic liquid phase oxidation of paraxylene
in acetic acid, in the presence of air.
b) CASCADE CONTROL
Cascade control involves the use of two controllers with the output of the first
controller providing the setpoint for the second controller, the feedback loop for one
controller nestling inside the other. Such a system can give a improved response to
disturbances.
For example: a level controller driving the set point of a flow controller to keep the
level at its set point.

FEEDBACK CONTROL
The purpose of feedback control is to keep the controlled variable close to its set
point. This is achieved by using the difference between the set point and the
controlled variable to determine the value of the input to the feedback controller.
An example of feedback control is when a sales goal is set, the sales team works to
reach that goal for three months, and at the end of the three-month period, managers
review the results and determine whether the sales goal was achieved.

RATIO CONTROL
Ratio control is used to ensure that two or more process variables such as material
flows are kept at the same ratio even if they are changing in value.In industrial control,
examples of ratio control that come to mind are burner air/fuel ratio; mixing and
blending two liquids; injecting modifiers, pigments, etc., into resinsbefore molding or
extrusion; and adjusting heat input in proportion to material flow.

2. a) BLEVE
These explosions may cause significant damage or injuries because of the built-up
energy. However, if the water exceeds its boiling point before the pump fails, a more
energetic explosion may occur because the released superheated water will rapidly
boil and expand (a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion - BLEVE)
NPSH

Increase the liquid level in the suction vessel.

Eliminate any flow restrictions in the suction piping (such as a strainer)
Operate at a flow rate less than the pump BEP
Install an Inducer, if available
Change to a low NPSHR impeller, if available
Operate the pump at a slower speed (if driven by a VFD), or install a VFD.
Install a new pump (possibly operating at a slower speed) with a lower NPSH
AFFINITY LAW
The affinity laws are useful as they allow prediction of the head discharge
characteristic of a pump or fan from a known characteristic measured at a different
speed or impeller diameter. The only requirement is that the two pumps or fans are dynamically
similar, that is, the ratios of the fluid forced are the same.As shaft speed or impeller diameter
changes, pressure changes in proportion to the square of the change in shaft speed or impeller
diameter. In other words, if shaft speed increases by 10% then pressure at the same flow will
increase by 21% (1.102). This law is expressed with the following formula:

H1/H2 = (N1/N2)^2 or (D1/D2)^2

Where H is equal to head, N is equal to shaft speed, and D is equal to impeller diameter.

3.b) Cv calculation

The flow coefficient or valve coefficient denoted by “Cv”, is used to determine the
valve size that will best allow the valve to pass the required flow rate while providing stable control
of the process fluid. The Cv tells you how to properly size your valve so it has minimal effect on
the hydraulic efficiency you've engineered into your system. Valve Flow Coefficient (Cv) is a
valve's capacity for a liquid or gas to flow through it. It is technically defined as “the volume of
water at 60°F (in US gallons) that will flow through a valve per minute with a pressure drop of 1
psi across thevalve.”